Instructions:

1. Describe the 19th Century Philippines in terms of the following: system of

governance, education and taxation.
The feudalistic master-slave relationship established by the Spaniards had a
negative impact on the political climate and system in the Philippines throughout the
19th century. The Filipino people and the nation were ruled by Spaniards in the
nineteenth century. The Spaniards bought the Filipinos as slaves. They worked for the
Spaniards and paid their taxes to the Spaniards. Administrative System Abuse Sources.
There were authorities appointed who lacked the qualifications, the commitment, or the
moral fortitude to reject corruption in return for pecuniary advancement. Due to their
dominance and wealth, the Spaniards stole and wasted the money of the Filipinos. The
church and state unions served too many complicated purposes. how you went about
getting the job. Due to their dominance, the Spaniards had the right to fill the various
positions. The highest bidder, who is the nation's Governor-General, appoints people to
offices. The needs of the Philippines were disregarded as Spanish authorities visited
other locations. The needs of other individuals were not given enough consideration by
them. Because of insufficient administrative oversight, they were unable to address and
address the issues pertaining to the Philippines. Additionally, officials' rights and
privileges overlapped, which put them in competition with one another. personal
interests take precedence over state welfare. The Alcaldias/Alcalde are thought to have
been the most corrupt of all the corrupt during the 19th century. The administrators,
judges, and military commandants make up the Alcaldias/Alcalde. They typically receive
large P25/month allowances and the right to deduct a specific amount of money from
the total quantity of taxes. Indulto para comerciar, commonly known as monopolistic
trades or business practices, also existed.
Economic and Political Development
The brief occupation of Manila by British forces in 1762-1764 and the rapid
development of economies in Europe made Spanish administrators in the colony rethink
their policies so as not to get left behind by their neighbors and to prevent another
incident to happen again in the future. Notable reforms were the abolition of the Galleon
trade and the opening of the Philippines to world trade in 1830, which enabled the
increase in economic activities in the country, the entry of firms from other European
states, and the entry of foreign ideas through books and other printed media. Ideas of
the enlightened philosophers like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rosseau, masonry,
and the French Revolution reached the Philippines; as well as the ideals of liberty,
religious freedom, democracy, human rights such as suffrage, and the freedom of
speech, press and form associations and assemblies Rizal was able to read various
European literatures such as Alexander Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo and the
Three Musketeers. Andres Bonifacio was able to read literatures on the French
revolution that later on influenced some of the works of both individuals. Queen Isabela
II was overthrown in September Revolution of 1868 resulting to the rise of liberalism in
Spain. Generals Juan Prim and Francisco Serrano appointed dela Torre as the
governor-general in the Philippines. Most liberal governor-generals walked the streets in
civilian clothes and dismissed their alabaderos (halberdiers) the governor s security
guards and went unescorted. In the Southern Tagalog areas, brigandage and tulisanes
increased their robbing, kidnapping, and pillaging activities, prompting the colonial
government to create the Guardia Civil in 1868. The opening of the Suez Canal, which
connects Mediterranean and Red Sea, on November 17, 1869 shortened the distance
between Europe and Orient and resulted to:(1) Philippines became closer to Europe
and Spain; (2) European travelers were encouraged to come to our country; (3) exodus
of literal ideas from Europe to the Philippines; and (4) more educated and young
Filipinos, called ilustrados, were able to study abroad.The end of Spain's wars with the
Dutch and the British, as well as the nullification of the slave raiding activities of the
Moro, also led to the development of agricultural lands and the discovery of new
frontiers in the Philippines which created a change in the social and economic class in
the country, with the principalias and mestizos benefitting from these changes hence the
emergence of local elites. Rizal's family was considered one of the local elites in
Laguna. Gap between the local elites and poor and marginalized sectors in the country
continued which led to different revolts such as the Basi Revolts in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos
Norte during the early 19th century. Monarchy was restored in Spain. Prince Amadeo of
Savoy, son of Victor Emmanuel I ascended the throne in 1870. On April 4, 1871,
Isquierdo became the governor-general; with crucifix in one hand and sword in the other
restored press censorship. He prohibited all talk on political matters and secularization
of the parishes, disapproved the establishment of arts and trades in Manila, and
dismissed natives and mestizos in the civil and military service. In the Cavite Mutiny
(January 20, 1872), about 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Fort San Felipe mutinied
under the leadership of Sgt.La Madrid. Caused by Izquierdo s abolition of the exemption
of the Filipino workers from polo and paying tributes, mutineers were able to kill the fort
commander and some soldiers, hence, mutiny leaders and participants were arrested
and shot to death. Gom-Bur-Za fought for the Filipinization of parishes and champions
of liberalism and humanitarianism. They were charged of sedition and rebellion due to
the false testimony of Francisco Zaldua (former Bicolano soldier and was bribed by the
Spanish prosecutors to implicate them as the masterminds of the mutiny). The Military
Court sentenced the three priests guilty and to die by garrote. Originally, Rizal s plan
was to take up priesthood and become a Jesuit father. When he heard of the martyrdom
of Gom-Bur-Za, he changed his mind and swore to dedicate his life to vindicate the
victims of Spanish oppression. Movements such as the Cofradia de San Jose in
Tayabas, Quezon on the other hand had more religious overtones that challenged the
dominance of the Catholic Church and the discrimination between the religious orders
and secular priests. Sources of Abuses in the Administrative System There was an
appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without dedication of duty and moral
strength to resist corruption for material advancement. Through the power and authority
that the Spaniards possessed, they collected and wasted the money of the Filipinos.
There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church and the state.
Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they had the right to appoint the
different positions.

Up until the present, education in the Philippines has seen gradual

transformations. Because it is a key path to our social and economic prosperity as
Filipinos, education is of utmost importance. Education in the Philippines has a very
long history, dating back to the time of the ancient Filipinos or Indians, the Spanish
occupation, American colonialism, and Japanese rule, among other periods. Prior to the
arrival of the Spanish, schooling was informal and unstructured. While the women
taught their daughters how to do housework, the fathers taught their sons how to find
food and other sources of income. These primarily serve to prepare them to make good
husbands and wives. During that time, they are familiar with the Alibata and can read
and write with it. After the arrival of the Spanish, the educational system was formalized.
The "Doctrina Christiana" and the catechism are used to teach indigenous about
Christian doctrines, and children are the primary audience because they are more
receptive to learning than adults who already hold certain ideas. Early on in Spanish
colonization, the Roman Catholic Church largely controlled and influenced education.
Spanishfriars and missionaries educated the natives through religion with the aim of
converting indigenous populations to the Catholic faith.
Educational System
There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in the
late 19th century. There was an overemphasis on religious matters. The power of
religious orders remained one of the great constants, over the centuries, of Spanish
colonial rule. The friars of the Augustinian, Dominican, and Franciscan orders
conducted many of the executive and control functions of government on the local level.
They were responsible for education and health measures. These missionaries
emphasized the teachings of the Catholic religion starting from the primary level to the
tertiary level of education. Obsolete teaching methods were practiced. They had a
limited curriculum. The students in the primary level were taught the Christian Doctrines,
the reading of Spanish books and a little of the natives language. Science and
Mathematics were not very much taught to the students even in the universities. Aside
from the Christian Doctrines taught, Latin was also taught to the students instead of
Spanish. There were poor classroom facilities. There was an absence of teaching
materials. Primary education was neglected. The absence of academic freedom in
Spain's educational system was extended to the schools that Spaniards established in
the Philippines. Learning in every level was largely by rote. Students memorized and
repeated the contents of book which they did not understand. In most cases, knowledge
was measured in the ability of the students to memorize, largely hampering intellectual
progress. There was an evident prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher
learning. In entirety, education during the Spanish regime was privileged only to
Spanish students. The supposed Philippine education was only a means to remain in
the Philippines as colonizers. For this reason, the Filipinos became followers to the
Spaniards in their own country. Even auspicious Filipinos became cronies, to the extent
that even their lifestyles were patterned from the Spaniards. Friars have control over the
system. The friars controlled the educational system during the Spanish times. They
owned different schools, ranging from the primary level to the tertiary levels of
education. The missionaries took charge in teaching, controlling and maintaining the
rules and regulations imposed to the students.

2. Compare and contrast the 19th Century Philippines with the present system of
governance under the Duterte/Marcos Administration.
 In the 19th century, the Philippines was under the colony of Spain and the
monarchy. The head of the Philippines is the governor-general; only men were allowed
to vote. Women were not allowed to take a position in the government. In the present,
the Philippines is independent, following the democratic-republic types of government
and it has three branches namely: the executive department headed by the president;
the legislative department which includes the senators and house of representatives;
and the judiciary headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Women are now
allowed to vote and take a position. In both past and present, child or human sacrifices
are prohibited, divorce and polygamy is prohibited and both have one system of
government.