Pharmacology
3rd Year – 1st Semester
I. PHARMACOLOGY
→ Deals with the mechanism of drug action on
living tissues that is used in prevention and
treatment of diseases.
→ Gr. Pharmakon → drug
→ L. logia → study of
→ Gr. logos → discourse
→ Study of Drugs
Pharmacodynamics
- Basic medical science that deals with
the biochemical and physiologic
effects and mechanism of action of
drugs
- What the drug does to the body
Pharmacotherapeutics
- Gr. Pharmakon → drugs
- Gr. Therapeia → treatment
- Concerned with the use of drugs in
the treatment and prevention of
disease
Pharmacokinetics
- The study of how the body handles
the drugs: their absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and
excretion
- What the body does to the drug
Pharmacy
- Deals with the procurement,
preparation, and dispensing of drugs
Pharmacognosy
- Concerned with the identification of
crude or naturally occurring drugs
Posology
- Gr. Posos → how much
- L. logia → stud of
- Study of dosage
Toxicology
- Study of poisons or the adverse
effects of drugs
A. History
- Early humans → shared and spread
- Practice: medicine, dentistry, and
pharmacy
Rudolf Bucheim
- Father of Pharmacology
Johann Ernst Oswald Schmiedeberg
- Founder of Modern Pharmacology
John Jacob Abel
- Father of American Pharmacology
- Crystallized insulin
- Isolated and purified the active
principle from the adrenal medulla
o which Abel later named
epinephrin (no “e”)
Leon Ma. Guerrero
- “Father of Botany in the Philippines”
- “Father of Philippine Pharmacy”
Thomas Renton Elliott
- Elaboration of the Concept of
Chemical Neurotransmission
John Newport Langley (1852- 1925)
- Postulating a “receptive substance”
in nerve stimulation was the site of
action of chemical mediators
liberated by nerve stimulation (drug
receptor concept)
James Black, Gertrude Elion, and George
Herbert Hitchings
- Important Principles for Drug
Treatment
- Found that nitroglycerin reduced the
pain of angina pectoris (coronary
insufficiency)
o By vasodilation of the
coronary arteries
Paul Ehrlich
- The Magic Bullet
- The first investigator to develop a
synthetically produced drug that
could target and impair microbial
activity
- The binding of drugs to receptors that
he called chemoreceptors
- Discovery of the arsenical Salvarsan
o The first chemotherapeutic
agent used for the
treatment of syphilis
Joseph Lister
- Father of modern surgery
- Antiseptic surgery
Gerhard Domagk
- Antibacterial Effects of Prontosil
(Sulfonamide)
Louis Pasteur
- In describing the inhibition of
anthrax bacilli after inoculating them
with common microorganisms
- Proposed that common bacteria have
the ability to kill other bacteria, both
in vitro and in vivo
Sir Alexander Fleming
- Penicillin
J. Selman Waksman
- Streptomycin: The first antibiotic
effective against tuberculosis
Mathias E.O. Liebrich
- Chloral hydrate (first synthetic drug)
- Introduced as a sedative-
hypnotic (induce sleep)
John W. Hughes and Hans W. Koswterlitz
- pentapeptides (peptides containing
five linked amino acids)
- potent naturally occurring
analgesic
- extracts of pig brain
Harmon Northrop Morse
- synthesized paracetamol (1877)
Joseph von Merin
gtried paracetamol on humans (1887)
Pharmacology in Dental Practice
- Drugs that are used therapeutically in dentistry
Pharmacology
3rd Year – 1st Semester
- Maximal advantage; minimal B. Anticonvulsant drugs
disadvantages C. Antineoplastic drugs
➔ Dentist should be aware of how drugs that may D. Diuretics and Cardiovascular Drugs
be prescribed for patients by their physicians or E. Drugs for Gastrointestinal Disorders
that they may administer themselves (over the
counter drugs)
◆ may modify the physiology of the IX. SPECIAL TOPICS
patient being treated A. Drugs for treatment of Facial Pain
B. Drug Nomenclature B. Pharmacologic Considerations in Patients
with Systemic Diseases
II. CHARACTERIZATION OF DRUG
ACTIONS
A. Pharmacodynamics

B. Pharmacotherapeutics

C. Pharmacokinetics

D. Pharmacognosy

A. Adverse Drug Reaction

III. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A. Enteral
- Oral Route
- Rectal Route
B. Parenteral
- Intravenous Injection
- Intramuscular Injection
- Subcutaneous Injection
- Intradermal Injection
- Intrathecal Injection
- Intraperitoneal Injection
C. Inhalation
D. Topical Administration
E. Sublingual Route

IV. PHARMACOKINETICS
A. Drug Absorption
B. Drug Distribution
C. Mechanism of Action
D. Drug Termination

V. LOCAL ANESTHETICS

VI. GENERAL ANESTHESTICS

VII. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS USED IN

DENTISTRY
A. Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory agents
B. Antibiotics
C. Coticosteroids
D. Antiviral drugs
E. Antifungal
F. Anticancer
G. Drugs used in pregnancy
H. Desensitizing agents, mouthwashes
I. Emergency drugs Gatinao, Ma, Bea Grace
VIII. CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS IN
MEDICAL FIELD
A. Drugs used for Respiratory Disorders