The Endocrine

System
OLEH
Prof.Dr.H.Gusbakti Rusip,
MSc,Sp.KKLP,PKK,AIFM

1
 Endocrine Organs
• Scattered throughout the body
• Pure endocrine organs
– Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and
adrenal glands
• Organs containing endocrine cells
– Pancreas, thymus, gonads, and the
hypothalamus
• Richly vascularized
2
 Homeostasis
• A great deal of energy is spent trying to maintain
homeostasis.
– the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal
environment in an ever-changing world.
• The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic
state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to
maintain homeostasis
– As we age these mechanisms become less efficient.
• Makes us more susceptible to disease and less resilient once we
have one.
Negative Feedback

Figure 1.5
 Positive Feedback
• In positive feedback
systems, the output
enhances or
exaggerates the
original stimulus.
• Less than 1% of the
feedback loops.

Figure 1.6
 SISTEM ENDOKRIN
SISTEM ENDOKRIN  SISTEM
KONTROL KELENJAR TANPA
SALURAN (DUCTLESS) PRODUK
HORMON TERSIRKULASI MEL
ALIRAN DRH MEMPENGARUHI
ORGAN-ORGAN LAIN
 SISTEM ENDOKRIN
KE BERBAGAI
SEL MELALAUI
PEMBAWA PESAN SIRKULASI DRH
“ HORMON “

PESAN DITERJEMAHKAN
TINDAKAN

SISTEM ENDOKRINTIDAK MEMASUKKAN

KELENJAR EKSOKRIN SEP; KEL.LUDAH, KEL.KERINGAT
DAN KEL LAINNYA DLM SAL.PENCERNAAN
The Endocrine System
 Mechanisms of hormone action
• Each hormone’s shape is specific and can be
recognized by the corresponding target cells

• The binding sites on the target cells are called

hormone receptors.
– Receptors for peptide hormones, are located on the
surface of cell membranes because they can not cross
the membrane to enter the cell
– Thyroid and steroid hormones can cross the
membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or
nucleus
 HORMON
PENGATURAN PRODUK DITENTUKAN
OLEH HIPOTALAMUS (BGN DR OTAK)

HIPOTALAMUS KONTROL SEKRESI KEL LAIN,

TERUTAMA KELENJAR PITUITARI,
YG JUGA MENGONTROL KEL-KEL LAIN

HIPOTALAMUS MEMERINTAHKAN KEL PITUITARI

SEKRESI HORMONNYA KIRIM FAKTOR REGULASI
KE LOB.ANTERIOR & KIRIM IMPULS SARAF KE LOB.POST
 REGULASI HORMON
SENYAWA KIMIA DIKIRIM KE LOB. ANT OLEH
HIPOTALAMUS

ADA 2 FAKTOR REGULASI

faktor pelepas (releasing factor) yang menyebabkan kel. pituitari
mensekresikan hormon tertentu
faktor penghambat (inhibiting factor) yang dapat menghentikan
sekresi hormon tersebut

SEBAGAI CONTOH ;
FSHRF (faktor pelepas FSH)
LHRF (faktor pelepas LH) yang menyebabkan
dilepaskannya hormon FSH dan LH
 Control of endocrine activity
• Hypothalamus regulates the activity of the
nervous and endocrine systems
– Hypothalamus secrets regulatory hormones (releasing
hormones and inhibiting hormones) that control the
activity of the pituitary gland
– Releasing/inhibiting hormones secreted by the
hypothalamus either stimulate or inhibit activity of
pituitary gland
 The Pituitary Gland
• The pituitary gland is called the “master gland”
but it is under the control of the hypothalamus.
• Hypothalamus and pituitary gland control many
other endocrine functions.
• Pituitary Gland releases nine important peptide
hormones
• All nine bind to membrane receptors and use
cyclic AMP as a second messenger
• Pituitary gland is divided into posterior and
anterior lobe
The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
Hormones of the adenohypophysis
• Anterior lobe of pituitary gland produces 7
hormones
– 1) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
• TSH triggers the release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid glands
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of TSH
– 2) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• ACTH stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland
• Corticotrophin releasing hormone causes the secretion of ACTH
– 3) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females
and sperm production in males
 The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
– 4) Leutinizing hormone (LH)
• LH causes ovulation and progestin (progesterone) production in females
and androgen (testosterone) production in males
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) promotes the secretion of FSH
and LH
– 5) Prolactin (PH)
• PH stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk production
– 6) Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)
• GH stimulates cell growth and replication through release of
somatomedins or IGF
– Growth-hormone releasing hormone
(GH-RH)
– Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone
(GH-IH)
– 7) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
• Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
 The posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland (neurohypophysis)
• The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes two
hormones: Antiduretic Hormone and Oxytocin.
– 1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• Decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys
• Elevates blood pressure
– 2) Oxytocin
• Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands
• Stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterus
 Pineal gland

• Contains pinealocytes
• Synthesize melatonin
• Suggested functions include inhibiting
reproductive function, protecting against damage
by free radicals, setting circadian rhythms
(biological clock)
 Parathyroid glands
• Four parathyroid glands embedded in the
posterior surface of the thyroid gland
• Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
in response to lower than normal calcium
concentrations
• Parathyroid hormones plus calcitriol are primary
regulators of calcium levels in healthy adults
 The kidneys

• Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO) and the enzyme rennin

– Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the
digestive tract
– EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow
– Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
– Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the lungs
– Agiotensin II:
1. Stimulates production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands
2. Stimulates release of ADH by the pituitary gland
3. Promotes thirst
4. Elevates blood pressure
 Function of the adrenal glands:

The adrenal cortex, the outer portion of the

adrenal gland, secretes hormones that have an
effect on the body's metabolism, on chemicals in
the blood, and on certain body characteristics

corticosteroid hormones
hydrocortisone hormone - this hormone, also
known as cortisol, controls the body's use of fats,
proteins, and carbohydrates.
corticosterone - this hormone, together with
hydrocortisone hormones, suppresses inflammatory
reactions in the body and also affects the immune
system.
 The gonads
• Interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone
– Most important sex hormone in males
• In females, oocytes develop in follicles
– Follicle cells produce estrogens
• After ovulation, the follicle cells form corpus
luteum. Corpus luteum releases a mixture of
estrogens and progesterone
 Hormones and growth
• Normal growth requires the interaction of several
endocrine organs
• Six hormones are important
– GH
– Thyroid hormones
– Insulin
– PTH
– Calcitriol
– Reproductive hormones
 Hormones and behavior

• Many hormones affect the CNS

• Changes in the normal mixture of hormones
significantly alters intellectual capabilities,
memory, learning and emotional states
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