Mass

Density 
Volume

M

V

Kg
m3
 gm
cm3

Total mass of mixture

mix 
Total volume of mixture
m1  m2 m1  m2
mix  
Total mass of mixture V1  V2 m1 m2
mix  
Total volume of mixture 1 2

m1  m2 m1  m2
mix  
V1  V2 m1 m2

1 2

212
mix 
1  2

 1  2
mix 
2 212
mix 
1  2

 1  2
mix 
2

1  2 24
mix    3 gm / cc
2 2
2  1 2 2(2)(4) 8
mix    gm / cc
1  2 24 3
 1  2
 4   1  2  8
2

2  1 2
 3  1 2  12
 1  2

4 4
(43  23 )  (56)
3 3
mass of material
material 
volume of material

2.2  1000 75
 gm / cc
4 22 2
  56
3 7
 Density of substance
R.D. 
Density of pure water at 4C

 Density of substance
R.D.  R.D. 
w Density of pure water at 4C


R.D. 
w

Weight of substance
Specific weight 
Volume of substance
Weight of substance mg
mg 
 Volume of substance V
V
Specific weight  g Specific weight  g

Specific weight
of substance
Specific weight of substance S.G. 
S.G.  Specific weight of
Specific weight of pure water at 4C
pure water at 4C
g 
S.G.    R.D. g 
 w g w S.G.    R.D.
w g w

F
P
A
 dF
P
dA

F
P
A
 F Mg (volume  density)g
Pgauge   
A A A
(Ah)g

A
Pgauge  hg or Pguage  h
Px '  Px
Px '  P0  hg
Px '  P0  hg

Pabs  Patm  Pguage

Pabs  P0  hg

P1  P2
dP
 g
dy

P2 y2

 dP  g  dy
P1 y1

P2  P1  g(y2  y 1 )

P2  P1  g(y2  y 1 )
P0  P  g(y2  y 1 )  gh
P  P0  gh
 h


F  dF   xgbdx
0
2
gbh
F
2

gbh2
F
2

F 1 gbh2 1
F 1 gbh 1 2  p av    gh
 p av    gh bh 2 bh 2
bh 2 bh 2

1
 gbh3
6

  gb(hx  x
2
 d  )dx
0

 h3 h3  1 3
gb     gbh
 2 3  6

2
PA  P
3 B
 H 2
 Patm  g   (Patm  gH)
 2 3
2Patm
H  20m
g
g(2a)  a 2  2ga 3

 0  g(2a)  2 3
   2a  2ga
 2 
 F1
A1
F2
A2

F1 F2

A1 A2

F1 A2
 A2   F1
A1 A1

F1 F2

A1 A2
F1 F2

A1 A2

10 F2
2

(1) (3)2

A1 (1)2
h2  h1  (6 cm)
A2 (3)2
6
 0.67 cm
9

F1 F2 A 
  F1  F2  1 
A1 A2 A 
 2
 (5)2 
F1  (900  10)    1000 N
 (15)2 
 
F1 1000

A1 (5  102 )2
1000
4
 1.27  105 Pa
3.14  25  10
 F1 F2

A1 A2
2
A  R 
F2   2  F1   2  F1
A
 1   R1 
2
 12 
F2     10  90 N
4

hHg Hg  hw w
hw w  hHg Hg

h  oil  g  50  water  g

50  water 50  1
h   62.5 cm
oil 0.8
hw w  hliq  liq

liq hw
(S.G.)liq.  
w hliq

8
(S.G.)liq.   0.8
10

h11  h22  hw w

3
2   0.6 gm / cc
5
h  0.9  g  (20  h)  13.6  g  20  1.6  g

240
h  18.9 cm
12.7
 l
2g(l  x)  g(l  x)  x 
3

lg  2gx  3(l  x)g

2l
x
5
 a
  tan1  
g

a
tan  
g
PA  P0  h a2  g 2
PA  P0  h a 2  g 2

2 x2
y
2g
2x 2
PA  P0 
2

h a2  g2 g
l 1  h sec  
g 3
PA  P0  h a 2  g 2

h g2  a2
l 2  h cosec  
a

PA  P0  h g2  a2
AdP  dm 2x  Adx 2x

  
2
dP  xdx
x0


P  2  xdx  x g
x0
0

Patm  (g  a)h'

Patm  (g  a)h''

 gh  (g  a)h '
10  76  (10  9)h'  h'  40 cm

F1  ( gh1 )dA and F2  ( gh2 )dA

dF  g(h)dA
h2  h1  h and h(dA)  dV
F  gdV  Vg
  
Wapp  W  1  
  

3
b V  1000  V
5
b  0.6  103 kg / m3
 m
mg  W  Ving  mg  W   g
 
 b
  
mg  1  W   16 N
 b 


mg  Vwater g

5
9
 V
b Vg  w  g
3
1000
b  kg / m3
3

5V
b Vg  oil g
9
9
oil  
5 b
oil  600 kg / m3

V1 w  b

V w  oil
V1 1  0.85 3
 
V 1  0.8 4
mg   Vin g  w Vin g
liq water

m  (  w )Vin
(0.8  103  103 )  (10  10  5  106 )

mg  w Ving

 2 
m  1000  4  3  
 100 
 250  106  800g  T  250  106  L  g

250  106  1200g  T  250  106 L g

v 2gh

 
a  g  w  1
 
 B 
  
0  2gh  2g  w  1 h'
 
 B 

h 9 9
h'     6 cm
 w   103  (2.5  1)
   1  3
 1 
 B   0.4  10 

mice g   Vd g
1

mice mice
Vd  , Vd 
1  2 w
  w  level 

  w  level 

  w  level unchanged

Density of body
R.D. 
Density of pure water at 4C
weight of body
weight of equal volume of water
weight of body
force of upthrust due to water
 wt. of body
loss of wt. in water
wt. of body in air WA
 WA
wt. in air  wt. in water WA  WW
WA  WW

loss of weight in liquid WA  WL


loss of weight in water WA  WW

WA 300
(R.D.)metal    10
WA  WW 300  270
WA  WL 300  210
(R.D.)liquid   3
WA  WW 300  270
5 3
g / cc g / cc
4 5
8 7
g / cc g / cc
3 3
 V    i 
 w 
V0  w 

V 1025  920
  0.10
V0 1025

W
V
g

0 W

W  W'
W  25 N; W '  22N; 0  103 kg m3

(103 )(25)
  8.3  103 kg m3
25  22
 melts
1 cm3   0.9 cm3
(ice) (water)

0.5
hk 
A

0.9  0.5 0.4

hw  
A A

0.1 0.1
h    0.01 cm  0.1 mm
A 10
  3  y0 
  5  4  5  2  4
 2 

31
tan 0   0.4
5
a0
tan 0 
g

a
tan    0.48
g

(3  0.6)
425  54
2  0.1
254

a '  0.9 g
a'
tan  '   0.9
g
 1
4 yx  (5)(1)  4
2
y  x tan  '
1 2
x tan  '  5
2

(5 tan  ')wg
5(0.9)(103 )(10)  4.5  104 Pa
m1 m2
 or 1A 1v 1  2A 2 v 2
t t

dV
Q  Av
dt
Litre m
or
sec s
 2 2
v1 r  d 
 2  2
 
v 2  r1  d 
 1
 1
mv 2 K.E. 1m 2 1
2  v  v 2
Volume 2 V 2

K.E. 1m 2 1
 v  v 2 P.E. m
Volume 2 V 2   gh  gh
Volume V

Pressure energy
P
Volume

P.E. m
  gh  gh
Volume V

Pressure energy
P
Volume
v 0 A  a v 02  2gh

v 0A
a
v 02  2gh
WP  F1dx 1  P1A 1dx 1
1

WP  P1dV1 ( A 1dx 1  dV1 )

1

dm2  dV1

dm1 dm2 1 2
 P v  gh
dt dt 2

P v2
  gh
 2
WP  P2dV2
2

P v2
 h
WP  WP  (Kf  Uf )  (Ki  Ui ) g 2g
1 2

P1dV  P2dV
1 2  1 2 
 dV v 2  dV gh2    dV v 1  dVgh1 
2  2 
 1 2 1
P1  P2  v 2  gh2  v 21  gh1
2 2
1 2 1
P1  gh1  v  P2  gh2  v 2
2 1 2
1 2
P  gh  v  constant
2
P 1 v2
h
g 2 g
P
g

1 v2
 volume head
2 g

1 2
P v  gh
2

P v2
  gh
 2
P v2
 h
g 2g
 1 2 1
P1  v  gh1  P2  v 22  gh2
2 1 2
1
 
P2  P1   v21  v22  g(h1  h2 )
2
1
P2  (2  105 )  (103 )(52  42 )  (103 )(10)(10)
2
P2  2  105  4.5  103  1  105
P2  3.045  105 N / m5
 6
A2   1.2 m2
5

1 2 1
P1  v 1  gh1  P2  v 22  gh2
2 2
1
2.5  105  0  0  2  105   103  v 2  0
2

1 2 1
P1  v  P2  v 22
2 1 2
1
(v 22  v 21 )  P1  P2  8 N / m2
2

1 2 P  P2
(v 2  v 21 )  1
2 
8
 0.01 J / kg
800
 1 2 1
P0  v A  gh  P0  vB2
2 2

2gh
vB  2
r 
1  2 
r 
 1

2  10  1.8
 10 m / s
1  (0.8)2
A 1v 1  A 2 v 2
A 
v2   1  v 1
 A 2 

1 2 1 1 2  A2 
P1  v 1  P2  v 22 P1  P2  v  21  1
2 2 2 1  A 2 
1 A 
2
1 2 1/2
P1  v 1  P2    21  v 21  A2 
2 2  A2  v 1  2gh  21  1
 
 A 2 
1 2  A2 
P1  P2  v  21  1
2 1  A 2 

1 2  A1 
2
gh  v 1  2  1
2  A 2 
1/2
 A2  2gh
v1  2gh  21  1  A2
 A 2  A21  A22

2gh
A 21  A22
 2gh
v 1  A2
A 21  A22

2  10  20
v1  6  15 m / sec
(10)2  (6)2

1 2 1
P1  v  P2  v 22
2 1 2
1
(v 22  v 21 )  P1  P2
2
1
(v 22  v 21 )  gh
2
v 22  v 21  gh
v 22  (2  102 )2  2(10)(5.1  103 )
 1 2 1
P0  gH  v A  P0  g(H  h)  vB2
2 2
1 2
v  gh or vB  2gh
2 B

2
v (P  P0 )  2gh
 2

1 2  1 
Hh  0  gt  from sy  uy t  a y t2 
2  2 

2(H  h)
t
g

2(H  h)
R  vx t  2gh 
g

R  2 h(H  h)
 H
h  H  h or h 
2
H H
Rmax  2 H    H
2 2

 dm 
F  v 
 dt 
d(V)
Fv
dt
v 2gh
dV
F  v
dt
F  v(Av)

F  Av 2

2(H  h)
t
g
v 2gh  2  10  10  10 2 m / sec

2(H  h) 2(15  10)

T   1 sec R  2h(H  h)
g g
 R  vT  (10 2)(1)  10 2 m

F  Av 2  (103 )(1  104 )(10 2)2  20N

(104 )(10 2)  2  103 m3 / sec

(L2 ) 2gy  ( R2 ) 2h(4y)

L
R
2

h
v1  2g    gh
2

h 1
P0  gh  2g  P0  2v 22
2 2
v0  2gh
v1 1

v2 2
 1 1
P0  (0)2  gh  P0  v 2  g(0)
2 2
1 2
gh  v
2
v  2gh  2  10  10  10 2 m / s

v'  2g(H  h)  2  10  20  20 m / s
 1 2 1
P1  v 1  P2  v 22
2 2
1
P1  P2   (v 2  v 21 )
2 air 2

1
F  (P1  P2 )A   A(v 22  v 21 )
2 air

Mg 5  105
P    2  103Pa  2kPa
A 250

1 2 1 2 
 vupper  vlower  A
2 2 
1 3
A((2v)2  (v)2 )  Av 2
2 2
 1 2 1
Px  v x  Py  v 2y
2 2

1 2 1 2 1   1 2  1  2 
Px  Py  v y  v x   1000      
2 2 2  2   4  

Px  Py  93.75

1 2 1
Py  v y  gh  Px  v 2x  0
2 2

Px  Py 
1
2
 
 v 2y  v 2x  gh

1   1 2  1  2  15
Px  Py  1000        1000  10 
2  2   4   1600

v 2gh

R2dh / dt  r 2 2gh

R2dh
r 2
2gh
  dt
0 T
R2 dh
r 2 2gh

h h
  dt
0

R2 2h
T 2
r g
 0.5 1
tan   
5 10
a 1

g 10

t1
vg
2

upthrust  weight
a
mass
 VdL g – Vdg d –d
=
Vd
= L
 d  
g V = volume of ball 
 

v gt 1 gt 1 dt 1
t   
a 2a  d  d
2  L  g

2 dL  d 
 d 

dt 1  d 
t1  t1 1  
dL  d  dL  d 

t 1dL
t2 
dL  d

 dL  d 
  g
 d 
Ah1  Ah2  2Ah
 h  h2 
h 1 
 2
 

 h h  h
W   m1g 1  m2 g 2
 2 2
 
  m1  m2 g
2
 
Ah1gh1 Ah2gh2  h  h2 
   Ah1  Ah2  g  1 
2 2  4
 

Ag
 
2
W h1  h2
4
 A 1v 1  A 2 v 2

A
Av A  v
4 n
vn  4v A

1 2 1
PA  v  v 2  gh
2 A 2 n
vn2 / 2g  h

h  3.2

2h 2  20
t 
g 10

1 2
P0  gh  Patm  v
2

P0  2.78  108 Nm2

 A
100


m0
H
A
m0
2gh  2g
A
2m0 g

A

 2m0 g 
   
F   A / 100 v 2   A / 100 
 A 
 
mo g
F
50
 H m0
h 
4 4A

v 2gh
m 
 2g  0 
 4A 
 
m0
v
4A

 
1000  a 2g  2  0.4  100  10

d2 0.2
1000    4g  400 or d 
4 
 2dp dm
Fth   2v  2 v  L   2 vL
dt dt

PA  Patm  gh
  
PB  PA  a  Patm  gh  a
2 2
 3
 
PC  PB  2 a
2
 Patm  gh  a
2

 
PC  Patm  2 gh

3
Patm  gh  a  Patm  2 gh
2
3a
h 
2g
  
PA  Patm   2a L

PA  Patm  gh
gH
a
2L


g
.
2

g
A 1v 1  A 2 v 2 or A  v 1  2A or v 1  2g
2
1  2
 v 1  v 22   g sin 
2  
1 g 
2g    g sin 
2 2
3
sin   .
4