Rhetorical Questions

• Are all people equal?

• Are all races equal?
• Are men and women and LGBT
equal?

• Are all places/settlements/

communities equal?
• Are all countries equal?
EnP Cadavos 2004
Answer
• PEOPLE ARE EQUAL IN TERMS OF DIGNITY; BASIC RIGHTS TO LIFE,
LIBERTY AND HAPPINESS; VOICE TO BE HEARD
• But NOT in terms of effort
• NOT in terms of accomplishment
• NOT in terms of genes/inherited characteristics
• NOT in term of physical attributes and strength
• NOT in terms of headstart capital (wealth inheritance)
• Hence, there will always be DISPARITY, between rich and poor; CEO-
manager vs utility person; celebrity-stars vs movie sidekicks; Navy
SEAL/Scout Ranger/SWAT versus the average foot soldier or cop;
• Thus the role of the State is to remediate inequality by democratizing
ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY
• In the church, you call this ‘Preferential Option for the Poor’

• PLACES/HUMAN COMMUNITIES ARE EQUAL IN TERMS OF IMPORTANCE

AND RIGHT TO PROGRESS
• But NOT in terms of location / accessibility and desirability
• NOT in terms of natural endowments (soil fertility, water supply, mineral
wealth, viewscapes and landscapes, recreational potential, etc)
• NOT in terms of natural hazards and disaster probability
• Hence there is SPATIAL INEQUITY AND INTER-REGIONAL DIVERGENCE
• Thus the role of planning, is to remediate inequality by means of target-
focused POLICIES, PROGRAMS, INTERVENTIONS

EnP Cadavos 2004

General Spatial
Theories

EnP Cadavos 2004

Central place theory

EnP Cadavos 2004

‘Central Place Theory’ by Walter
Christaller
Central Place is a village/town/city that is engaged in
settlement-forming trade and provides a common
location for the local exchange of goods and services
‘Hinterland’ is the surrounding area or Market Area
being served by a central place; it is a large tributary
Not all places are the same. There emerges a hierarchy
of places, some big, so small.
As a place/settlement grows in population, so does its
market, its market range, comparable advantage vis-à-
vis the other places
A bigger central place will have more functions, more
services than, hence ‘higher’ in the hierarchy of
places/settlements
The larger the settlement, the higher the order of its
services. Deviations to this rule are:

Tourist resorts that have a small population but large
number of functions.

Dormitory towns that have a large population but a small
number of functions
The larger the settlements, the fewer they are in
number
The larger a settlement, the farther away a similar size
settlement is. EnP Cadavos 2004
 Central Place Theory
Central Places-hierarchy is
based on population, function
& services.
Economic reach-how
functions & services attract
customers from areas beyond
the urban limits.
Centrality-the central
position & ability to attract
customers to a village, town
or city.
Range of Sale-the distance
people are willing to travel to
buy goods or services

EnP Cadavos 2004

Central Place Theory by
Walter Christaller
(1) Producers are willing to travel
up to point ‘a’, to purchase
from the other producers
(2) With improved transport and
communication, consumers
willing to travel further to ‘b’
(3) Market areas overlap:
(4) Development of hexagonal
market areas around a system
of central places; tangential A A B
spheres are more efficient A A B
B A
(5) Creation of “higher order” and
“lower order” services A A C A

B B

EnP Cadavos 2004

 ‘Hierarchy of Central Places’
Systematic pattern of central places is evenly spaced
and surrounded by hexagonally shaped market areas
Service activities range from “low order” services
found in every center to “higher order” services found
only in major cities. Larger number of people required
to support a hospital, university, or department store
than a gasoline station, post office, or grocery store.
Lowest ranked centers were likely to be located 7
kilometers apart
Each high-ranked central place offers all goods and
services of next lower ranked place, plus at least one
or two more
Low order goods (low threshold) are inexpensive and
frequently purchased goods. Their hierarchy follows
the “rule of twos”:

Threshold of A = 2 x threshold of B; Threshold of B = 2 x
threshold of C; K=2 hierarchy

Small villages and roadside hamlets that may contain
nothing more than a post office, service station, or cafe
High order goods (high threshold) are costly and
infrequently purchased goods (e.g. universities, malls)
At the top are regional metropolises that offer all
services associated with central places, and that have
large hinterlands

EnP Cadavos 2004

Scalogram as Measure of Centrality

EnP Cadavos 2004

Usefulness of Central Place Theory
Theory stresses relevance of market area
to the size of a town’s population
Theory highlights the importance of
situation rather than site conditions
Theory Introduces urban hierarchy, helps
understand the emergence of an
integrated hierarchy of cities of different
functions and sizes.
Theory led to the introduction of the
rank-size rule
Theory served as basis for administering
urban regions and for allocating
resources (for investment decisions)
Provides framework for understanding
regional spatial structure EnP Cadavos 2004
Forces shaping a City
Centripetal -- Pull forces of the city

Clustering of certain functions

Maximum accessibility

Maximum potential

threshold population

Proximity of residence to range of entertainments

Prestige of central address

Huge urban-rural wage differentials --Very low rural
incomes versus better paying jobs in cities

Better quality urban services and facilities

Possibility of publicly subsidized goods and services

Lure of “bright lights
Push forces from rural towards the city

Wars and civil strife

Natural calamities

Difficult access to land

Labor surplus due to farm mechanization

Price of agricultural inputs and outputs manipulated
by traders
Centrifugal or Push Forces from the city

Increasing bid rent

Congestion

Restrictions on city centre developments

Lack of space

EnP Cadavos 2004

Urban Bid-
Bid-Rent Theory William Alonso (1964)
The distribution of urban land use represent a visual and
structured phenomenon.

Each activity derives utility from every site of the urban area;

Utility is measured by the ‘rent’ an activity is willing to pay for
the use;

Among the different rents from the utility of the site, the
maximum one will determine the market value.

People would trade-off land and amenities for accessibility; this
would explain where people work and where they live.
Land value is maximum at the city center and decreases
when moving to peripheries;
Rent diminishes outward from the center to offset both
expected lower revenues, higher operating costs, and
higher transport costs Forest
Gradient is determined by rent and influenced by location Agricultural
and corresponds to density (distance to market)
Residential
Rent gradient would emerge, consisting of a series of bid
rent curves; Different land uses would have different rent Industrial
gradients, the rent with the highest gradient would
CBD /
prevail; Commercial
A change of land use could be expected to take place
through the price mechanism when one gradient falls
below another

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Urban Bid-Rent Theory by William Alonso
2 – Overlay of rents
• Land that is more accessible to
the center has a higher value.
• Land rents decline farther away
from an employment or
transport center.
• As a firm moves closer to the
CBD, transport costs fall which
increases the amount a firm is

City borders
willing to pay for land.
• Taller buildings are built on
higher-valued land leading to the
formation of ‘Central Business
District’
• Firm substitutes capital for land
Popn enabling it to produce the same
output on less land, or in other
per words, more output per unit of
square land.
mile • Higher land prices lead profit-
maximizing firms to substitute
other factors of production for
land.
Distance from the center EnP Cadavos 2004
 Bid Rent Theory
(William Alonso
1964)

Bid rent theory shows how much different sectors of the economy
are prepared to pay for land. Basic assumption is that accessibility
is increased with centrality and therefore retailers is prepared to
pay a high price for land in the CBD. As distance from the CBD
increases availability of land increases and it is affordable for
residential and even agricultural use. EnP Cadavos 2004
 Bid Rent
The price paid to rent or purchase urban land
is a reflection of its utility or usefulness.
Utility is a product of accessibility to
customers & workers or for residents to jobs
and amenities.

EnP Cadavos 2004

Variations to bid-
bid-rent theory
A – CBD
B – Commerce / industry
C – residential high– medium density
D – sub-centres rent
E – Suburbia
A B C D E

Because cities are rarely ‘mono-centric’

EnP Cadavos 2004
Land use value for activity sector
according to the distance from the CBD
Land use value

Retail
Residential (several components families)
Residential (single families)

Distance from the center

EnP Cadavos 2004
Theories of
Urban
Structure
and Urban
Growth

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Human Ecology (Chicago School of
Urban Sociology):
Six processes at work in the city
Roderick D. McKenzie, Amos H. Hawley, Robert Park, Everett Hughes
– applied the principles of evolution and natural history to study social
behavior
Invasion — traditionally, a process through which a new activity or
social group enters an area
Succession — a new use or social group gradually replaces the former
occupants
Segregation — the sorting out of population groups according to
conscious preferences for associating with one group or another
through bias and prejudice
Assimilation and Accommodation – diverse social groups find a mode
of peaceful co-existence
Concentration — differential distribution of population and economic
activities in a city, and the manner in which they have focused on the
center of the city
Decentralization — the location of activity away from the central city
Filtering -- Every community or neighborhood goes through a process
of decline
Survival of the fittest -- Cities evolve through a process of survival by
different communities in which the most powerful groups acquire the
best locations and weaker groups make do with the remaining space.
Most valuable land goes to those functions which can maximize use of
space and are willing to pay the costs
EnP Cadavos 2004
Concentric Ring Theory – Ernest W. Burgess
(1925)
The theory representing American city first
suggested by American sociologist Ernest W.
Burgess (Human Ecology) based on reflective
analysis of the growth of Chicago over a period
of 50 years (1875-1925)
Before the 1870s, cities such as New York had
mixed neighborhoods where merchants’ stores
and sweatshop factories were intermingled
with mansions and hovels. Rich and poor,
immigrant and native-born, rubbed shoulders
in the same neighborhoods
In Chicago, Burgess’s home town, the great
fire of 1871 leveled the core. The result of
rebuilding was a more explicit social patterning
Chicago became a segregated city with a
concentric pattern
This was the city Burgess used for his model
The actual map of the residential area does not
exactly match his simplified concentric zones
This is an application of Von Thünen’s theory to
urban areas

EnP Cadavos 2004

Concentric Zone model

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Concentric Ring High-income Residential
Theory (Burgess Middle-income Residential
Model, 1925)
Blue-Collar Residential
hypothetical pattern of land use within an
Transition Zone: Industries with
urban area, in which different activities occur Slums
at different distances from the urban center.
The result is a sequence of rings. Towns
expand outward evenly from an original core CBD
so that each zone grows by gradual
colonization into the next outer ring.
In addition, the cost of land may decrease
with increased distance from the city center Concentric
as demand for it falls. This means that
commercial agents that can afford high land
Ring Theory
values will be concentrated in the city center.
A city extends radially from its center, to
form concentric zones and that as distance
from the center increases, there would be a
reduction in accessibility, rent and densities.
A series of 5 concentric rings divide the city
into five zones

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Concentric Ring Theory, 1925
Zone 1

The central business district (CBD)

Distinct pattern of income levels out to the commuters’ zone

Extension of trolley lines had a lot to do with this pattern)
Zone 2

Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use

Rooming houses, small apartments, and tenements attract the lowest income segment

Often includes slums and skid rows, many ethnic ghettos began here

Usually called the transition zone
Zone 3

The “workingmen’s quarters”; Solid blue-collar, located close to factories of zones 1 and 2

More stable than the transition zone around the CBD

Often characterized by ethnic neighborhoods — blocks of immigrants who broke free from
the ghettos

Spreading outward because of pressure from transition zone and because blue-collar
workers demand better housing
Zone 4

Middle class area of “better housing”

Established city dwellers, many of whom moved outward with the first streetcar network

Commute to work in the CBD
Zone 5

Consists of higher-income families clustered together in older suburbs

Located either on the farthest extension of the trolley or commuter railroad lines

Spacious lots and large houses

From here the rich pressed outward to avoid congestion and social heterogeneity caused by
expansion of zone 4

EnP Cadavos 2004

Concentric Ring Theory, 1925

Model Chicago, years ‘20

Ghetto LOOP

Two Plan
Area

Black Belt
Residential District

Bungalow
Section

I - Loop (downtown; CBD) IV – working class area

II – industries V – residential area
III – transition area VI – suburban area
EnP Cadavos 2004
Multiple nuclei model

Assumptions
Land is Flat
Even Distribution of Resources
Even Distribution of people in
Residential areas
Even Transportation Costs

EnP Cadavos 2004

Critique of Concentric Ring Theory
Even though portions of each zone did exist,
rarely were they linked to totally surround the
city; Burgess countered there were distinct
barriers, such as old industrial centers, preventing
the completion of the arc
Critics felt that Burgess, as a sociologist,
overemphasized residential patterns and did not
give proper credit to other land uses, ignored
physical features, took little account of industrial
and railway use, and disregarded the effect of
radial routes upon land values and uses
Land uses within many parts of the urban area
are heterogeneous – shops, offices, factories, and
housing may all be located close to each other
although they may have notionally different sites
and locational requirements
There maybe many possible locations for different
activities which do not conform to idealized model
Accessibility is an important consideration for
many uses especially housing and commercial
uses
Neglected the possibility of sites being purchased
for future development with current use being at
a sub-optimal value (land banking and land
hoarding)
EnP Cadavos 2004
Forces shaping the Urban-
Urban-Rural Fringe
seeking to create New Towns,
Masterplanned Developments, Edge Cities,
Satellite Cities

These lead to conflicts of different land-uses

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Concentric Zone Model (Peter Mann,
United Kingdom, 1965)
Peter Mann took Burgess's
model and combined them
with his own to typify a
British City in 1965.
He based his model on
studies of Sheffield,
Nottingham and
Huddersfield.
Urban area should be large
enough to have distinct
internal differentiation, but
not too large to exhibit the
complexities of a conurbation
Main feature: commuter
village separated from built
up areas
EnP Cadavos 2004
Peter Mann’s
concentric
zone model

EnP Cadavos 2004

Core frame model
Details the Core of the Concentric
Theory
shows the urban structure of the
Central Business District of a town or
city.
The model includes an inner core where
land is expensive and used intensively
The outer core and frame have lower
land values and are less intensively
developed.
various land uses are linked to the bid
rent theory EnP Cadavos 2004
Core Frame Model –Morphology of
Central Business District

EnP Cadavos 2004

Galactic City: Pei
Peirce
rce F.
Lewis
Galactic Metropolis is a result of
leapfrog development
nucleations resemble a galaxy
of stars and planets  some of
the nucleations become cities
Edge cities form in suburbs –

Edge cities are analogous CBDs of
newly emerging urban centers
scattered through the suburban
ring that surround older central
city
Result  Doughnut Shape.
Doughnut like, because center
is kept at very low density,
while more activity distributed
along ring roads. EnP Cadavos 2004
Sector or Radial Model (Homer
Hoyt, 1939)
Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939
based on 142 American cities. He had the advantage of writing
later than Burgess — in the age of the automobile
relates accessibility (transport), land use and land values
recognizes the influence of lines of transportation-
communication on land use
cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns -- or sectors --
emanating from the CBD, growth occurring along major
transport routes
Higher levels of access meant higher land values, thus, many
commercial functions would remain in the CBD but
manufacturing functions would develop in a wedge surrounding
transport routes.
suggests that various socio-economic groups expand outward
from the CBD along railroads, highways, seaports, tramlines,
and other transport arteries and that each socio-economic class
creates relatively homogenous use zones that extend outwards
from the center.
Growth along a particular axis/way follows the dominant land
uses already prevailing; their patterns are reinforced by
transportation
Moving away from major transport routes, rents go from high to
low
Compatible land uses lay adjacent to each other; incompatible EnP Cadavos 2004
land uses repel each other.
 Sector
2 3

4
3
Sector or Radial 3
1 3
Model (Homer 3
5

Hoyt, 1939) 2 3 4

1 CBD
2 Wholesale & light manufacturing
3 Low-class residential
4 Middle-class residential
5 High-class residential
6 Heavy manufacturing
7 Sub business district
8 Residential suburb
9 Industrial suburb

EnP Cadavos 2004

Sector or Radial Model (Homer Hoyt, 1939)
Hoyt's model attempts to broadly state principles of urban
organization. His observations:
Wealthy residents choose to live where they could afford to, eg.
services etc.
Wealthy residents use their cars as transport from home to Sector
work and vice versa thereby living farther from industry but 2 3
close to main roads.
high-rent districts for the wealthy are instrumental in shaping 4
land-use structure of the city; 3
as wealthy sector tends to locate farthest away from factories, 3 1
the middle-class would occupy these areas, drawing on their 3 5
past prestige. Middle-rent areas move directly next to high-rent 3
areas. 4
High-rent sector would expand according to four factors 2 3

along established routes of travel, toward another nucleus of high-
rent buildings

toward high ground or along waterfronts, when these areas are not
used for industry

along the route of fastest transportation

toward open space
commercial establishments tend to be along business
thoroughfares
Residential functions would grow in wedge-shaped patterns
with a sector of low-income housing bordering
manufacturing/industrial sectors (traffic, noise, and pollution
makes these areas least desirable)
Low-rent areas fill in the remaining areas
Low-income households tend to be near railroad lines.
EnP Cadavos 2004
Sector / Axial / Radial Model
by Hoyt

Stresses the importance of transportation

corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities
as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.
EnP Cadavos 2004
Ribbon Development

EnP Cadavos 2004

Multiple Nuclei Model by
Harris--Ullman
Harris

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Comparison
Sector Nuclei
2 3 3

4 1
2
3
3 5
3 4
1 3 3 7
5
3
6
3 4
2
9 8

1 CBD 6 Heavy manufacturing

2 Wholesale and light manufacturing 7 Sub business district
3 Low-class residential 8 Residential suburb
4 Middle-class residential 9 Industrial suburb
5 High-class residential
EnP Cadavos 2004
 Multiple Nuclei Model
(Ullman and Harris, 1945)
Proposed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
in 1945
City grows from several independent growth
points rather than from one central business
district and at varying intensity; Based on the
idea that people have greater movement due to
increased car ownership
As growth points expand, they merge to form a
single urban area.
The CBD is not the sole generator of change;
urban growth takes place around several distinct
nuclei
Each point acts as a growth center for a particular
kind of land use, such as industry, retail, or high-
quality housing. As these expand, they merge to
form a single urban area.
Ports, universities, airports and parks act as
nodes and attract certain land uses while
repelling others.
EnP Cadavos 2004
Multiple nuclei model

The model has four geographic principles

Certain activities require highly specialized
facilities

Certain activities cluster because they profit
from mutual association

Certain activities repel each other and will not
be found in the same area

Certain activities could not make a profit if they
paid the high rent of the most desirable
locations

EnP Cadavos 2004

• Multiple Nuclei
• Multi – centric
• Multi – nodal

• Most modern
metropolis do not
have just one
center;
• Sections of the
Metropolis tend to
specialize
EnP Cadavos 2004
Metro Manila
NCR seems to follow multiple nuclei
model

Intramuros-Binondo-Quiapo, old center,
heritage conservation, Chinatown as
cultural enclave

Taft to-University Belt – higher educn

Ayala CBD– banking, finance, high-end
retail

Pasig-Ortigas-SM Megamall –
diplomatic/international affairs, mid-level
retail services

Bonifacio Global City – edge city

Libis QC – BPO, call centers

Greenhills – computers, tiangge?

Pasay- MOA area – casino, gambling

Madrigal Business Park with Ayala Alabang
– edge city, satellite city
Needs to be planned as an ‘Extended
Urban Region’ with Bulacan,
Pampanga, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna –
“Logistics Beltway”;
the Dagupan-to-Batangas
conurbation
EnP Cadavos 2004
Multiple nuclei model
Criticisms
Each zone displays a significant degree of
internal heterogeneity
and not homogeneity
No consideration of influence of physical relief
and government policy.
Not applicable to Oriental cities with different
cultural, economic and political backgrounds

EnP Cadavos 2004

Urban Realms Model
Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the 1960’s
in the San Francisco Bay area
Each realm is a separate economic, social and
political entity that is linked together to form a
larger metro framework
suburbs are within the sphere of influence of
the central city and its metropolitan CBD
Now urban realms have become, so large they
even have exurbs, not just suburbs

EnP Cadavos 2004

Urban realm
depends on
Overall size of the
metropolitan region
Amount of
economic activity in
each urban realm
Topography and
major land features
Internal
accessibility of each
realm
EnP Cadavos 2004
Post WWII-rapid expansion of
cities and suburbs led to Edge
Cities with their own CBD
EnP Cadavos 2004
Hybrid Model by Walter Isard
(1955)
Combines the strengths
of the Concentric, Sector,
and Zonal Models of
American planners
This model illustrates
that some urban land
uses are oriented along
major transport axis
(sectors), while others,
notably industrial and
commercial, are located
in nuclei where they
reach both scale and
agglomeration
economies. The urban
land use is thus an
overlay of different
transport effects EnP Cadavos 2004
Inverse Concentric Model

It is not true that the rich are moving away from the central city as in
Burgess’ Concentric Model
It is the poor who are moving away from the Central City.
Elite keeps its stranglehold of Central City
social status declines with increasing distance from the center
EnP Cadavos 2004
Inverse Concentric Model
Observed mostly in LDCs, inverse
concentric pattern where the elite and
upperclass reside in central areas. Center
is more desirable than suburbs
social status is related to distance from the
Inverse Concentric
center of the city and declines with
increasing distance from the center.
Reversal of concentric zone model of
Burgess: instead of the rich moving away
from central city, it is the poor who are
moving away from central city.
Cities where this pattern exist are mostly
not fully industrial

primarily administrative and/or religious
centers (or were at the time of their
founding)

central area is the place of the residence of
the elite class

low income families live on the periphery
Reasons for this pattern:

the lack of an adequate and dependable
transportation system  restricts the elite
to the center of the city so they can be close
to their places of work

the functions of the city (administrative,
religious, cultural) are controlled by the elite
and concentrated in the center of the city
EnP Cadavos 2004
Industrial city 1786-
1786-1975 was
basically an expansion of the
Mercantile City / Colonial City / Port
City

EnP Cadavos 2004

Generalized Urban Pattern in
South & Southeast Asian Cities
by Terry G. McGee
Bazaar
City
Colonial
City

EnP Cadavos 2004

The Southeast Asian Model
SE Asia-rapid growth of
population & cities-1950-
15% urban, 1990s-29%
urban
Most growth in coastal
cities like Ho Chi Minh
City (Saigon)
Old colonial port zone
surrounds the
commercial district
Unlike Western cities-no
formal business zone, but
separate clusters

EnP Cadavos 2004

McGee model
Latin America Model
Griffin-Ford model of
the Ibero-American

EnP Cadavos 2004

Latin American model

EnP Cadavos 2004

Latin American model
“City Life” is the cultural norm in Latin America. Most people live in
primate cities. (11.43d)

Most jobs are in downtown. People live in city or in edges and commute
to work. They rely on public transit from the central city
Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, and increasingly
specialized

Latin American cities have two parts - modernized CBD and traditional
“market” segment of small, street-oriented business and shops. These
two zones are interrelated and called the spine/sector

“Spine” - continuation of the features of the city center outward along the
main wide boulevard (upper-middle-class housing) - connecting to the
mall (at the end of the elite commercial spine). Essentially an extension
of the CBD down a major boulevard

The relatively affluent population live closest to CBD
Outside the CBD, the dominant component is a commercial spine
surrounded by the elite residential sector

Here are the city’s important amenities — parks, theaters, restaurants,
and even golf courses

Strict zoning and land controls ensure continuation of these activities,
protecting elite from incursions by low-income squatters

A ring highway (periferico) - connect the mall and developing industrial
parks

Three established residential districts arranged in concentric rings around
the core.

Opposite of many US cities.

EnP Cadavos 2004

 Latin American model
Inner-city zone of maturity

Less prestigious collection of traditional colonial homes
and upgraded self-built homes

Homes occupied by people unable to participate in the
spine/sector

Area of upward mobility
Zone of accretion

Diverse collection of housing types, sizes, and quality

Transition between zone of maturity and next zone

Area of ongoing construction and change

Some neighborhoods have city-provided utilities

Other blocks must rely on water and butane delivery
trucks for essential services

Barrios and Favelas (slums) - on the outskirts of the city.
House Upgrading in the zone of “in situ accretion” when
times are good.

EnP Cadavos 2004

Latin American model

Zone of peripheral squatter settlements

Where most recent migrants are found

Fringe contrasts with affluent and comfortable suburbs that ring North
American cities

Houses often built from scavenged materials

Gives the appearance of a refugee camp

Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation that was cut for fuel and
building materials

Streets unpaved, open trenches carry wastes, residents carry water
from long distances, electricity is often “pirated”

Residents who work have a long commute

Many are transformed through time into permanent neighborhoods
EnP Cadavos 2004
African model
• More complex because
of influence of local
cultures on urban
development
• Difficult to group cities
into one or two
comprehensive models
• Generalized scheme Waza Logone, Cameroon
has to be both
sensitive to local
cultures and to
articulate pervasive
influence of
international forces,
both Western and
non-Western

EnP Cadavos 2004

 The African Model
de Blij model
African cities often have 3
CBDs=Colonial, Traditional
and Periodic Market Zone
Sub-Saharan Africa is the least
urbanized area of the world,
but the most rapidly
urbanizing
No large cities to match Cairo-
Kinshasa, Nairobi, Harare,
Dakar, Abidjan were
established by Europeans

EnP Cadavos 2004

Post-industrial city is usually a
Post-
metropolis (mother-
(mother-city) characterized
by spread-
spread-out pattern, sprawl

EnP Cadavos 2004

 ‘Post-Industrial Cities’ in the Age of
‘Post-
Information Revolution (1970s-
(1970s-2000s)
The phenomenon of ‘de-industrialization’ in historic cities in
Europe and North America witnesses the decline of industries,
closure of dirty factories and their relocation to remote regions
or to Third World countries – consistent with the international
division of labor (NIEO) conceptualized by neo-liberal
economics. (Clarification: “Neo-liberal” in USA is called “Neo-
Conservative” in UK)
The Information Revolution since the 1970s and the Baby Boom
(Population Explosion) combined to create the Post-industrial
society which is organized around knowledge and innovation.
ICTs have implication for spatial organization of all human
activities; they allow people to work in urban peripheries or at
home offices; they cause the so-called “annihilation of space.”
Use of computer, internet, and transport technology is changing
production dramatically.
City economies are dominated by tertiary (service), quaternary
(finance, information and knowledge), quinary (pleasure
technologies) sectors that can cater to large markets.
emergence of information-processing technologies that require
a highly skilled, intellectual, creative, and imaginative labor
force; preeminence of the professional and technical class.
Growth primarily benefits highly skilled professionals and offers
little benefits for displaced workers in manufacturing sector and
those who are unskilled.
Dominant city form is the sprawling extended metropolitan
region without clearly defined urban edges – which tends to New York City’s
overrun farmland and open space and to damage nature.
Central Park
EnP Cadavos 2004
‘Edge Cities’ by Joel Garreau (1991)
Edge or Fringe Cities are alternate CBDs in urban peripheries
and these are gaining on older central cities. Capital and
skilled people are moving away from historic central cities.
Former functions of historic central cities are now distributed
to multiple urban nodes or Edge Cities
Edge cities are centered on suburban shopping malls, Office-
Parks, technology parks or techno-poles. Most have 5 million
sq ft of office, 600,000 sq ft of retail and more jobs than
bedrooms
Financial Globalization, Firm re-structuring (streamlining,
rationalization, break-ups and mergers), fragmentation of
production (business process re-engineering), and neo-
liberal tenets of liberalization, de-regulation, privatization,
de-bureaucratization -- all contribute to deconcentration
away from historic central cities.
Thus historic central cities become vulnerable to cycles of
investment and dis-investment. They have to be deliberately
re-developed to avoid economic collapse as in the “donut
shape model” of Peirce Lewis.

EnP Cadavos 2004