Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
1amu 1u (mass of one carbon atom)
12
1 12 1 1
gm gm
12 N N 6.023 1023 A
Z
X
24 27
1.660565 10 gm 1.660565 10 Kg
1/3
1/3 R1 A
RA 1
R2 A2
R R0 A 1/3
R R0 A 1/3
3
4R3 4Ro A
3 3
Volume R3 A
Amp A
(m) A
mass Amp Amp 3mp
2.3 1017 kg / m3
volume 4 R3 4 3
R0 A 4 R0
3
3 3
1014 gm / cc 1017 kg / m3
1
r 56 3 r
r'
r' 7 2
1
R R0 A 3
4 3
V R A
3 0
3mp
Fn : Fe : Fg 1 : 102 : 1036 4R03
K
Fc n ( ˆr)
r
6 7
3 Li , 3Li H1 , 1H2 , 1H3
1
18 19
8 O , 9F
7 8
3Li , 4Be
1 1
R1 A 3 27 3 3
1 (R R0 A 1/3 )
R2 A2 64 4
16
8
O
205
82
Pb
R0 2.8 1015 m 27
13
Al
1/3 1/3
R0 A 2.8 1015 16
0
RPb A RPb 205
125
Pb 32
Te
RPb 6.55 1015 m
E0 m0c2
m m0
100
m0
E E0 K.E.
100 100
E0 E0
500KeV
100 97.8%
511 KeV
m
m
Eb mc2
m
Total BE
Mass number
B.E.
c2
Eb
A
56
26
Fe
92
U238
He4 Li7
C12 N14
O16 F19
56
26
Fe
4
2
He
m (2mp 2mn ) MHe 0.0305u
B.E. 0.0305 931MeV 28.4MeV
11
11
6
C 5 B e ; T1/2 20.3min
m C
11
6
m B 11.009305u
11
5
11
11
6
C 5 B 01e Q
m mi mf
m [mN (611C) mN (511B) me ]
{mN mass of nucleus}
m [m(611 C) 6me ] [m(511B) 5me ] me
{m mass of atom}
m m(611 C) m(511B) 2me
m [11.011434 11.009305 2 0.000548]u
m 0.001033u
Q mc2 0.001033 931.5MeV
0.962MeV
Q Ed Ee E 0.962MeV
0
1
e(positron) (neutrino)
23
10
Ne
m 23
10
Ne 22.994466u
m 23
11
Na 22.989770u
23
23
10
Ne 11 Na 1e0 Q
m mi mf
m [mN (23
10
Ne)] [mN ( 23
11
Na) me ]
m [m(23
10
Ne) 10me ] [{m(23
11
Na) 11me } me ]
m m(23
10
Ne) m(23
11
Na)
Q m.c2
50 80
(, , )
( ) ( )
rays
rays
rays.
92
U238
90 Th234 2He4 Q
A
Z
X ZA24 Y 2He4 Q
Q Ty T m T mY Ty
mY m A
X ZA24 Y 24He Q
T Q TY Q Z
m mY m mY
A4 4 A 4
T Q TY Q T
A A Q
A
4
Ty Q
A
mv mv 2Km
r
qB 2eB 2eB
h2 2
2Mc2
Q T TY E
Q [Mx MY MHe ]c2
T TY Q E
mY m
T (Q E) TY (Q E)
m mY m mY
A
ZX Z2 Y A 4 2He4 Q
(p) (p) p2
Y K.E.
Re st 2m
K my A4 A4
K Q
Ky m 4 A
4
Ky Q
A
K K y
226
88
Ra
226 220
m(88 Ra) 226.02540u, m(86 Rn) 222.0175u
222
226
88
Ra 86 Rn 24 He Q
226 222
Q [m(88 Ra) m(86 Rn) m(42 He)]C2
Z
XA
A
Z 1
Y
p e
n
n p 1e0
Z
X A Z 1Y A e 1
A
Z
Z 1 Y
XA
n e
p
Z
X A Z 1 Y A e
h / 2
[Q ( m)c2 ]
( Z XA )* Z XA photons (or h )
198
Au 198Hg *
198
Hg* m
n
X
m6 m6
198 n 4
Z n
Z
Au
m 4 m 4
n
X n 2
Y
19
O 19F e
25
Al 25Mg e
19 19
O F
19.003576 u 18.998403u
25 25
Al Mg
24.990432u 24.985839u
MeV
24.99032u 24.985839u 2 0.511 2 c2
c
e or e 0.51MeV.
e
e 1.02MeV.
E 1.02
(K.E.)e or e Ph MeV
2
p 1e0 n
A
Z
N e ZA 1N'
Z
X A Z 1Y A Q
Z
XA 1e0 Z 1Y A
Z
XA Z 1Y A 1e0
23
10
Ne
m(23 23
10 Ne) 22.994466u;m( 11 Na) 22.989770u
23
10
Ne 23
11
Na e Q
[22.994466 22.989770]931.5
0.004696 931.5 4.37MeV
N A Z 4 2 2 2He4 Z X A
m 931.5MeV
Zmp
(A Z)mn M 931.5
(2 1.0073) (2 1.0087) 4.0015 931.5MeV
0.0305 931.5MeV ;B.E 28.4MeV
(92 U238 )
82
Pb214
238
92 U 82Pb214 n 2He4 m 1e0 .
92 82 2n m( 1)
10 2(6) m n 6
6
dN
N
dt
dN
N(N No. of activenuclei)
dt
dN
N
dt
N N0et
dN
N
dt
dN
dt
N
N t
dN
N0
N 0
dt [lnN]NN [t]0t
0
N' N0 N
N' N0 (1 et )
N0 N0
t T1/2
2 2
t
N0
logeN loge N0 t t loge
N
1 N0
t ln
N
R R0et R0 N0
| R |
dN
dt
d
N et
dt 0
R N N0et
R R0et R0 N0
1
e
1
e
1, 2 n
1 2 ...... n
1, 2 n
1 2 ...... n
238
92
U
89
36
Kr
N
et
N0
N0
N ,t T
2
1
eT 2 eT
2
2.303log 10 2 0.693
loge 2 T T
ln 2 2.303log 2 0.693
T
ln 2 0.693
T
n
N 1
N0 2
1 2 ......n
t
1 1 1 1 n
..... T1 / 2
T T1 T2 Tn
T1 , T2 .....Tn
1 N0 n(ln 2) 1 N
t nT ln ln 0
N N
n
n N0 1
2 ; or N N0
N 2
1
n
1 1 1 2
N N0 n N N0
2 2 2
N0
N N 50 2 70.7
2
T
life span of individual nucleus t
Total number of original nuclei N0
t
t 0
tdN
tdN dN
N
N0 dt
dN Ndt N0et dt (N N0et )
N0et 1
0
t
N0
dt ;
N N0et
tT
1
XT N0
N N0 e T 0.37N0 37%
e
0.693 1
T & 1
T 0.693 T
T 0.693
1.443T
0.693
t
log N log N0
2.303
N N0et
t
log e N log N0 t log N log N0
2.303
log N t log N0
2.303
m tan
2.303
2.303 tan
2.03log 2
T
2.03log 2
T T (log 2) cot
2.303 tan
N
PS et
N0
1
Pd 1 nPS 1 et
2
1
t T1/2 N0 t 2T1/2 N0 1
N0 2n
2 4
N0 N0 N0 m m0et
t 3T1/2
22 8 23
N0
t nT1/2 N N0et
2n
t
n
T1/2
1 1
n
1
2 2n
1
t nT1/2
2n
m m0et
15
16
31
32
15
D.F.
16
1 1 t
A.F. 4 n 4 T1/2
16 2 4
31
25
t t
t' 5
4 4
T1/2 2
t n T1/2 n 4.5
1 1 1 1
A.F. n
4.5
4 0.5
2 2 2 2 16 2
1
D.F. 1
16 2
T1/2
50 1
n
100 2
1 1
A.F. 0.5 0.707
2 2
1 21
D.F. 1 0.3
2 2
19
T1/2 10 hr
20
19 N 1
et 1 / 20
20 N0 20
1 ln(20)
t ln(20) T1/2 43.16hrs
ln(2)
1hr 1hr 90
100(A.F.) 90 90 81
100
N
A.F. et
N0
0.9 et (t 1hr)
2
A.F. x e(2t ) et (0.9)2 0.81
A B
t 6
nA 3
TA 2
6
nB 2
3
N0 NA N0A 2nB 1 22 1 1 1
N n 3
2n NB N0B 2 A 3 2 3 2 6
60
27
Co
60
27
Co
N 0.693
R A m 7.106 106 g
M T
w 1/2
32
15
P(T1/2 14.3days)
33 33
15
P(T1/2 25.3 days) 15
P
90% 33
15
P 32
15
P
N0 t/T1/2
As 2
N
9x
P1 2t/14.3
y
x
P2 2t/25.3
9y
9x / 4 2t/14.3
x / 9y 2t/25.3
81 20.0304t t 209 d
eff
T T
Teff
T T
and
eff
1 1 1
T1/2 eff T T
TT
T1/2 eff T T
N0 N
et ;loge 0 t
N N
N0 N
loge 2.303log 10 0
N N
t
t 72000
3
T1/2 24000
1 1 2 1 3 1
1g
g g g
2 4 8
1
g
8
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
1g
g g g
2 4 8
1 5 1 t 25
g t 1/2 ; t 5 days
16 t 1/2 n 5 1/2
7 1
1
8 8
1
2
1 1
4 8
238
92
U
0.693
1.42 1017 s
0.693
17
4.88 1018
1.42 10
loge 5 t
2.303 0.6990 5000
t
0.693
6.02 1023
1g 2.56 1021
235
8.2 1010
6
kWh 2.28 104 kWh
3.6 10
energy
105
time
105 Joule energy
1sec
1gm 8 1010 J
8m 1010
105
1
105 1
m 105 0.12 105 1.2 106
8 10 10 8
1fission 200MeV
104 Joule ? fission
E 3.2 1011N
P 104 N 3.12 1014
t 1
A B C Q (Fusion)
m [(mA mB ) mC ] amu
m 931MeV / amu
E EC (EA EB )
200
0.85MeV
235
26
6.5MeV
4
R 1.3 A 1/3 1015 m,
1.67 1027 kg
R R0 A 1/3
R0 1.3 1015 m 1.3 fm
4 3 4
4 3
3
R R0 A 1/3 R A
3 3 3 0
A
V
1
1.9 1038
4
R03
3
mass
volume
Q mn mp me . C2
p2 p2d
2m 2md
p2 1 1
2 m md
1 1
m .E
m
md
m
E 1
md
4
4.78 1
222
t
ln2
N N0 1 e t
N0 1 e 1/2
T
6 1023 106
N0
24
6 1023 106
0.693
N 1 e 15 1.128 1015
24
NA 0.693
3.2 1017
24 T1/2
NA 0.693
235 T1/2
1 103 103
NA 17.6 N
2 2 A
1 106
103
17.6 NA e 106
2
1 106
103
17.6 NA e 106
2
N0a
4R2
4R2 A 4 5 104
2.1 107 s1 .
N0a 3.0 1016 104
m
N
M A
n2 CT1/2
C .N N N
T1/2 n2
N CT M
100 100
m ln 2 mNA
N
M A
480 1.3 109 3.15 107 74.5 100
0.36%
0.693 1 6.02 1023
dN dN
R N dt
dt R N
N t
dN 1 R N
0
R N 0
dt
ln
R
t
N
R
l et
t t 1/2
R Rt 1/2
N
n2
4
He 4 He 8 Be.
4
He 4He 8Be Q
Q 2mHe mBe . C2
[
2.303 a 2.303 4.5 109 4
t log log 1.868 109 yrs.
ax 0.693 3
dN
N
dt
dN
dt
N
n n0 1 e2
n 0.75n n0 1 e4
1 e4
1.75
1 e 2
1.75 1.75 e2 1 e4
3
1.75e2 e4
4
e 2 x
x2 1.75x 0.75 0
1.75 4 0.75
2
1.75
x
2
3
4
3
e2 1 or e2
4
e 2 1
3
e2
4
2 n e n 3 n 4 n 3 2 n 2
1
n 2
2
n 3
1
0.6931
2
1.0986 0.14395 s1
1
tmeans
dN Ndt N0 et dt
t t
dN
0
etdt 1 et
N0 0