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CDBC@M@HJODJI<GADODIOC@,@B<ODQ@#IB<B@?KMJHKOM@AG@>ONGJR@M=@GJIBDIBRCD>CG@<?NOJ
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"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DOJM#HJODJI<G>>PM<>TDIOC@,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?KMJHKOD@
2TKD><G1OP?@IO,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO 2C@G<>FJAM@G<ODJINCDK=@OR@@I'-1
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<=JPO<I@B<ODQ@NDOP<ODJIOC<O?D?IJODIQJGQ@<IJOC@MDI?DQD?P<G<I?=JOC=@GJIBDIB<I?
'-1<M@PGODH<O@GTM@G<ODJI<GH@<NPM@N
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#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DON>JM@NAJM=JOCBMJPKN=POK<MOD<GGTH@?D<O@?=TN@GA @NO@@HRC@I
KM@?D>O@?=T,@B<ODQ@GT"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DOAJM=JOCBMJPKN N@HJODJI<GADON>JM@N
DI>M@<N@N@GA @NO@@HG@Q@GN342A40B4RCD>CDIOPMI8=2A40B4NNOM@NNG@Q@GN!JIQ@MN@GT<N
@HJODJI<G<>>PM<>TN>JM@N8=2A40B4K<MOD>PG<MGTDIOC@,"#KMJHKO N@GA @NO@@H<GNJ
8=2A40B4BRCD>CDIOPMI;>F4AB1OM@NN

/*
18;8CH*=24AC08=CH
5C@IGJJFDIB<O?DM@>O JIGTIJI H@?D<ODJI@AA@>ON<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT3 R<NJIGT
KJNDODQ@GT<I?NDBIDAD><IOGTKM@?D>O@?=T,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO<I?JIGTAJM
>JIODIPDIB B@I@M<ODJI !'9:?h !'
9:? NOP?@ION
$JMDI?DM@>OH@?D<ODJI@AA@>ON<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOTR<NNDBIDAD><IOGT<I?KJNDODQ@GT
DI?DM@>OGTKM@?D>O@?=T,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DOOCMJPBCN@GA @NO@@HDI=JOCADMNO
B@I@M<ODJI !'9:?h !'9:?
<I?>JIODIPDIB B@I@M<ODJI !'9:?h
!'9:? NOP?@ION=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOTR<N<GNJNDBIDAD><IOGT<I?KJNDODQ@GT
DI?DM@>OGTKM@?D>O@?=T,@B<ODQ@GT#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DOOCMJPBC=@GJIBDIB=POJIGTAJM
ADMNO B@I@M<ODJI !'9:?h !'9:?
NOP?@ION
!JIQ@MN@GT<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOTR<NNDBIDAD><IOGT=POI@B<ODQ@GTKM@?D>O@?=T
@HJODJI<G<>>PM<>TDIOC@,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?KMJHKOD@2TKD><G1OP?@IO,@B<ODQ@
"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO OCMJPBCN@GA @NO@@HDI=JOCADMNO B@I@M<ODJI
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B@I@M<ODJI !'9 :?h !'9 :?
NOP?@ION*DF@RDN@#HJODJI<G>>PM<>TDIOC@,@B<ODQ@#IB<B@?.MJHKOD@2TKD><G
1OP?@IO#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO NDBIDAD><IOGTDI?DM@>OGTKM@?D>O@?<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOTOCMJPBC
=@GJIBDIB=POJIGTAJMADMNO B@I@M<ODJI !'9 :?h
!'9 :? NOP?@ION

/+
2JNPHH<MDU@OC@H@?D<ODJIM@NPGONM@NPGONDI?D><O@?OC<ON@GA @NO@@HK<MOD<GGT
H@?D<O@NOC@M@G<ODJINCDK=@OR@@I,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO<I?<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT
AJM>JIODIPDIB B@I@M<ODJINOP?@ION=POAPGGTH@?D<O@NOC@M@G<ODJINCDKAJMADMNO B@I@M<ODJI
NOP?@IONNP>COC<ODI>M@<N@?@HJODJI<GADOG@<?NOJGJR@M@?N@GA @NO@@HRCD>CDIOPMIG@<?NOJ
CDBC@M<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT
1@GA @NO@@H<GNJAPGGTH@?D<O@NOC@M@G<ODJINCDK=@OR@@I,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?
#HJODJI<G>>PM<>TOC<ODN2TKD><G1OP?@IO,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO <I?<=DGDOT
PI>@MO<DIOTAJM=JOCBMJPKN&JR@Q@M<NJKKJN@?OJ<>OP<G,@B<ODQ@"DN@IB<B@?#HJODJI<G
$DOCDBC@M,"##HJODJI<G>>PM<>TN>JM@NM@AG@>OCDBC@MN@GA @NO@@H<I?DIOPMIGJR@M
<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT
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#HJODJI<G$DO<I?<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT=POJIGTAJMADMNO B@I@M<ODJINOP?@ION1K@>DAD><GGTAJM
ADMNO B@I@M<ODJINOP?@IONCDBC@M,@B<ODQ@GT#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DON>JM@NNCJRGJR@M@?
=@GJIBDIBRCD>CDIOPMIDI>M@<N@<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT$DI<GGT=@GJIBDIBAPGGTH@?D<O@NOC@
M@G<ODJINCDK=@OR@@I,@B<ODQ@#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G>>PM<>TOC<ODN2TKD><G1OP?@IO
#IB<B@?#HJODJI<G$DO <I?<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOTAJMADMNO B@I@M<ODJINOP?@ION=PO?J@NIJO
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#HJODJI<G>>PM<>TN>JM@NAJMADMNO B@I@M<ODJINOP?@IONM@NPGODICDBC@M=@GJIBDIBRCD>CDI
OPMIGJR@MN<=DGDOTPI>@MO<DIOT

/,
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/-
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79=498,64= %( 8.6><49891%=30;48(061
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#+;=3<-><<387

/.
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<HJIBADMNO <I?>JIODIPDIB B@I@M<ODJIAM@NCH@IR@M@J=N@MQ@?DI.<MON'<I?''JAOC@
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JA>JGG@B@JMAJMOC@=@I@ADONJA@HJODJI<GADO%DQ@IOC<O@HJODJI<GADON@@HNOJH<OO@MG@NNDI
O@MHNJANOP?@IOJPO>JH@NOC<IC<?JMDBDI<GGTKM@?D>O@?<I<??DODJI<GNOP?T.<MO''' R<N
><MMD@?JPODIJM?@MOJ@S<HDI@OC@=@I@ADONJA4<>C8>=0;022DA02HJMNOP?@IONc<=DGDOTOJ
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//
&JR@Q@M<NPMKMDN@ADI?DIBR<NOC<OCDBC@M@HJODJI<GADON>JM@NR@M@<NNJ>D<O@?RDOC
KJJM@MNOP?@IOJPO>JH@NAJM=JOCADMNO <I?>JIODIPDIB B@I@M<ODJINOP?@ION#DOC@M?DM@>OGTJM
DI?DM@>OGTOCMJPBCN@GA @NO@@H<I?=@GJIBDIB CDBC@M@HJODJI<GADODIOC@ORJKMJHKON
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PI>@MO<DIOT$PMOC@MM@N@<M>CI@@?NOJ=@>JI?P>O@?OJAPGGTH<F@N@IN@JAOC@N@ADI?DIBN
@NK@>D<GGT>JIND?@MDIBOC<O@HJODJI<GADO<I?@HJODJI<G<>>PM<>T<M@HJ?@M<O@GTOJCDBCGT
>JMM@G<O@?RDOC@<>CJOC@M-I@KJNND=DGDOTDNOC<ODI>@MO<DINDOP<ODJIN@HJODJI<GADOH<T
=<>FADM@=@><PN@NOP?@IONHDBCOA@@GGDF@@Q@MTJI@@GN@<I?GDF@OC@T<M@M@NKJI?DIBOJ
NDOP<ODJINGDF@@Q@MTJI@@GN@=POAJMJI@M@<NJIJM<IJOC@MOC@T<M@NODGGIJONP>>@@?DIBJM
ADOODIBDI>JGG@B@IJOC@MKJNND=DGDOTDNOC<ODI<>PGOPM@OC<O@HKC<NDU@NPIDLP@I@NNNJHP>C
@B)DH+<MFPN A@@GDIBGDF@@Q@MTJI@@GN@H<TIJOA@@G<NBJJ?<NJMDBDI<GGT
KM@?D>O@?IJOC@MKJNND=DGDOTDNOC@>PMM@IOM@NPGONR@M@J=O<DI@?=@><PN@JIGTI@B<ODQ@
KMJHKONR@M@KM@N@IO@?OJNOP?@IONRC@M@<NK<NONOP?D@NPNDIBOC@#HJODJI<G.MJADG@
/P@NODJII<DM@DI>GP?@?=JOCKJNDODQ@GT<I?I@B<ODQ@GTQ<G@?KMJHKON.@MC<KN`H<EJMDOTa
>PGOPM@@HJODJIN<M@KM@?JHDI<IOGTI@B<ODQ@D@OC@?DNDGGPNDJI@?N@IDJM <I?OC<ODNRCT
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PKK@M>G<NNH@I RCD>CH<F@NN@IN@BDQ@IOC<OOC@ORJBMJPKNJANOP?@IONR@M@HJNOGDF@GT

/0
NJ>D<GDU@?DIQ@MT?DAA@M@IO1#1>PGOPM@N2C@PKND?@OJOC@N@ADI?DIBNDNOC<ONOP?@ION><I=@
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/1

#+;=)
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>JI>@KO!G<NND>OC@JMD@NJAN>CJJGK@MNDNO@I>@@B2DIOJ C<Q@?DNODIBPDNC@?=@OR@@I
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0*
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5<GOJI@O<G5<GOJI!JC@I

0+
1>CJJG=@GJIBDIBDN<>JHKG@S<I?HPGOD?DH@INDJI<G>JI>@KOOC<O@SO@I?N=@TJI?
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=@GJIBDIB>JIOMD=PO@OJ<IJQ@M<GGN@IN@JAADODIN>CJJG1K@>DAD><GGT>G<NND>OC@JMD@NJA
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'IOC@KM@N@IOM@N@<M>CR@O@NORC@OC@MOC@N@>JI>@KOP<GGT?DNODI>OOTK@NJA=@GJIBDIB
<M@@HKDMD><GGT?DNODIBPDNC<=G@2C@IR@?@O@MHDI@CJR@<>COTK@JA=@GJIBDIBJM
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0-
K@MNJI<GDOTO@NO<ISD@OTBMDON@GA >JIOMJGBMJROCQNADS@? HDI?N@O<I?DIO@GGDB@I>@ <I?
AJPI?OC<O=@GJIBDIBR<NOC@HJNODHKJMO<IOA<>OJMDI?@O@MHDIDIB>JGG@B@@IMJGGH@IOM<O@N
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0.
'+5/80'@8/5871371<&8-3+5+7.-+./63-/587137137&-2885<
T<I?G<MB@K<NO@HKDMD><GM@N@<M>C<I?DIO@MQ@IODJIN DIQ@NODB<ODIBN>CJJG
=@GJIBDIBC<Q@@HKGJT@?@SK@MDH@IO<GH<IDKPG<ODJINOC<O>JIAG<O@OC@N@ORJ>JI>@KOP<GGT
?DAA@M@IOOTK@NJAN>CJJG=@GJIBDIBD@<><?@HD><I?NJ>D<G=@GJIBDIB $JMDINO@<
KJKPG<M=@GJIBDIB@SK@MDH@IO<GH<IDKPG<ODJI<DH@?<OO@<>CDIBI@JKCTO@NOP?@IONOC<O
=@GJIBDIBDNKMJ=G@H<OD>AJMHJNONOP?@ION<OOC@=@BDIIDIBJA<I@RN>CJJG=PODHKMJQ@N
RDOCODH@NDHPGO<I@JPNGT@SKJN@NDI>JHDIBNOP?@IONRDOCNOJMD@NAMJHHPGODKG@
PKK@M>G<NNH@INJH@JARCJ?@N>MD=@NOMPBBG@NRDOCNJ>D<G=@GJIBDIB(e.g., “ When I first got
to [school], I worried I was different from other students at [school]. Everyone else seemed
so certain that they were right for [school], I wasn’t sure I fit in. . . ), and others who
describe initial struggles with academic belonging (e.g., I didn’t go to a very good high
school, and I worried that my high school courses had not prepared me well for
college. . . . )(e.g., Walton & Cohen, 2011; Yeaager et. al., 2016). Similarly, pJKPG<MN><G@N
H@<NPMDIBN>CJJG=@GJIBDIBJAO@I<NFLP@NODJINM@G<ODIBOJ=JOCNJ>D<G<I?<><?@HD>A<>@ON
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3>6>>3F>A:K.NT>CJGJBD><G1@IN@JA1>CJJG+@H=@MNCDK%JJ?@IJRJM`64C
0;>=6F4;;F8C7?4>?;40C.B27>>;/a<I?`C78=:8=C74B0<4F0H0B3>?4>?;4F7>3>F4;;0C
.B27>>;/a1@IN@JA1J>D<G<I?><?@HD>$DO5<GOJI!JC@I
This approach is not altogether surprising given that schools are institutions in which
academic and social dimensions are inherently intertwined. This is especially true during the
college years when factors related to both social and academic domains increase in salience,
as many students leave their home, family, and childhood friends for the first time, and enter
an environment that places increased emphasis on scholastic achievement (Pittman &

0/
Richmond, 2007). As a result, one would expect that to an extent, both a sense of academic
and social belonging are important for school outcomes. And indeed, independent lines of
research (and theorizing) point to the benefit of both types of belonging. A long history of
research on self-efficacy, for example, has found that a student’s judgement of his or her
abilities in a school context, irrelevant of accuracy, is related to choice of activities, effort,
and persistence, and therefore predictive of outcomes in the domain (Bandura, 1986; Locke
& Latham, 1990; Weiner, 1985). Students with low academic belonging, who don’t feel like
they have the chops to succeed in school, are likely to make choices that ultimately
undermine their success. According to the Expectancy-Value Theory (Atkinson, 1964;
Muenks et. al., 2018; Wigfield et. al., 2016), if students have low expectations for their
ability to fit in academically, they won’t even be motivated to try (Berndt & Miller
2M<POR@DI@O<G And research on the imposter syndrome has found that even
extremely high achieving students who worry about their academic belonging, suffer these
negative consequences, despite objective abilities well above-average (Clance & Imes, 1978;
Parkman, 2016). Similarly, a rich tradition of research on stereotype-threat has found that
stereotypes of lower ability among certain groups of students (e.g., first-generation students,
ethnic minorities) act as psychological threats that cause students to question their abilities
and academic belonging, which ultimately undermines their performance and well-being in
school contexts (Steele, 1997; Steele & Aronson, 1995).
There is likewise literature that points to the importance of a subjective sense of
social belonging in predicting positive school outcomes. As early as the 60s, Maslow (1962)
theorized that the need for social belonging takes precedence over the needs for knowledge
and understanding in the psychological hierarchy. The importance of social belonging has

00
also been highlighted, in more recent decades, in research based on the Sociometer Theory
(Baumeister, 2000; Leary, 2005), which proposes that self-esteem is a sociometer, or internal
measure (akin to a gas gauge), of how one is connecting with others (Leary & Downs, 1995).
Individuals with a low sense of belonging experience low self-esteem which, in turn, has
negative downstream effects on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that can negatively impact
school outcomes. A series of studies found that self-esteem is intimately tied to self-
presentation patterns which may be important in a school context; individuals with high self-
esteem are oriented toward self-enhancement so they take chances, and capitalize on their
strengths in order to stand out in a positive way. Individuals with low self-esteem, however,
tend to pull back in order to avoid standing out in negative ways (Baumeister, Ttice, &
Hutton, 1989). These behavioral patterns have implications for academic and psychological
outcomes in school. Related studies have shown that social exclusion, which results in a
lowered sense of social belonging, even directly reduces reasoning abilities. In one study, for
instance, excluded participants obtained lower scores on intelligence tests, and in another
study, excluded participants showed impairments in a reading comprehension task
(Baumeister, Twenge, & Nuss, 2002). Finally, there is also substantial research and
theorizing pointing to the concurrent importance of both types of belonging. Research based
in the tradition of Self-Determination Theory, for examples, finds that social belonging (i.e.,
relatedness) and academic belonging (i.e., competence), along with autonomy, work together
to contribute to school outcomes (Ryan & Deci, 2016).
'2/#;/</7=%/</+;-2

01
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In Part II, using data form students who completed all three waves of the longitudinal
study, longitudinal analyses showed that despite initial predictions, there was no evidence of
change in emotional fit (either increase or decrease) for either first- or continuing- generation
students over the year-long study. These results must be interpreted with a certain amount of
caution, however, since drop-out rate was rather large, and the final sample of “completes”
analyzed was relatively small (N=81 for the total sample), especially when separated by
generational status (N=32 first-generation students and N= 49 continuing-generation
students). Retention rate may have been improved in the current study if the surveys
employed had been shorter or if the incentives (monetary or otherwise) had been larger. It did
not help that a similar longitudinal study with larger incentives was concurrently being run at
the same institution.
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Emotional Fit, Emotional Accur

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Emotional Fit, Emotional Accur

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