SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT

COLLEGE OF LAW, GOVERNMENT & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

GMGA3063 (A) COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

CHOSEN COUNTRIES: RUSSIA & CANADA

PREPARED BY:

GROUP UNITED

NO. NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1. SARIMIN BIN RAIEE 279496

2. MUHAMMAD HARITH FAUZAN BIN MOHD FAUDZI 279705

3. NUR AISYAH BINTI HALIM 276820

4. NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MUHAMAD AMIR 281290

5. NUR AISYAH MARZIYAH BINTI ZULKIFLEE 288922

PREPARED FOR:

MADAM ZALINAH BINTI AHMAD

 TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF RUSSIA

2.1 RUSSIA 2
2.2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND IN RUSSIA 2
2.3 ECONOMY IN RUSSIA 3
2.4 SOCIALIZATION IN RUSSIA 4
2.5 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 5
2.6 TAXATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA 6

3.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF CANADA

3.1 CANADA 7
3.2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND IN CANADA 8
3.3 ECONOMY IN CANADA 9
3.4 SOCIALIZATION IN CANADA 9
3.5 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION 11
3.6 TAXATION SYSTEM IN CANADA 12

4.0 RUSSIA
4.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON LEADERSHIP STYLE 14
4.2 LIMITED RESEARCH 15
4.3 LATEST INFORMATION 16
4.4 SIGNIFICANT ISSUES AFFECT TO COUNTRY 17

5.0 CANADA
5.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON LEADERSHIP STYLE 19
5.2 LIMITED RESEARCH 20
5.3 LATEST INFORMATION 21
5.4 SIGNIFICANT ISSUES AFFECT TO COUNTRY 22

6.0 PROFILE OF THE COUNTRIES 24

7.0 COMPARATIVE BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA

7.1 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA 25
7.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA 27

8.0 CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 30
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Leadership is a factor that influences the process in which a leader seeks the

voluntary participation of subordinates in order to achieve organizational goals. Leader

also is considered as a factor in influencing the performance of organization, managers

and employees (Eran, 2006). A leader is someone who delegated or influenced others to

act in order to achieve specific goals. Leadership styles are defined as various aspects

of organizational outcomes that were linked with democratic or autocratic, socially

oriented or target oriented styles. In this research, the main focus is on two leaders who

have different leadership styles in governing the country. The leaders are Vladimir

Putin who is the president of Russia and Justin Trudeau who is the prime minister of

Canada. These two leaders have significant similarities and comparisons in carrying out

their responsibilities in the administrative system. Russia and Canada are also two

countries that practise different administrative systems.

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2.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF RUSSIA

2.1 RUSSIA

Russia is a country that spans both Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Russia is the

world's largest country, covering approximately 17,098,246 square kilometres. Russia

has fourteen territorial borders, more than any other country except China, and it

crosses eleven time zones. It has the ninth-largest population in the world and is the

most populous nation in Europe, with approximately 146 million people. With a

population of 12 million people, Moscow, Europe's largest metropolis, serves as both

the nation's capital and its largest city. Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city

and cultural centre. Other significant cities include Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod,

Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg. Russia gained independence on December 11, 1991,

following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but they celebrate annually on June 12,

1992. Russia's official currency was the Russian Ruble (Britannica, n.d.).

2.2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND IN RUSSIA

In Russia's Semi-Presidential system (Geoffrey & Sergey, 2022), two people lead

the executive. The President precedes the Prime Minister. Mikhail Mishustin is Russia's

Prime Minister and Vladimir Putin is its President. Even though there are two leaders in

the executive branch, the President has greater administrative power and operates as

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head of government than the Prime Minister, who just follows orders. United Russia,

Communist Party, Just Russi-Patriots-For Truth party, and others are among Russia's

48 political parties (Wolfram, 2021). Russia has a multi-party system, yet it practises

one-party rule (Jay, 2017). In 2020, six parties won the Russian general election, but

United Russia is the government. Federation Council (178 members) and State Duma

(450 members) make up the Parliament branch (Glenn, 1996). After Russia gained

independence from the Soviet Union, King Rurik of Russia wrote the Russian

constitution on 6 May 1906. (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 2018).

2.3 ECONOMY IN RUSSIA

Between Europe and the Pacific Ocean, Russia has eleven time zones. Despite

Russia's enormous landmass, the average Russian has less wealth than citizens of other

high-GDP nations. Russia's economy depends on natural resources (Logue, 2022). Over

20% of the world's oil comes from Russia. More than 25% of global natural gas output

comes from it. The huge reserves under northern West Siberia supply most of the

region's oil and natural gas. The Volga-Ural zone and the Komi-Ukhta field (North

region) provide the balance of reserves, whereas the North Caucasus region, formerly

the Soviet Union's largest producer, is now minor. Production sites are connected to all

sections of the country, neighbouring former Soviet republics, and European nations

beyond the western border by extensive pipeline networks (Britannica, n.d.).

According to the Index of Economic Freedom (2022), Russia's economy relies

heavily on oil and gas exports. Russia has a market-based economy with considerable

government involvement, and many government officials are wealthy. The ruble is

Russia's currency. About $0.016 USD equals one ruble. In 2022, Russia's GDP was

$4.1 trillion. 144,1 million people live in Russia. In October 2022, 72,10 Million of

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these people will work. Automobiles, packaged pharmaceuticals, and broadcasting

equipment were the country's main imports.

2.4 SOCIALIZATION IN RUSSIA

With 6,601,665 square miles, Russia is the world's largest country (17,098,242

square kilometres). Comparatively, the US is 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,670 square

kilometres) (Bradford, 2022). Russia is the world's largest, most populous, and home to

some of its biggest cities. Over 12 million people live in Moscow as of 2022 (World

population review, 2022).

Cities are divided by federal subjects. Russia has 85 federal subjects. Over 74%

of Russians live in cities like Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Over 185 ethnic and racial

groups live in Russia. Russia's official language is spoken by most people. Russia

recognises 35 recognised languages and more than 100 unofficial ones. Some are near

extinction (World population review, 2022).

Orthodox Christianity is Russia's state religion (World population review,

2022). Russia's most widely practised religion is Christianity, notably Russian

Orthodoxy, followed by Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and

Buddhism. Russian Orthodox Christianity is the most widely practised religion in

Russia, which has been home to Jews for centuries. Orthodox Christians made up 71%

of Russia's population (Population U, 2022).

Many Russians speak English, even though Russian is the official language.

According to the BBC, Russia has over 100 minority languages. Dolgang is the

country's most widely spoken language (Bradford, 2022). Pagan influences can be

found in modern Russian culture. Folklore, festival traditions, and even needlework

skills can be traced back to pre-Christian times. Russia's culture developed due to its

placement between East and West. Due to its vast territory and the history of its

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civilizations, Russia has become home to various nationalities whose traditions have

gradually melded with the existing culture, modifying and transforming it (Advantour,

n.d.).

2.5 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION

Russia is a vast country with many international affiliations. They include the

G8, G20, NATO, UN, APEC, WTO, and Commonwealth. The G8 Movement was

Russia's first group. Since 1973's oil crisis, this movement has grown. European

Commission countries attended this informal forum. Every other year, the G8 meets to

discuss economic, social, trade, and environmental issues. By joining the G20, Russia

has extended its international collaboration. "Systemically important industrialised and

developing economies meet at the G20 summit to discuss global economic challenges"

(Yaoteng Zhao, 2021). The world's 20 largest economies are these 20 countries.

International finance is discussed by this 1999-founded organisation. Additionally, the

G20 conference rotates among its member nations. Russia hosted the 2013 G20

conference in Petrograd. G20 promotes higher-level economic initiatives.

In addition, Russia is also a NATO member. "The NATO-Russia Council led to

collaboration in counter-terrorism, crisis management, arms control, and theatre missile

defence" (NATO, 2020). NATO is a military alliance of 30 nations, 28 European and 2

North American. NATO members are free to defend one other against other nations

that attack their allies because this organisation is administered collectively. As a result,

Russia joined the UN and became one of its most influential members. Russia now has

veto power over UN decisions. The UN helps UN member nations maintain peace and

well-being. "The United Nations (UN) offers a constructive venue for this aim, as

Russia, with its UN Security Council (UNSC) veto power, is a privileged member of

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what it perceives as a concert of world powers'' (Philip Remler, 2020). Russia has veto

authority, while other nations can only recommend.

In 1998, Russia joined APEC. Russia attended the Asia-Pacific border countries

summit in Singapore to boost the regional economy. 60% of the world's economy is

discussed at APEC. APEC has 21 members. "Oil, gas, armaments, iron, and coal are

some of Russia's trade industries with APEC member countries''. Russia is a developed

nation that contributes greatly to the global economy. Russia is also a member of the

World Trade Organization (WTO). “In order to get the maximum benefit and the

minimum losses for the country out of the accession to the WTO, the government's

actions must include both the measures aimed at fast and painless restructuring of the

competitive sectors of Russian economy and the measures allowing one to increase the

positive effects of membership in the World Trade Organization'' (Victor Gnevko,

2016). The Commonwealth also includes Russia. Former British colonies or Soviet

republics make up this commonwealth. This group worked together to boost the

economy and defend regional policy.

2.6 TAXATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA

The organisation in charge of managing taxes in Russia is the Tax Service of the

Russian Federation, which is controlled by the Russian Ministry of Finance. Russian

taxation is done from January 1 to December 31. Citizens must file a tax return with the

Federal Tax Service using a form known as a Tax Declaration. Russia will impose a

progressive tax of 13% or 15% on anyone's income of more than 5 million rubles per

year beginning in 2021. Non-residents must pay 13%, 15%, or 30% of their income,

according to their career prospects and source of revenue. In general, taxpayers in

Russia have benefited recently from simplified processes and improved tax rates with a

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lighter tax burden. Due to enhanced collection procedures and more comprehensive tax

supervision in the business sector, especially at the top echelons, collection rates have

especially continued to increase since 2011 (Fernandez, 2022).

The Russian Tax Code establishes three taxing levels which are federal,

regional, and local. Value Added Tax (VAT), mineral extraction tax, individual income

tax, unified social tax, corporate profit tax, excise tax, special tax regime, and other

taxes are presently included in federal taxes. Russian regional and local taxes, on the

other hand, prioritise assets. Local taxes are made up of land taxes and individual

property taxes, whereas provincial taxes are made up of corporate property taxes, motor

taxes, and casino taxes. Tax residents pay a 13% tax rate on yearly income up to 5

million rubles till January 2021. Income in excess of this amount is taxed at a rate of

15%. Russian source income is currently subject to a 30% tax rate for non-residents.

3.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF CANADA

3.1 CANADA

Canada is a country in North America. Canada is the world's second-largest

country in terms of total area, with ten provinces and three territories covering 9.98

million square kilometres. The length of Canada's western and southern borders with

the United States is 8,891 kilometres, making it the world's longest binational land

border. Canada has a population of approximately 38 million people. Toronto,

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Montreal, and Vancouver are Canada's three major metropolitan areas. With a

population of around 6 million people, Toronto is Canada's largest city, but Ottawa is

the country's capital. By the passage of the British North America Act on July 1, 1867,

Canada had officially established itself as a self-governing entity. Canada's official

currency was the Canadian Dollar (Britannica, n.d.).

3.2 POLITICAL BACKGROUND IN CANADA

Canada is a Parliamentary Democracy (William & Harold, 2020), where the

government is dominant. The Crown and Governor General exercise executive

authority in Canada. The Crown of Canada is His Majesty King Charles III, and the

Governor General is Mary Simon. The Cabinet and Prime Minister will lead the

executive branch. Canada's prime minister since 2015 is Justin Trudeau. Canada is a

federal state with legislative power shared by federal, provincial, and territorial

governments (Matthew, 2022). The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of

Canada's justice system work independently but together. The Liberal Party,

Conservative Party of Canada, New Democratic Party, and others are among Canada's

23 political parties. Canada's two-party system has two domain parties with authority

(Canadian Political Parties, 2022). In 2021's general election, five parties were elected.

Conservatives and Liberals led the administration. Two chambers make up the

legislative branch: the Senate (105 senators) and the House of Commons (338

members) (Matthew, 2022). After Canada gained independence, the British North

America Act of 1867 became Canada's Constitution 1982 (William & Harold, 2020).

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 3.3 ECONOMY IN CANADA

The Canadian economy is one of the world's largest and most developed.

Market-based economies characterise Canada and Russia. In 2022, the nation's GDP

was $1.9 trillion in U.S. dollars. Canada's economy ranks fifteenth on the Index of

Economic Freedom (2022) with a score of 76.6. Exports and imports make up 30% of

Canada's GDP. China, the U.S., and the UK are the country's biggest trading partners.

The three industries that contribute most to its GDP are real estate, rental, and leasing,

manufacturing, and mining, quarrying, and oil and gas exploitation (Johnston, 2021).

Each province and territory have unique strengths; hence their economies vary.

The prairie provinces produce more energy, industrial, and agricultural goods, whereas

the eastern provinces produce more energy, vehicles, and consumer goods. Canadian

enterprises are public and private. Private companies are privately owned. Public

businesses, sometimes known as Crown corporations, are Canadian companies owned

by government-nominated directors. Real estate, manufacturing, and natural resources

are additional important economic sectors. Canada is a leading energy producer and

consumer, according to the Department of Natural Resources. Canada produces and

exports the fourth most natural gas, third most crude oil, and second most uranium in

the world (Canadim, n.d.).

3.4 SOCIALIZATION IN CANADA

After Russia, Canada is the second-largest nation. Canada's 3,8 million square

miles (9.9 million square kilometres) could fit the UK more than 40 times, according to

the Canada FAQ. Canada has a 151,473-mile coastline and is surrounded by the

Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans. Cruises to Canada and Alaska sail the Pacific

Coast (Canadian affair, n.d.). Canada has one of the world's greatest populations, and

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cities of all sizes contribute. Three territories and ten provinces make up the country.

These geographic regions are subdivided to manage certain regions. Canada has 3 cities

above a million people, 52 cities between 100,000 and 1 million people, and 393 cities

between 10,000 and 100,000 people.

Toronto has 2,600,000 people. Toronto is Canada's largest and most famous city.

Toronto is also approaching 3 million residents (World population review, 2022).

Canadians number 37.74 million. Canadian ethnicity was 32.3%. English (18.3%),

Scottish (13.9%), French (13.6%), Irish (13.4%), German (9.6%), and Chinese (5.1%)

were also significant. Canadian Aboriginal population increase is double the national

average. 16% of the population is a visible minority, whereas 4% is indigenous. China

and India make over 60% of new immigration. Official languages of Canada are

English and French (World population review, 2022).

Religion in Canada encompasses several groups and philosophies. Christianity,

Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism all have large followings in Canada.

Christianity is the most dominant religion in Canada, as it is the largest religion, with

Catholicism being its largest denomination. The 2011 National Household Survey

found that 67% of Canadians were Christian, 24% were not religious, and 3.2% were

Muslim. 1,053,945 Muslims live in Canada (World population review, 2022).

Canada is a bilingual nation with French and English as official languages.

However, most Canadians speak English, with a decreasing number speaking English

plus French, English and another language, or French alone (Canada guide, n.d.).

British, French, and American influences mix and compete in every aspect of Canadian

culture, from filmmaking and writing to food and athletics (Britannica, n.d.).

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 3.5 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION

Canada has various international associations as a developing nation. NATO, the

WTO, the Commonwealth, APEC, the G7, G8, and G20, and the UN are among them.

The G7 was Canada's first organisation. This organisation includes Canada, France,

Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the US. This coalition of wealthy nations was

formed in 1975 to lead global democracy. The G7 coalition is discussing peace, climate

change, and COVID-19. Canada hosted the 1981 G7 conference in Montebello. After

the G7, Canada joined the G8. Since 1973's oil crisis, this movement has grown.

European Commission countries attended this informal forum. Every other year, the G8

meets to discuss economic, social, trade, and environmental issues. G8 2010 was held

in Toronto, Canada.

Next, by joining the G20, Canada has extended its international cooperation. The

world's 20 largest economies are these 20 countries. International finance is discussed

by this 1999-founded organisation. Additionally, the G20 conference rotates among its

member nations. Then there's NATO, a military alliance of 30 countries, 28 of which

are European and two North American. This organisation is run jointly, so NATO

members may defend their associated countries against other countries that attack them.

"Canada's objective for NATO is to ensure the Alliance stays contemporary, flexible,

adaptable, and ready to handle current and future threats" (Canada). Canada thereafter

joined the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD). Representative democracies are OECD members. Rich and emerging nations

are included. "Canada contributed to the founding of the OECD to promote economic

growth as a way to stability, much as Canada was dedicated to strengthening the

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Marshall Plan's economic cooperation" (Canada). After the Second World War, this

group administered the Marshall Plan to develop European countries.

Furthermore, Canada joined the WTO. Canada "helped create the WTO's dispute

settlement processes and is among those most intimately involved in its trade dispute

cases" (David Berry, 2019). It promotes Canadian international trade, which is great.

However, all countries must obey WTO trade laws and agreements. Canada is another

Commonwealth member. This commonwealth includes former British colonies or

Soviet republics. This organisation collaborated to improve and defend regional and

economic policies. APEC includes Canada. Canada attended the Singapore-based Asia-

Pacific border countries meeting to boost the regional economy. APEC analyses

regional economies that make up 60% of the global economy. The 21-member APEC is

likewise large. Canada joined the UN. The UN promotes peace and well-being among

its members.

3.6 TAXATION SYSTEM IN CANADA

Federal, provincial, and local governments rule Canada. The public will receive

a percentage of taxes by offering many government services and activities. The federal

Income Tax Act and its provisions govern the Canadian tax system, together with

provincial and territorial sales tax, corporate tax, and other laws (Osler, n.d.).

Education, health care, road and highway repair, and other social benefits are funded by

tax revenue. Income taxes are levied by the federal and provincial governments. Sales

and consumption taxes are also levied. The Goods and Services Tax (GST), also known

as the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) in some Canadian provinces, is a provincial sales

tax that applies to all purchases made by residents. Equity funds, new clothes, and

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dining out are subject to consumption tax, often known as sales tax. Consumption tax

will be applied to Canadian purchases. The sales label amount excludes taxes.

Basic essentials, assistive equipment, prescription pharmaceuticals, feminine

hygiene products, agricultural and fishery products, and most international passenger

and cargo transportation services are zero-rated (Buttenham & Thulien, 2022).

Livestock, fisheries, and agriculture are tax-free. These goods have 0% sales tax. All

products and services, except those above, are taxable. All goods and services face a

5% federal tax. Provincial sales taxes (PSTs) range from 6% to 9.975% in some

provinces. Some jurisdictions have combined the two levies into the Harmonized Sales

Tax (HST). HST is levied provincially and federally. HST is 13% in Ontario, with 5%

going to the federal government and 8% to the provinces. If we utilise products and

services in British Columbia, the sales receipt will reflect GST at 5% and PST at 7%.

Because Albertans only paid 5% GST, only they are immune from PST (Buttenham &

Thulien, 2022). Quebec's value-added tax, QST, is 9.975%. Unless exempt or zero-

rated, it applies to compensation for the sale of all goods and services and most real

property and services made in Quebec (Zurowski & Janelle, 2022). Canada has a

complex tax structure that differs from others. As a Canadian resident, you must file a

tax return to pay taxes on your annual income. Commissions, employment, investment,

and retirement income are all possible. Residents will pay federal and provincial

income taxes. Canada's progressive tax system requires higher income tax payments

from higher earners (Kubes, n.d).

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4.0 RUSSIA

4.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON LEADERSHIP STYLE

Vladimir Putin's leadership style is generally considered to be authoritarian,

characterised by a strong centralization of power, lack of transparency, and suppression

of political opposition. He is known to use a variety of methods to maintain power,

including the use of force, repression, and intimidation to suppress political opposition

and dissent. He has been known to eliminate political opponents, restrict civil society

organizations, as well as limiting the participation of opposition parties in political

processes. Putin also has been known to use the judiciary system and the intelligence

agencies to maintain his grip on power (Stoner, 2018).

His authoritarian governing style is characterised by strong concentration of

power, lack of transparency, suppression of political opposition, and a focus on

preserving control and order. He has promoted economic growth and stability and

asserted Russia's global authority. He has limited press freedom and media control, as

well as opposition party participation in political processes. His actions and remarks as

a leader suggest some general concepts that may constitute his vision and mission.

Putin may lead Russia to stability and order domestically and internationally. He has

taken moves to assert Russia's authority and influence on the global stage and preserve

the Russian state and sovereignty. He also prioritises economic development and

modernisation to make Russia powerful and prosperous.

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 4.2 LIMITED RESEARCH

Russian President Vladimir Putin presided over the country from 2000 to 2008

and again from 2012 until the present (2023). However, this limited research focuses

from 2015 to 2020. Russia participated in a military operation in Syria in 2015 to back

Bashar al-regime. Assad's This involvement strengthened Russia's influence in the

Middle East and helped Assad win the Syrian Civil War. The international world also

criticised the involvement, particularly in light of claims that Russian forces were using

airstrikes to target residential areas.

In 2016, Putin received criticism for the way his administration handled the crisis

in Syria, notably for the suspected use of bombings to target civilian populations.

Additionally, he was accused of a charge he vigorously denied of Russian government

involvement in hacking and misinformation operations during the U.S. presidential

election. Putin was re-elected as president in 2018 for a second six-year term.

Allegations of voter suppression and intimidation marred the election, and international

observers expressed worries about the impartiality of the vote. In 2019, Putin received

criticism for the way his administration had suppressed protesters and members of the

opposition. Among them was the detention of Alexei Navalny, the head of the

opposition and a vociferous detractor of Putin. The government was accused of

corruption and power abuse as well. The COVID-19 epidemic and a severe drop in oil

prices, which harmed Russia's economy, were obstacles for Putin in 2020. Lockdowns

and mask requirements were among the steps the government put in place to stop the

virus's spread. It also offered financial assistance to anyone impacted by the outbreak,

including companies and people.

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 Putin has worked to strengthen ties with nations like China and India and to

restore Russia's position as a global power. Additionally, he has adopted a more

antagonistic tone toward the United States and its allies, particularly in relation to crises

like the Middle East and the Ukraine.

4.3 LATEST INFORMATION

Next is the latest information about Russia. In early 2023, Russia President

Vladimir Putin and China President Xi Jinping vowed to deepen bilateral ties between

both countries. End-of-year, both countries had a virtual meeting. Putin said the

relationship between China has gained significance for both countries as it will stabilise

in rising geopolitical tensions. Meanwhile, Xi said that both countries can closely

coordinate and cooperate in international affairs, opposing unilateralism, and more. The

Chinese President also is expected to visit Russia in the Spring to continue the tradition

of rotating annual visits (Max & Ryan, 2023).

Then, the current President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, made an announcement to

reshuffle his government in the 2nd quarter 2022. The reshuffling involved some of his

key members of the government that saw an important trend in Russia’s defence-

industrial complex in order to support the economy against international sanctions. This

reshuffled includes the removal of Dmitry Rogozin from the position of Deputy Prime

Minister of Russia for Defence and Space Industry which is as the head of state-

controlled Roscosmos space agency that holds a role to oversee the country’s space

includes rocket factory, facility and other assets. This position was replaced by Yury

Borisov, a Deputy Prime Minister in Military Strategic that was in charge of weapon

industries. Then, Borisov’s positions were passed to Denis Manturov who was the

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current Minister of Industry and Trade at that time and were given a Deputy Prime

Minister rank by President Vladimir Putin (Mikhail, 2022).

4.4 SIGNIFICANT ISSUES AFFECT TO COUNTRY

Vital issue that Russia faces in Vladimir Putin’s leadership is his Extreme

dominance. Vladimir Putin, who succeeded Dmitri Medvedev, served two more terms

(Akbaba, 2019). In 2016, the Democratic Party and Hillary Clinton were targeted by

computer attacks. In July 2016, WikiLeaks released thousands of private emails after

computer security experts linked these attacks to Russian intelligence services. The FBI

began investigating Russian efforts to influence the presidential election within days.

Later, it was revealed that this committee was also investigating any links between

these attempts and Donald Trump's presidential campaign. Trump often disputed that

Putin was trying to help him win. After Trump's stunning November 2016 victory,

Russia's hacking and possible collusion with his campaign were scrutinised. Putin

dismissed any foreign electoral interference campaign to quell rumours (Britannica,

n.d.). Russian cyber operations during the 2016 US presidential campaign showed

Putin's global dominance goals (Seibt, 2016).

In addition, vulnerability resulting from a weak economy is the third issue

that affects Russia. Since Russia's economy is one of its largest difficulties, Vladimir

Putin is unlikely to achieve his goals of keeping strong centralised control, developing

the economy, raising the standard of living for citizens, and defending against

perceived threats. In 2016, President Vladimir V. Putin answered prepared calls on

Thursday during a second year of severe recession to show his empathy with common

Russians. Russians were concerned about rising electricity bills, unpaid wages,

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excessive expenditures, and school and hospital closures. The government's economic

chiefs keep telling the public they've touched bottom and are growing. Putin's economic

assessment: Putin calms the Russian people by calling the current era a "grey period"

and said he is now more cautious after anticipating economic development to return by

this time. The president acknowledged that the economy contracted by 3.7% in 2015

but predicted a 0.3% drop in 2016 and a slight rebound in 2017. He also stated Russia

had enough money in its two big sovereign wealth funds and other reserves to last four

years (MacFarquhar, 2016).

The third issue that affects Russia is Risk management. Russia appeared briefly

to be in the lead as Covid-19 began to spread across the globe in 2020. Putin bragged

that the virus was "under control" as a result of what he termed "vigorous early steps"

to prevent the disease's spread. Russian President Vladimir Putin sacked his entire

administration on January 15 after introducing a slew of constitutional measures in an

effort to end the pandemic of covid-19, which has swept throughout the country. The

constitutional revision would restart the clock on presidential term limits, prolonging

Putin's prospective stay in power until 2036 (Hodge, 2020). In response to a second

COVID-19 outbreak, Russian President Vladimir Putin urges Russians to wear masks

nationwide (Allassan, 2020). Putin orders large-scale vaccinations for Russians to

combat COVID-19 (Kim, 2020). This demonstrated Vladimir Putin's strategy to

overcome Covid-19 viruses to spread.

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5.0 CANADA

5.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ON LEADERSHIP STYLE

Justin Trudeau’s leadership style is often seen as more democratic and

interactive, with a focus on cooperation and inclusion. He is noted for engaging and

listening to a diverse spectrum of stakeholders, including the general people, other

government officials, and members of civil society groups. He has also been recognised

for his efforts to enhance government openness and accountability, as well as his

dedication to evidence-based decision-making (Plakhov, 2018).

His governance style is considered more democratic, with a focus on inclusive

policies and respect for human rights. He has been known to prioritise at promoting

social and economic equality, such as universal healthcare, and climate change actions.

He has also been known for his emphasis on multiculturalism and inclusion, as well as

for his efforts to promote gender equality and the rights of Indigenous peoples

(Biscahie, 2019).

Trudeau's vision as a leader may be focused on building a more inclusive and equitable

society, both domestically and internationally. He has been known to prioritize

promoting social and economic equality, such as universal healthcare and climate

change actions. He has also been known for his emphasis on multiculturalism and

inclusion, as well as for his efforts to promote gender equality and the rights of

Indigenous peoples. His mission may be to build a more inclusive and equitable

society, both domestically and internationally, through promoting social and economic

equality, and respect for human rights, as well as promoting progressive values such as

multilateralism and cooperation.

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 5.2 LIMITED RESEARCH

Canada's Justin Trudeau served as prime minister from 2015 until 2021.

Therefore, his administration is focused from 2015 to 2020. During his term in

government, he concentrated on problems including economic development, climate

change, and peace with Native Americans. Trudeau was chosen as prime minister in

2015 as a result of the Liberal Party of Canada winning a majority of seats in the

election. He pledged to combat climate change, enhance ties with Indigenous peoples,

and stimulate the economy by investing in infrastructure. He said that 25,000 Syrian

refugees will be accepted in Canada.

A national investigation into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls

was launched by the government in 2016 with the goal of examining the factors that

contribute to the high incidence of violence against Indigenous women and developing

suggestions for solutions. The Trudeau administration unveiled a carbon price strategy

in 2017 to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Some provinces and companies opposed the

plan, which had a cap-and-trade system and a carbon tax. In addition, the government

committed to lowering Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by ratifying the Paris

Agreement on climate change.

In 2018, there was criticism about Trudeau's handling of a corruption investigation

involving a significant Canadian engineering business. Several cabinet ministers were

forced to quit as a result, which hurt Trudeau's standing. Canada became the second

nation in the world to legalise and regulate the use of recreational cannabis in 2019

according to the Trudeau administration's legislation. The administration also unveiled

plans to address the housing market's difficulties with supply and affordability. In 2019,

there was a controversy around Justin Trudeau's Aladdin costume, which makes him a

20
racist in the eyes of Canadian society. And the matter of fact that it is near the election,

which makes a bad image towards Justin Trudeau and his Liberal Party.

The COVID-19 pandemic became a top priority for the Trudeau administration in

2020. Lockdowns and mask requirements were established as part of the virus

containment strategy. It also offered financial assistance to anyone affected by the

crisis, including companies and people. A programme to immunise everyone against

the virus was also announced by the government.

Overall, Trudeau's term in government was characterised by initiatives to combat

climate change and strengthen ties with Indigenous peoples, as well as difficulties with

the economy and accusations of corruption.

5.3 LATEST INFORMATION

Next is the latest information on Canada. In January 2023, Former Financial

Minister Bill Morneau exposed some dark truths of Justin Trudeau’s governance. Bill

Morneau exposed that Justin Trudeau’s management qualities were sorely lacking.

Justin Trudeau is also lacking in his interpersonal communication qualities. He also

mentions that Justin Trudeau’s government also considers money as a gift for the Prime

Minister’s Office to make them happy in order to manage ego and maintain a good

relationship between ministers. (Desk, 2023)

The Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has made an announcement that

some small adjustments will be made in cabinet. The factor of adjustment because of

health reasons is one of the ministers. The adjustment involves two ministers in the

cabinet which are Filomena Tassi and Helena Jaczek. Filomena Tassi switches her

21
position from Procurement Minister to Federal Economic Development Agency for

Southern Ontario. While the current holder of the Federal Economic Development

Agency for Southern Ontario position, Helena Jaczek has been switched to

Procurement Minister position. This is because Filomena Tassi needs to balance her

responsibility between family and work after her husband suffered strokes and currently

stays at her home in Ontario. This is why Filomena Tassi has switched her position to

Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario. (Reuters, 2022)

5.4 SIGNIFICANT ISSUES AFFECT TO COUNTRY

The first important issue that affects Canada is unethical leadership by Justin

Trudeau. In December 2017, it was revealed that Justin Trudeau had violated conflict of

interest guidelines by spending Christmas on the Aga Khan's private island. The Aga

Khan Foundation is registered as a lobbying organisation. In addition, Trudeau

travelled by the Aga Khan's private helicopter. In addition, the federal government has

provided the Aga Khan Foundation with tens of millions of dollars (Dawson, 2020).

The Conflict-of-Interest Act and Trudeau's own ethics guidelines prohibit the use of

sponsored travel in private aircraft, unless in extreme circumstances. In addition, the

standards restrict ministers and their families from taking gifts or "advantages" that

could be fairly construed as influencing government decisions. This has been a lengthy

issue that has affected the country as a result of Justin Trudeau's shattered leadership

image as prime minister. To resolve the matter, Justin Trudeau stated that he accepted

the report's findings and would clear future personal vacations with the office of the

ethics commissioners. In addition, he apologised and accepted full responsibility in

order to ensure that the prime minister's office would not be criticised (The Guardian,

2017).

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 The second vital issue that affects Canada is racism. Canadians know Justin

Trudeau likes to dress up (The Guardian, 2019). Canadians can discuss racism,

blackface, brownface, and prejudice using Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau's blackface

and brownface photos (Khan, 2019). Canada's prime minister, Justin Trudeau, wore

brownface makeup to a party at the private school where he taught in the spring of

2001. The matter arose in 2019, and the prime minister is in hot water as his Liberal

party competes for another four-year term in a tight federal election (Kambhampaty et

al., 2019). This has exposed Canadians' doubts in their prime minister, Justin Trudeau,

who has shown his racist mentality to multiracial Canadians and the native people.

Trudeau then conducted an unscheduled news conference on his campaign plane. He

apologised profusely and should have known better. Justin Trudeau also said he would

accept full responsibility as he didn't realise the act was discriminatory (CBC News,

2019).

The third important issue that affects Canada is aggressive decision-making.

COVID-19 is a rapidly emerging global concern in 2020. The Canadian government

will do everything possible to protect the health, safety, and well-being of Canadians

and is working around the clock to contain the pandemic. As nations throughout the

world ponder additional lockdowns, escalating caseloads, and the unstoppable rise of

new Covid-19 deaths, leaders have at times failed to convey the frustration and sadness

caused by the situation (The Guardian, 2020). Canada has adopted dramatic new

measures to limit the coronavirus outbreak, including closing parliament and advising

against international travel, as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau urges citizens to be calm

in a national address made from self-imposed quarantine (The Guardian, 2020). As the

COVID-19 scenario continues to cause alarm, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

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recommended, Canadians should consider wearing a mask indoors and getting

vaccinated to prevent the outbreak from spreading (Hall, 2020).

6.0 PROFILE OF THE COUNTRIES

With a total area of 6,601,665 square miles, Russia is the world's biggest country.

Russia is not only the biggest nation, but it is also among the most populated, and some

of the biggest cities are found there. On the other hand, after Russia, Canada is the

world's second-largest nation. Due to its size, Canada is surrounded by three oceans

which are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. It also has a

coastline that stretches 151,473 miles.

Russian is the nation's official language, and practically everyone speaks it. Along

with over a hundred other languages that the government does not acknowledge, Russia

only accepts a total of 35 languages as official. However, in Canada, the government

recognizes both French and English as official languages in Canada, making it a

bilingual country. But in fact, English is the most widely spoken language in Canada.

The official religion of Russia is Orthodox Christianity. The most frequently

practised religion in Russia is Christianity, particularly Russian Orthodoxy; other

religions practised by Russians include Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism,

Protestantism, and Buddhism. The Orthodox Christian religion was the predominant

religious affiliation of 71% of Russia's total population. In contrast, religion in Canada

encompasses a wide range of groups and ideologies. In Canada, there are large

adherents of almost every major global religion, creed, or denomination, including

Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, and Sikhism. 67% of Canadians

reported practising Christianity as their primary religion.

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7.0 COMPARATIVE BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA

In the final analysis, this section of the study will outline the comparison of the

two countries under consideration Russia and Canada as well as highlight the

similarities and contrasts between the two nations. After that, it will end with a

conclusion summarising the study.

7.1 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA

On this page, the similarities between the selected countries, Russia and Canada,

will be highlighted. There are a number of similarities between this country and others

described in the preceding section. Generally speaking, the similarities can be seen

from the leadership style and COVID-19 approach taken by President Vladimir Putin

and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

In the first similarity, we can look at the leadership style aspect between President

Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. First and foremost, Vladimir Putin

is mostly known for his autocratic leadership style. Vladimir Putin is often seen as

having an authoritarian leadership style that is characterised by a significant

concentration of power, a lack of transparency, and the repression of political dissent.

On the other hand, the leadership style of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is frequently

viewed as being more democratic and engaging with an emphasis on inclusiveness and

cooperation. He is praised for his ability to interact with and listen to a wide range of

stakeholders, such as the general public, other government officials, and representatives

of civil society organizations. As mentioned above, both of the leaders have different

styles of leadership but there is a similar goal for their country. The governments and

25
public services of each country are under the control of their individual leaders. By

enhancing infrastructure and enhancing access to services like healthcare and

education, both leaders have enacted policies and programs targeted at improving the

lives of their respective populations. However, they have quite distinct approaches to

policy-making and ways of running the nation. Vladimir Putin is renowned for his

autocratic governing style and lack of openness, while Justin Trudeau is renowned for

his more democratic and transparent administration approach. Generally speaking,

despite the fact that President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau have

distinct leadership styles, they were both giving their utmost for the country and

working to improve it in order to give prosperity to their country and people.

Furthermore, another view we can see of the similarities is in the COVID-19

approach taken by President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau for both

Russia and Canada. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disaster in society and

businesses all across the world. Russia, the world's largest nation by area, is no

exception. Putin is utilizing a novel strategy to promote vaccination in response to the

COVID-19 epidemic, asking for rewards (two paid days off) for individuals who are

willing to receive the shot (Stronski, 2021). Moreover, President Vladimir Putin has

ordered all Russians to wear masks. Putin mandates widespread immunization of

Russians against COVID-19. This highlighted Vladimir Putin's plan for preventing the

spread of COVID-19 infections. In contrast, during the worldwide COVID-19

epidemic, the Canadian government is acting decisively and swiftly to safeguard our

economy, as well as the lives, safety, and employment of every Canadian. As the

COVID-19 scenario persists to create concern, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau advised

Canadians to consider wearing masks indoors and getting a vaccination to help

minimize the epidemic from spreading. Hence, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau unveiled

26
a comprehensive set of economic policies to effectively improve the economy and

assist Canadians impacted by the effects of this difficult phase (Government of Canada,

2020). As can be seen, President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau

have undertaken a number of measures to stop the COVID-19 disease from spreading

within their respective nations. The requirement for wearing face masks in both public

places is the biggest resemblance that can be identified.

7.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CANADA

There are various methods of government that exist in the world, such as

autocratic, democratic, capitalist, socialist, and many more. Each of these methods of

government has its own advantages and disadvantages. It also depends on how a

government applies its policies to the development of national progress and the welfare

of the people.

In the Russian government, Vladimir Putin (2008–present) is more autocratic.

Which means he has complete control. For example, Putin also has been known to use

the judiciary system and the intelligence agencies to maintain his grip on power. In

contrast to the administration used by the Canadian government, Justin Trudeau (2015–

present) uses more discussion methods with colleagues and stakeholders in making a

decision. Vladimir Putin and his government are more focused on power and control.

while Justin Trudeau places a greater emphasis on inclusion, diversity, and commitment

to progressive ideals. Which is completely different from Russian rule.

As seen from the aspect of the political system by Russia and Canada also shows

the differences in the administration of the two countries respectively. Russia uses a

semi-presidential system where two people lead the executive. there is a prime minister

27
and also a president to govern Russia, but the President or known as Vladimir Putin

holds greater power than the prime minister. While the political system in Canada

appears to be more concerned with democracy between administrators and citizens in

Canada, the use of a parliamentary democratic system in which the government

dominates in governing the country as opposed to the queen who only has power from

the standpoint of the state. Furthermore, Canada's Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau,

governs with the assistance of the cabinet in the executive branch. This demonstrates

that the two countries' political systems, as well as the way they govern, are completely

different.

Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, has a close relationship with the

President of China, Xi Jinping. Both of them have very close diplomatic relations

because they have similarities in terms of work and governance which by using force.

Unlike Justin Trudeau, the President of Canada prefers to reshuffle the cabinet in order

to strengthen his position and advance the goal of protecting Canadians' welfare. This

was made clear in The Star newspaper, which said Prime Minister Justin Trudeau will

reshuffle his cabinet on Wednesday, in what a senior Liberal source said was a "minor

adjustment" to the government's frontbench ahead of the fall session of Parliament.

The next difference highlighted by Russia and Canada is in terms of their

implementation in curbing the Covid-19 epidemic that started to spread in 2020. The

following distinction between Russia and Canada relates to how they have approached

containing the Covid-19 epidemic, which started spreading in 2020. Vladimir Putin, the

president of Russia, quickly acted in line with the example given by announcing on

January 15 that he wanted to fire his entire administration after enacting several

constitutional amendments to combat COVID-19, demonstrating that his long-term

28
goal is to remain in office until 2036. In Canada, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau makes

more realistic decisions than Russian President Vladimir Putin. Justin Trudeau took

steps to contain the covid-19 outbreak by closing Parliament and directing tourists to

follow strict rules if they wish to travel. This demonstrates a significant difference

between Vladimir Putin, who wants to maintain power in his administration in Russia,

and Justin Trudeau, who wants to protect Canadians by taking reasonable precautions

in the face of the covid-19 pandemic.

8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, hypothetically, the goals of Russia and Canada to improve

infrastructure, education, and services and develop their respective nations are

comparable. Vladimir Putin, the President of Russia, and Justin Trudeau, the Prime

Minister of Canada, must examine and collect data regarding the administrations of

their respective nations. In addition, the administrations of Vladimir Putin and Justin

Trudeau have highlighted the fact that Vladimir Putin governs more autocratically than

Justin Trudeau which appears more democratic. These two administrators have

demonstrated that, despite the differences in their respective leadership styles, they are

both adept at resolving problems and developing their respective nations. President

Vladimir Putin of Russia and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada exemplify the

best leadership styles for governing their respective nations. However, these two

leaders can improve the administration of Russia and Canada from a political,

29
 economic, and social standpoint in order to avoid the problem of administrative

methods, the nature of leaders, and unfulfilled visions and missions.

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