(heavy industry and high rent resd’l; meat packing

City Growth and Spatial plants and funeral homes)

- certain activities can not afford high rents

Planning Theories (forced together in the low rent areas)

URBAN REALMS MODEL

CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Burgess, 1929)
The model assumes a relationship between the socio-economic
status (mainly income) of households and the distance from the
CBD. The further from the CBD, the better the quality of housing,
but the longer the commuting time.
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Burgess, 1929)
Areas are characterized in terms of ethnic
groupings, income levels, types of
commerce/industry.
Residents of one zone "migrate" to outer zones as
their economic positions improve. . . . . . and new
residents take their place.
--a CBD, but multiple suburbs that have suburban  downtowns,
also, a "New Downtown" outside of the CBD
YUPPIFICATION
--movement back into downtowns--higher-income,  single, or
no children couples living in suburban downtowns or "New
Downtown"
GENTRIFICATION
--the rehabilitation of deteriorated inner-city housing with favorable
locations relative to the CBD

SECTOR THEORY (Hoyt, 1934)

Residential land use tend to be arranged in wedges or
sectors radiating from the center of the city along
lines of transportation URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES
High rent sectors often extend along fashionable
boulevards. Urban design is . . .
High rent sectors usually buffered by middle rent
sectors.
High rent sectors separated from low rent by physical
barriers “The built environment [providing] its users with an essentially democratic
setting, enriching their opportunities by maximising the degree of choice
available to them.

SECTOR THEORY (Hoyt, 1934) Bentley, Ian et al (1985)Responsive Environments.Architectural Press

High rent areas tend to…
- …grow from a given point along lines of transportation “ …the relationship between different buildings; the relationship between
- …grow towards the high ground free from flooding buildings and streets, squares, parks and waterways and other spaces
which make up the public domain; the nature and quality of the public
- …grow toward the open country – they don’t dead end
domain itself; the relationship of one part of a village, town or city, with
- …grow towards the homes of community leaders other parts; and the patterns of movements and activity which are thereby
- …pull office buildings, banks, and stores along with established: in short, “the complex relationships between all the elements
them of built and unbuilt space”
- …develop along the fastest lines of communication
Department of the Environment (1997) Planning Policy Guidance Note 1:
- …continue to grow in the same direction for a long General policy and principles. Stationery Office
period
- …not to skip around at random.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Ullman & Harris,1945) Ian Bentley’s Responsive Environments
They combine the elements of the Concentric Zone
Theory and Sector Theory with other factors to
explain land use.
They argued that cities grow around certain discrete Permeability (move and connect)
nuclei rather than around a single center. --A desirable characteristic of a place is the ease with which one can
move through and get to other locations. Such places are
therefore integrated physically or connected to their surrounding
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Ullman & Harris,1945) areas.
4 Factors that give rise to separate nuclei:
- certain activities require special activities
(CBD=accessibility; warehousing/docks=waterfront;
low density housing=land) Permeability (move and connect)
- some activities group together because they profit
from cohesion - Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice
- Public and private access must be complementary
(financial/office district; medical district;
manufacturing districts)
- other activities are detrimental to each other
Permeability (move and connect)
- Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public
space divides the environment into blocks
Permeability (move and connect)
- There is a decline in public permeability because of current design
trends
Scale of development
Hierarchical layout
Segregation
Permeability (move and connect)
- A successful movement system:
provides the maximum choice of how people will
make their journey
takes into full account all modes of movement;
by foot, by cycle, by public transport and by car
(in that order of importance)
makes clear connections to existing roads and
facilities.
 Permeability (move and connect)
- Perimeter Blocks
A well-designed movement system should
contribute to the development of small blocks:
areas of land entirely surrounded by public routes
within or beyond the site
Large block size decreases permeability
 Permeability (move and connect)
- Perimeter Blocks
Within the block, buildings need two faces: the public face is
the front of the building which faces the street where the entrances are;
the private face is usually the back of the building and faces the inside of
the block.
 Permeability (move and connect)
- Perimeter Blocks
This building layout is called the perimeter block development
 Permeability (move and connect)
- A well-designed site has a network of connected spaces and routes for
pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles.
A network, where possible, should;
encourage walking, cycling and using public
transport as an attractive alternative to travelling
by car. (Public transport should be an integral
part of the street system.)
minimise walking distances to local facilities.
 Variety (diversity ‘the spice of life’)
- A successful place also offers a mix of activities to the widest range of
possible users.
 Variety (diversity ‘the spice of life’)
- Variety / Mixed Use may be appropriate at different scales from global
to local environments: village, town or city; within a
neighbourhood or a street; or in a single structure.
 Variety (diversity ‘the spice of life’)
 Variety (diversity ‘the spice of life’)
- Get the mix right!
A successful mix is achieved when uses create a
balanced community with a range of services,
without increasing the need for the car.
 Narrow plot frontages allow small
scale shopping and commercial
activities to flourish.
 Big shared structures such as
superstores or multiplex cinemas
can be wrapped by small plot units to
create active frontages.
 To promote social inclusion, social
housing is not distinguishable from
private housing by its design or its
location in less desirable sites.
 Variety - Vitality (exciting places)
- Places that are vibrant, safe, comfortable, varied, fun, and
active.
Variety offers users a choice of experiences
 Variety - Vitality (exciting places)
- Places are more active when they have windows and doors
which connect to the street rather than blank facades.
 Variety - Vitality (exciting places)
- Places feel safer with buildings overlooking them. Living
spaces above shops will encourage evening activities on city
streets because the streets are overlooked and feel safer.
 Variety - Vitality (exciting places)
 - Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and
meanings
- Developers and planners are more concerned with economic
performance and easier management, than with variety
 Variety - Vitality (exciting places)
- PATHS: The channels of movement: alleys; streets; motorways;
railways.
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)

- Variety of uses depends on three main factors:

- PATHS:
 Range of activities
 Possibility of supply Structural and organising qualities.
 Extent to which design encourages Directional quality.
positive reactions Defined by various clues (tree-lined avenues,
- Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, political, and functional landmarks).
 Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?) Develop the site to enhance existing views and
vistas and create new ones.
- A successful and legible development is a place that has a
clear image and is easy to understand.
 Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is understood
- Legibility is important at two levels: physical form and activity patterns - EDGES:
Linear elements which are not paths (rivers, elevated
- Legibility in the old days: important buildings stood out motorways, walls of buildings.

Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?) Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)

- Legibility of form and use is reduced in the modern environment - EDGES:

- Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces legibility the termination of a district is its edge

- Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical elements of the city

Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- Kevin Lynch,a well-respected and often-quoted American planner
identified five physical features which play a key role in creating
legible places.
Some districts have no distinct edges at all but gradually taper off and
blend into another district. When two districts are joined at an edge they
form a seam. A narrow park may be a joining seam for two urban
neighborhoods.
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)

Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?) - EDGES:

Continuity and visibility are important with an
edge.
Edges as unifying seams.
Kevin Lynch notion of urban legibility: Directional quality.
5 components – the key to imageability (IMAGE OF THE
CITY)
A collective image – map or impressions – map of a city, Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
a collective picture of what people extract from the
physical reality of a city.
- EDGES:
There are five basic elements which people use to
construct their mental image of a city: Well-designed corners enhance legibility by
 the path/pathways creating visual interest and contributing to a
 the nodes distinctive identity.
 the edges Legibility can be improved through detailing and
 the landmarks quality of materials.
 the districts

 Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)

 Legibility (where am I? How do I get
- Though these elements are abstractions, being aware of the
there?)
contributions to the issue of legibility should help you, as a
designer, to focus on the type of physical forms worth creating in - LANDMARKS:
a development as well as helping to analyse key features in a Points of reference which
proposed development. most people experience from
Lynch, K (1960) The image of the city. MIT Press the outside.
Individual and local character.
Isolated or in groups
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- LANDMARKS:
The prominent visual features of the city
some are very large and are seen at great distances; some are very small
and can only be seen up close (e.g. street clock, a fountain, or a small
statue in a park); help in orienting people in the city and help identify an
area; should be distinct but in harmony with other elements in the setting;
distinct visual object.
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- NODES:
Considered focal places such as junctions of
paths and roads from roundabout to market
squares.
Could be introvert or extrovert.
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- DISTRICTS:
a city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts
Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- DISTRICTS:
A medium to large section of the city
recognisable as having some particular
identifying character.
Defined by soft or hard boundaries.
Activity-bound districts.
 Legibility (where am I? How do I get there?)
- DISTRICTS:
its center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards,
factory areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc. Sometimes they
are distinct in form and extent – ex. Wall Street area of
Manhattan. Sometime they are considerably mixed in character
and do not have distinct limits like the midtown of Manhattan.
These five elements of urban form are
sufficient to make a useful visual survey of the
form of a city.
They are the skeletal elements of a city form.
Upon this framework hangs a tapestry of
embellishments.
 Robustness
 - A desirable quality of a development is if it can be used for
many different purposes by different people, and can change
and adapt for different uses. Robustness is important to
outdoors as well as indoors, but design implications for
buildings differ from those for outdoor places.
- Environments which can be
used for many different
purposes
 Robustness
Robust Buildings
Buildings are distinguished between large-scale and small-scale
robustness.
Large-scale robustness concerns the ability of
the buildings as a whole or large parts of them to
be changed in use.
Small-scale robustness concerns the ability of
specific spaces within the building to change to
accommodate a wide range of activities.
Robustness
Three key factors support long term robustness:
building depth: the majority of buildings uses
require natural light and ventilation
Access: all buildings need some link to the
outside world
building height: the upper floors of tall buildings
have restricted outside links.
 Robustness
The design of small scale robustness depends on extra factors
Hard and soft spaces
Active and passive spaces
 Robustness
Active and Passive Areas - some activities within a building may benefit
from being able to extend outward into the adjacent outdoor
space. Other indoor activities may contribute by visual contact.
These are active areas. The design implication of this is that the
ground floor of buildings should be occupied by active areas
 Visual Appropriateness
- Visual Appropriateness focuses on details.
- A vocabulary of visual cues must be found to communicate levels of
choice.
- Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by :
Supporting the place’s legibility
Supporting the place’s variety
Supporting the place’s robustness
 Richness
- The variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy.
- There are two ways for users to choose from different sense
experiences.
focusing their attention on different sources of
sense experience
moving away from one source to another
- The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual
contrasts
Personalization
allows people to achieve an environment that
bears the stamp of their own tastes and values
makes a person’s pattern of activities more clear
Personalization
 Users personalize as an affirmation of their own
tastes and values and because they perceive
existing image as inappropriate
Personalization is affected by three key factors:
 Tenure
 Building Type
 Technology
 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
 permeability: designing the overall layout of routes
 and development blocks
 variety: locating uses on the site
 legibility: designing the massing of the buildings and
the enclosure of public space
 robustness: designing the spatial and constructional
 arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor
spaces
 visual appropriateness: designing the external image
 richness: developing the design for sensory choice
 personalization: making the design encourage people
to put their own mark on the places where they live
and work
DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS / THEORIES
GROWTH CENTER (Boudeville, 1966)
set of expanding industries located in an urban area and
inducing further development of economic activities throughout
its zone of influence.
CONCEPT OF PROPULSIVE FIRMS
leading industries dominate other economic units; relatively
new and dynamic; advanced technology; high income
elasticity of demand for products usually sold to national
markets.
POLARIZATION (Albert O. Hirshman)
negative; rapid growth of leading industries further
induces concentration of other economic units in the
pole leading to geographical polarisation
TRICKLING DOWN EFFECT (Hirshman)
positive; growth will radiate from core to periphery
leading to convergence between the core and
periphery.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
development of First World derived from
underdevelopment of Third World.
Modernization of West at expense of others
Development originated out of 16h century patterns
of relations in which certain nations able to exploit
others
CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)
unbalanced growth leads to dualism – North and South,
growing points and lagging regions.
tries to represent the emergence of an urban system in four
major stages which goes on par with the development of
transportation
Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The pre-industrial
(agricultural) society, with localized economies and a
small scale settlement structure. Each element is fairly
isolated, dispersed and characterized by low mobility.
CORE PERIPHERY (John Friedman, 1966)
Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the
economy in the core begins as a result of capital
accumulation and industrial growth. A dominant
center emerges within an urban system to become its
growth pole. Trade and mobility increase, but within a
pattern dominated by the core even if overall mobility
remains low. Among the numerous examples of such a
phase is the early industrialization of Great Britain in
the late 18th century or the beginning of the colonial
incorporation of regions in Latin America, Africa or
Asia.
Stage 3 (Industrial). Through a process or economic
growth and diffusion other growth centers appear. The
main reasons for deconcentration are increasing
production costs (mainly labor and land) in the core
area. This diffusion is linked with increased interactions
between elements of the urban system and the
construction of transport infrastructures.
Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes
fully integrated and inequalities are reduced
significantly. The distribution of economic activities
creates a specialization and a division of labor linked
with intense flows along high capacity transport
corridors.
AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES
explain the advantages of the "clustering effect" of
many activities ranging from retailing to transport
terminals.
 Localization economies – proximity of linked firms;
agglomeration of a set of activities near a specific facility, let it be
a transport terminal, a seat of government power or a large
university.
Urbanization economies – provision of wide range of urban
services
agglomeration of population, namely common infrastructures
(e.g. utilities or public transit), the availability and diversity of
labor and market size.
Industrialization economies
agglomeration of industrial activities, such as being their
respective suppliers or customers
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
(Walter Christaller, 1933)
a theoretical work that explains the spatial spread
and dimensions of urban centers.
Christaller claims that the role of large cities and towns is to coordinate
within the regions, the supply of goods and services.
Local Planning History
Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities
developed out of the need for their inhabitants to band
together.
They were formed for security, or to be close to critical
resources like food and water. Most of the earliest towns
were by the coast for the fisherfolk or were where there was
abundant
agricultural land for the farmers.
The basic socio-political unit was the barangay, consisting of
30 to 100 families; decentralized; located along coast lines
and riverbanks; agricultural and fishing villages
Spanish Colonial Times
Manila became capital
This served as the seat of a kingdom (Sapa)
extending to the south and east, while across the
Pasig was the capital of Tundok going north.
Artisans like PandayPira (the canon maker)
A relative of Sulayman’s called “El Admirante” was
commissioned to level and strengthen the
foundations of the future walled city.
The Spaniards evolved a common set of ideas for
town planning and construction throughout their
empire that seem remarkably familiar to date.
These ideas were codified in ordinances
promulgated by King Philip II
1573 – Laws of the Indies pronounced by King
Philipp II – Spanish town planning influenced by
the Romans and the Piazza planning of Italian
Renaissance
These laws provided guidelines for site selection;
layout and dimensions of squares, streets, and
other land uses (principal buildings and houses),
recreation/open space, cultivation and pasture
lands, sites for garbage-producing uses ; and the
main phases of planning and construction.)
According to the royal ordinances,
each town should be located on vacant and high
ground, properly oriented to sun, wind, and water
areas, and on or near fertile land, sources of fuel,
water and the means of access.
it should have a grid layout, with the main plaza as
the starting point for construction.
the main and smaller places should be surrounded
by the principal buildings- the main plaza by the
principal church, Royal and Town Council House,
Custom-house, Arsenal, and the hospital adjoining
the church.
the surrounding lots were reserved for these
structures and for merchants’ shops and dwellings
the rest were raffled
The Plaza Complex
The plaza is surrounded by
important buildings such as the:
• Catholic church
• Municipal hall
• Marketplace and
merchant’s stores
• Elementary school
• The homes of the
“principalia”
• Other government
buildings
each town should be planned with “cord and measure”
the design and building activities should be
implemented by “executors,” architects.
From 1589 onwards, the Spanish religious orders
sought to bring the dispersed native communities
“under the bells” (debajo de lascamapanas)
resulting in about 695 reducciones (community
consolidation) of six million souls
1596 – spatial segregation along racial and social
lines – Indios and Chinese have separate districts;
Parian or market – spatialconcentration of
merchants and artisans to regulate the exchange
of goods.
1600s to 1700s – process of Hispanization
through the founding of cabeceras (poblaciones)
and visitas (barrios); natives living on the
unplanned fringes of the neighborhood
Cabeceras – small mission settlements located at
the heart of the town. It functions as center for
religious activities and cultural change.
Cuidades – these are urban cluster settlements
with non-agricultural population of at least 10,000
 persons. It functions as defensive centers, seat of
bishoprics, center for education, regional centers
for colonial rule. It has a social mix of Spanish decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San
concomicaderos, resident ecclesiastics, Principalia Miguel, and Paco, among other areas
and Chines.
Villas – these are semi-urban nodes strategically
scattered for an effective colonial control.
early 1600s – Manila became the first primate city
in Southeast Asia.
1650 – chapels or small churches in the cabecera
were built to attract tenacious natives from the
barrios (hinterlands) through fiestas and
The walled City of Manila processions
1790s – opening of the Manila- Acapulco galleon
1.2 sq. KM in area; trade; emergence of semi-urban places in the
perimeter is 3.4 KM provinces
1850s-late 1800s – Chinese dominated central
home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the high ranking officials) commercial business districts in al
settlements; commercial shops on the ground floors of centrally located houses; no more spatially segregated peripheral
clusters of Chinese.; decentralized residential pattern for Spaniards

Heirarchy of government units

Pre-Conquest Early Spanish Late Spanish Contemporary (English)

Barangay Ranchera Sitio Sitio (hamlet)

Visita Barangay Barrio/Barangay Barrio (village)

Cabecera Poblacion Poblacon (Town) or Centro

Pueblo Municipio Municipality (Township)

Cuidad Cuidad City

 Atealdia Mayor Corregimiento Provinces Province

The American Period

1890s – other port cities continue to become regional urban centers; bridges were built along postal routes facilitating
transport in Luzon.
1903 – City of Manila was incorporated covering Intramuros and 12 fast-growing suburban towns.

The American Agenda

guide urban growth and physical development Manila as the First Chartered City

put more emphasis on other values such as sanitation,

housing, and aesthetic improvements.
On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila
was incorporated
1905 – Manila and Baguio Plans of Daniel Burnham
introduced the City Beautiful western type of town planning.
Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo,
Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan.
Burnham’s Design
for Manila
The population then was 190,000 people

Designed with grand avenues & a strong central civic core

GROWTH OF MANILA

Included a civic mall to

house national buildings (only the Finance
&Agriculture buildings
were built)
Fronted Manila Bay like most Baroque plans
fronted a large body of water
1910 – rebuilding of settlements complete with
hygiene and sanitary facilities and drainage
systems called sanitary barrios.
Revised Code of 1917 instructing the Public Works
director to prepare general development plans for
all cities and municipalities of the country.
1920s - Barrio Obrero or the working class district
evolved as government response to the needs of
low-income labor families in urban areas.
1928 – zoning ordinance for Manila promulgated
but took effect only in 1940; zoning became
popular in America in the 1920s.
1926-1933 – started the survey of slums by the
colonial government. Housing communities were
formed to undertake slum clearance and housing
projects.
The Arrabales
Quiapo- the illustradoterritory; the enclave of the rich and
powerful.Also the manifestation of folk religiosity.
Binondo-the trading port developed by the Chinese and
Arabs
Sta. Cruz-the main commercial district with swirls of shops,
movie houses, restaurants, etc.
San Nicolas-also a commercial town built by the Spanish
with streets of “specialized” categories (i.e. ceramics, soap,
etc.)
Sampaloc-centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and
Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first “University
Town”.
Commonwealth
Manuel Quezon – focused on Social Justice.
1936 – Vitas Tenement Housing Project
1938 – acquisition of land at Diliman Hacienda
 CA No. 2 created the National Economic Council to
undertake planning and economic programs
Urban planning and development agencies:
PHC. People’s Homesite Corporation –
agency responsible for home building,
home ownership and developer of model
communities (Diliman Estate)
NHC, National Housing Commission –
responsible for the handling of urban
housing, subdivision, slum clearance
projects. Never formally organized due to
outbreak of war.
EO98, 1946 – National Urban Planning Commission –
agency mandated to rebuild the settlements ruined by
war and prepared the general development plans and
formalization of zoning ordinances and subdivision
regulations
Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation (1947)-
mandated for the acquisition, construction and
management of low-cost housing projects, slum
clearances and relocation.
Precursor of the National Housing Authority
Built homes for the masses (“the projects”, i.e. proj.4,

proj. 6, etc.)
After the war - RA 333 designated Quezon city as new
Capital and master planning it by the Capital City Housing Developments
Planning Commission.
Philamlife Homes
-In 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 457,
icon of middle class suburbanization
authorized the transfer of the

capitol to an area of 1572 hectares

Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner,
-A master plan of Quezon City was
Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban
completed in 1941 by Architects
developments in California with modifications
Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost,

Louis Croft, and Eng. A.D. Williams

BLISS (bagonglipunan sites and services)

“City beautiful” plan reflected the aspirations of an emerging
nation and the visions of a passionate leader
Walk-up developments for government sector

Further Suburbanization
Constitution Hill
In 1946, a search committee was formed to find a new site
a 158 ha area in the Novaliches watershed was selected and
called Constitution Hill and National Government Center
1950s – the National Urban Planning Commission, the
Capital City Planning Commission and the Real Estate
Property Board (RPB) merged into the National
Planning Commission (later on as NEDA) was
established.
Functions of NPC:

The three seats of government were to form a • formulation of plans for all
municipalities/cities/regions;
triangle at the center of the complex
• prepare zoning ordinances and subdivision regulations

• draft a uniform building code

It included a 20 hectare civic Space referred to as the Plaza of the
Republic 1954, NPC prepared a master plan for Manila
 1956, NPC made 194 plans ready for adoption by cities where growth revolvedaround
and towns. These were model subdivision regulations
and building codes, generally oriented to CIVIC design.

Growth of towns around either a monastery or castle, assumed a

radiocentric pattern; relied on protective town walls or
fortification for security

• 1956 , Home Financing Commission created to

operate a mortgage insurance program.
Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and
• RA 2264 – local Autonomy Act of 1959 empowered
LGUs to enact zoning ordinances and subdivision rules; sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications
all towns and cities required to form planning boards
to craft development plans under the guidance of the
NPC
Sienna and Constantinople: signified the rise of the Church
• 1962, AO 31 – city/municipality/provinces to form its
local planning board to prepare development plans
and development control regulations under the
Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns
supervision of NPC.

• 1964, Presidential Assistance on Housing created

under the direct supervision of the President and
served as overall coordinator of all agencies related to
housing and as liaison office between the government
and the Private Sector
11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns
many of these coastal towns grew from military fortifications, but
expansion was limited to what the city

could support

Mercantilist cities : continuous increase in size

World trade and travel created major population

concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice

World planning Growth eventually led to congestion and slums

Renaissance & Baroque Periods

Rebirth of classical towns ; piazza planning in Venice; grandeur

Greek & Roman Cities in civic structure and public spaces; streets were wide regular
and circumferential with the piazza at the center as in Italy.
Developed housing variations and other spaces:
15th Century France:
• Basilica- covered markets; later, law courts
display of power
• Curia- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol

• Domus- traditional Roman house; with a central atrium

Arts and architecture became a major element
• Insulae- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
of town planning and urban design

Medieval Ages
Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe,
Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town
“university town”
King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced

3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio

Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens
(military), and the mission (religious)

Pierre Charles L’Enfant - Prepared plan for Washington, DC.

The English Renaissance
ROME (1500’S)
the European Planned City” – ex. Savannah (designed by
Leonardo da Vinci –
James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg
In his “Codex Atlanticus” he described a new concept of urban
planning that was suited for Milan – sketched a city straddling a (Col. Francis Nicholson)
river where upstream, the river was directed into 6 or 7
branches, all parallel to the main stream and rejoining it below Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially recognized
the city.
historical district
1844

Arturo Soria Y Mata– Spanish Engineer

Annapolis
Suggested the idea of “Linear City” from Cadiz, Spain across
Europe through St. Petersburg, Russia in which he proposed that governmentbldgs were focal points of the plan, though a civic
the logic of linear utility line should be the basis of all city lay- square was also provided
out. Houses and buildings could be set alongside linear utility
Williamsburg
systems supplying water, communications and electricity.
Proposed high-speed, high-intensity transport from an existing
plan was anchored by the Governor’s palace, the state capitol,
city.
and the College of William and Mary

Stalingrad

N.A Milyutin, 1930

Settlements in the Americas

The Speculator’s Town

developments were driven by speculation

Medieval Organic City

Philadelphia– designed by William Penn

taken after the “boug” (military town) and

Built between the Delaware and Scool Kill

“fauborg” (citizen’s town) of the medieval ages

The “Machine Age” -change from manpower to

assembly lines

Medieval Bastide
2 schools of thought- the“reform movements” and the
“specialists”
taken from the French bastide

The reform movements:

(eventually referred to as “new towns”)

Robert Owens
came in the form of grids or radial plans

(New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England)

reflecting flexibility

• Designed for 800 to 1200 persons

 • Built factories in rural lands and house the labor
force outside the city.
• With agricultural, light industrial, educational, and
recreational facilities
• The “Owenite Communities”:
New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr.
Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of
New England Planners
Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet
(eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lake City,
Utah)
Bournville, outside Birmingham built by chocolate manufacturer
George Cadbury
Port Sunlight, in the Mersybuilkt by William Lever
Tony Garnier, 1868-1948 (Une Cite Industrielle
like Howard’s garden city, was to be a self- contained new
settlement with its own industries and housing close by.
Locational features may have been a precursor to modern zoning
Ideas and theories adopted by Dutch Architect JJP Oud in the
design of
Rotterdam
Frederick Law Olmstead - Believed that cities should be planned
two generations ahead; maintain sufficient breathing space, be
constantly renewed and that suburban design should embrace
the whole city.
Use of open space as element of urban system; despoilment of
land through landscape system; urban park as an aid to social
reform
The Garden City Movement
Ebenezer Howard –
Author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform”
“Garden City of Tomorrow” – one of the most important books in
the history of urban planning.
cluster with a mother town of 58,000 to 65,000
with smaller “garden cities” of 30,000 to 32,000 each
with permanent green space separating the cities with the towns
serving as horizontal fence of farmland;
rails and roads would link the towns with industries and nearby
towns supplying fresh food.
Influences on Howard
EDWARD GIBBON WAKEFIELD had advocated the planned
movement of population.
JAMES SICK BUKINGHAM- developed the idea of a model city.
ALFRED MARSHALL- invented the idea of the new town as an
answer to the problems of the city.
Advocated concept of ‘Social City’ – polycentric settlement,
growth without limit, surrounded by a greenbelt; town grows by
cellular addition into a complex multi-centered agglomeration of
towns set against a green background of open country.
The 3 magnets in his paradigm depicted both the city and the
countryside had aindisoluble mixture of advantages and
disadvantages – the city has the opportunities offered through
jobs and urban services of all kinds, which resulted in poor
natural environment; the countryside offered an excellent
natural environment but virtually no opportunities of any kind
Garden City combined the advantages of the town by way of
access and all the advantages of the country by way of the
environment without any of the disadvantages of either.
Achieved by planned decentralization of workers and their
places of employment thus transferring the advantages of urban
agglomeration en bloc to the new settlement.
The Garden City Association Ernst May

• established by Howard in 1899 Germany city planner and architect

Ernst May (1886-1970), developed a series of satellite

towns (Trabantenstadte) on open land outside the
Letchworth: built-up limits, and separated from the city proper by a
green belt.
first Garden City designed by Raymond Unwin& Barry Parker in
1902 May combined uncompromising use of the then new
functional style of architecture with a free use of low-
ride apartment blocks, all set in a park landscape.

Consisted of 4,500 acres(3000 for agriculture, 1500 for city

May's "brigade" of German architects and planners
proper)
established twenty cities in three years, including
Magnitogorsk

successfully applied urban design techniques to the

Welwyn, 1920
city of Frankfurt, "one of the most remarkable city
(by Louis de Soisson)brought formality planning experiments in the twentieth century".

and Georgian taste

The City Beautiful Era (1900-1945)

Daniel Burnham – Father of American City Planning

Followers of Howard spearheaded the movement with his design for Chicago and his
famous words: “make no little plans…”
SIR FREDERICK OSBORNE

RAYMUND UNWIN
Influenced by the world fairs of
BARRY PARKER
the late 19th century, like the
Hampstead Garden Suburbs opened in 1907
1891Columbian Exposition
meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined
along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a In Chicago

large common green

Wythenshawe - called the 3rd garden city Emphasis was on grand formal

meant only for housing but with a variety of housing types lined designs, with wide boulevards,
along streets with terminating axes on civic buildings in a
civic spaces, arts, etc.
large common green

Modifications on Howard’s principles:

Also credited for the designs of
- Background of open space instead of greenbelts
San Francisco and Cleveland
(adaptation of inter-urban railway)

- Dividing the town into clearly articulated

neighborhood units
• Golden era of urban design in the US;

• according to Burnham, city was a totally designed

system of main circulation arteries., a network of
 parks and clusters or focal buildings or building blocks
of civic centers incl. City hall, a country court house, a
library, an opera house, a museum, and a plaza
Total concentration on the monumental and on the superficial,
on architecture as symbols of power, and an almost complete
lack of interest on the wider social purposes of planning.
Planning was intended to impress or for display.
Wrote “Chicago Plan” but was heavily criticized & referred to as
centro-centrist
• based on business core with no conscious provision
for business expansion in the rest of the city;
• planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princess;
• not in accord with the realities of downtown real
estate development which demanded overbuilding
and congestion;
Castigated by Lewis Mumford as cosmetic, comparing Burnham’s
approach with planning practiced in totalitarian regimes;
• approach ignored housing, schools & sanitation.
• According to Abercrombie, beauty stood supreme for
Burnham, commercial convenience was significant
but health and sanitation concerns were almost
nowhere.
• Burnham’s plan devoted scant attention to zoning.
Baron George EugeneHausmann- worked on the reconstruction
of Paris- linear connection between the place de concord, arc de
triomph, eiffel tower and others
The Urban Theorist
Constantine Doxiadis - Addressed problem of urbanization on a
worldwide scale and his major designs have been made for
countries where the economy and productive system can be
coordinated by policy and decree such as the new developing
countries of Africa and the MiddleEast.
Published his “Ekistics Grid” a system for recording planning data
and ordering the planning process.
Approaches town planning as a science which includes
planning and design as well as contributions from the
sociologist, geographer, economist, demographer,
politician, social anthropologist, ecologist, etc. all these
he assembles into a total rational and human approach
which he calls “Ekistics” – the science of human
settlements.
The New Communities Movement (Early 1920s)
Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, Frederick Lee Ackerman –
Piecemeal development of residential communities
on endless gridiron tracts was wasteful &
unnecessary; practice of laying out block pattern
streets prevented clustered community design & the
interspersal of open and built-up spaces.
One of the aims of the group was the creation of
neighborhood centers and the physical delineation of
neighborhood groups
Christopher Alexander –
“a city is not a tree” - suggested that sociologically,
different people had varied needs for local services &
the privilege* of choice was paramount.
Alker Tripp –
assistant commissioner of police at London’s Scotland
Yard.
published a book called TOWN PLANNING & TRAFFIC.
- idea that after the war, cities should be reconstructed
in the basis of PRECINTS.
- hierarchy of roads in which main arterial or sub
arterial roads were sharply segregated from the local streets
with only occasional access and also were free of
direct frontage development.
influenced Patrick Abercrombie and Forshaw (called
for application of the PRECINTUAL PRINCIPLE to
London.)
Clarence Stein - The Radburn Idea or “new town idea” was to
create a series of superblocks (an island of greens, bordered by
homes and carefully skirted by peripheral auto roads), each
around open green spaces which are themselves interconnected.
The greenways were the pedestrian ways.

The basic layout of the community introduced the ff:
- "super-block" concept
- cul-de-sac (cluster) grouping
- interior parklands
- and separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to
promote safety.
Every home was planned with access to park walks.
Town & Country Planning of Britain
The Neighborhood Unit
book by Clarence Perry (1929)
-the embryo of NEIGHBORHOOD- UNIT AREA- certain
services which are provided everyday for groups of
population who can’t or do not travel far, should be
provided at an accessible central place for a small
community w/in walking distance.
-defined as the physical environment
wherein social, cultural, educational,
and commercial are within easy reach of each other
concernsself sustainability of smaller units
Principle based on the natural catchment area of
community facilities such as primary schools and local
shops.
- the elementary school as the center of development,
determines the size of the neighborhood
The Regional City
Patrick Geddes - “Survey before plan”
The answer to the sordid congestion of the giant city is
a vast program of regional planning within which each
sub-regional part would be harmoniously developed
on the basis of its own natural resources with total
respect for the principles of ecological balance and
resource renewal. Cities in the scheme became
subordinate to the region; old cities and new towns
alike would grow just as necessary parts of the regional
scheme.
Planning must start with a survey of the resources of
such a region and of human responses to it, and of the
resulting complexities of the cultural landscape;
emphasis on survey method.
Wrote “Cities in Evolution” (1915); coined the term
“conurbation” which meant conglomeration of town
aggregates; describing the waves of population to large
cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation,
and the wave of backflow; the whole process resulting
in amorphic sprawl, waste and unnecessary
obsolescence; stressed social basis of the city –
concerned with the relationship between people and
cities and how they affect one another;
Stages in the creation of conurbation:
Inflowbuild-upbackflow(central slums)sprawling
mass (central blight)
Patrick Abercrombie
- most notable professional planner in Britain in the Anglo
American period.
- most notable contribution to planning to a wider scale:
the scale which region around it in a single planning
exercise.
- did the Greater London Plan 1944
Lewis Mumford
- Geddes Follower
- wrote CULTURE OF CITIES, the Bible of regional planning
movement
P.G.F. Le Play
-stressed the intimate and subtle relationship between
human settlement and the land through the nature of local
economy.
PLACE-WORK-FOLK
Le Play’s famous triad- was the fundamental study of men
living and on their land; social-survey method of
determining relationships of the family and worker to the
environment.
Modern Architecture and Planning
Charles-EduoardJeanneret - Popularly known as Le
Corbusier.
His most outstanding contribution as a thinker and writer
was an urban planner on the grand scale.
- the most notable are his Unite’ d’Habitation (1946-52) at
Marseilles in France, a self-contained 'vertical city', with
modular housing units for 1600 people, internal streets and
community services.
Charles-EduoardJeanneret - Popularly known as Le
Corbusier.
In 1933, proposed “La Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)”
anchored on objective to decongest the centers of our
cities by increasing their densities by building high on
small part of the total ground area. Accordingly, every
great city must rebuild on centers
Charles-EduoardJeanneret - Popularly known as Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high-
rise offices and residential buildings with a greenbelt for a
population of 3,000,000 people
Charles-EduoardJeanneret - Popularly known as Le
Corbusier.
Last of the City Beautiful planners, he commented that
it was hard to build a City Beautiful amidst the
confusion of democracy and the market.
Chandigarh
Capital of Punjab province of India, and the only realized
plan of Le Corbusier: criticized for shifting from a planning
style to an architectural style, meaning a shift towards the
preoccupation with visual form, symbolism, imagery, and
aesthetics rather than the problems of the Indian
population; plan was completely impervious to economic
and human considerations.
Original Master Plan by Albert Myer
A regular grid of major roads for rapid transport surrounding
residential superblocks or sections each based on the
rectangle and measuring 800x1200 meters
The whole plan represents a large scale application of the
Radburn principle regularized by Le Corbusier’s predilection
for the rectilinear and the monumental.
Charles-EduoardJeanneret - Popularly known as Le
Corbusier.
Two important books- The City of Tomorrow (1922)
and The Radiant City;
small number of propositions
traditional city has become functionally obsolete, due
to increasing size and increasing congestion at the
centre. As the urban mass grew through concentric
additions, more and more strain was placed on the
communications of the innermost areas, above all the
central business district, which had the greatest
accessibility and where all business wanted to be.
the paradox that the congestion could be cured by
increasing the density. There was a key to this, of
course: the density was to be increased at one scale of
analysis, but decreased at another. Locally, there
would be very high densities in the form of massive,
tall structures; but around each of these a very high
proportion of the available ground space- Corbusier
advocated 95%- could and should be left open.
concerned the distribution of densities within the city.
argued that this new urban form could be accommodate a
new and highly efficient urban transportation system,
incorporating both rail lines and completely segregated
elevated motorways, running above the ground level,
though, of course, below the levels at which most people
lived.
- he did teach planners in general the importance of scale
in analysis.
- his insistence on the elementary truth that dense local
concentrations of people helped support a viable, frequent
mass-transportations system.
Brasilia
capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-

century city, the biggest planning exercise of the 20th century

Mile High Tower

• Proposed to house a significant amount of

Designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence from
Manhattan residents to free up space for
Le Corbusier, his plans or schemes did not include a single
population projection, economic analyses, land use schedule, Greenfields
model or mechanical drawing, yet it was awarded to him; plan did
not attempt to resolve pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. Unplanned • 10 or more of these could possibly replace all
city grew up beside the planned one.
Manhattan buildings
• with two huge axes in the sign of the cross, one for
gov’t, commerce, and entertainment, the other for the
residential component
The Arcology Alternative
• Oscar Niemeyer was among the architects employed
to design the buildings the 3D city by Paolo Soleri

Frank Lloyd Wright MotopiaProposed by Edgar Chambless

In the 1930s, he wrote the “The Disappearing City” and later

“Broadacres” – proposing that every family live on an acre of land
Vehicular traffic will be along rooftops of a continuous network of
and where the city would be built by its inhabitants using mass-
buildings, while the streets will be for pedestrian use only
produced components; this met difficulties in land supply and
logistics as the population increased.
Science Cities
“Broadacres”

- it was desirable to preserve the sort of codependent rural life of

Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban designers
the homesteaders.
that proposed underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in
pyramids, etc.
- that mass car would allow cities to spread widely into
countryside.
The Floating City
- homes would be connected by super highways.
KiyonoriKikutake
Easy and fast travel by car to any direction.
The Barbican City
- he anticipated “out- of-town shopping center”
a 63 acre area. mixed used development that was built in
response to the pressures of the automobile. An early
Problems with lack of land lead to his design of the…

type of Planned Urban development that had all amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns