THE GLOBAL CITIES

Sir Malit
 Theterm civilization
come from the Latin
word civis, meaning “a
person living in a city.”
THE RISE OF THE CITIES
THE RISE OF CITIES IS LINKED TO
THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:
 Agricultural
improvement
that reduce the number
of workers needed for
food production.
 Stabilization
of political and
economic institutions,
which enhance safety and
distribution of goods and
services.
 Improvements in the
transportation and
communication, which enhance
trade and social interactions
among large number of people.
 Therise of industrial and
postindustrial economies,
which demand
concentrated populations to
provide labor and services.
 Urbanization refers to the
movement of masses of people
from rural to urban areas and an
increase in urban influence over
all spheres of culture and
society.

URBANIZATION AND HUMAN

ECOLOGY
PATTERNS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
  Based on human ecology
theory done by Burgess and
applied on Chicago, it was the
first to give the explanation of
distribution of social groups
within urban areas. This
concentric ring model depicts
urban land usage in concentric
rings: the Central Business
District (or CBD) was in the
middle of the model, and the
city is expanded in rings with
different land uses.

THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL

  Hoyt Model is somewhat similar to
Burgess Model and is often considered as
its improved version. Hoyt argued that
cities do not develop in the form of simple
rings, instead, they have “sectors.”
Homer Hoyt in 1939 suggested that few
activities grow in the form of sectors
which radiates out along the main travel
links. Activities in a sector are considered
to be the same throughout the sector
because of the purpose/function it serves.
 Land use within each sector would
remain the same because like attracts
like. The high-class sector would stay
high-class because it would be the most
sought after area to live, so only the rich
could afford to live there. The industrial
HOYT SECTOR MODEL sector would remain industrial as the area
would have a typical advantage of a
railway line or river. These sectors can be
housing, industrial activities, etc. These
sectors grow along railway lines,
highways or rivers.
  This model is based on the
structure of Chicago just like the
Burgess model or Concentric zone
model of 1925. It can be
considered as an attempt to
explain the structure of the city
taking into account the complexity
and growth over time. Harris and
Ullman argued that a city might
start with a single central business
district (CBD), but over the time
the activities scatter and gets
modified. The scattered activities
attract people from surrounding
areas and act as smaller nuclei in
MULTIPLE-NUCLEI itself. These small nuclei gain
importance and grow in size and
MODEL start influencing the growth of
activities around them.
 Metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a
significant economic, political, and cultural center for a
country or region, and an important hub for regional or
international connections, commerce, and
communications.
 Megalopolis a group of two or more roughly adjacent
metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated
or may merge into a continuous urban region.
 A suburb is a mixed-use or residential area, existing
either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate
residential community within commuting distance of a
city.

METROPOLIS, MEGALOPOLIS, AND

SUBURBS
PROBLEMS IN CITIES
 The greatest problem facing major cities is
generating enough revenue to provide
adequate services and protection for their
residents. Most major cities raise taxes to
compensate for shrinking revenues but this
in turn encourages more residents and
businesses to flee the city and locate in
surrounding suburb.
Urban decay hits the central city as major
businesses move from the downtown area to more
profitable suburban locations. Old buildings
subsequently either remain vacant and
deteriorate or become multiple-unit slum housing,
low-rent hotels, “adult” bookstores, and theaters,
center for drug distribution and other criminal
activities, and repositories for the urban homeless.
 The central cities have increasingly become the
domicile of the poor. Although many of the poor
reside in rural areas, the proposition of urban
poor increased between 1980 and 1990. Much
urban poverty is a result of growing urban
underclass of poorly educated and unskilled
minorities who lack the skills and education to
make the transition from an industrial to service
economy (Wilson, 1998).
 Urbanproblems continue to exist
such as chronic unemployment,
homelessness, violent crimes,
alcohol and drug abuse, suicide,
and other forms of deviance.
 Inner-city decay. Even if some city governments in global cities
attempt to revitalize central cities by razing dilapidated
buildings and replacing them with modern high-rise office
buildings, apartment complexes, and condominiums, they
could not contain the proliferation of street people, drug
dealers, and prostitutes who do their illegal trades, especially
night time.
 The ecological perspective provides a
theoretical model for analyzing the
interdependence between human beings
and the physical environment. In the case of
human society, two of the most important
ecological factors are growth in population
and our ability to alter the environment
through technology.

HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CONCERNS IN GLOBAL CITIES
 Overpopulation threatens to bring about widespread
starvation and avalanche of death. As population
increases and urban areas expand, farmers are
forced onto marginal lands. They may burn forest to
grow crops or raise cattle on that land. Deforestation
can result in over cultivation and soil erosion.
Moreover, larger populations demand not only more
food but also wood, petroleum, and other fossil fuels,
electricity, water and other scarce commodities.

OVERPOPULATION
 Forest land around the globe is being destroyed
at a rate of an acre every second and tropical
forests are shrinking by 11 million hectares
(over 27 million hectares) each year (Brown,
L.R 1998; Gore 1992). Particularly disturbing is
the fact that tropical forests, which cover only
7% of the earth’s surface, may house as much
as 80% of the planet’s species (Linden, 1989).

DEPLETION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Pollution is now affecting almost every global city worldwide.
Its most serious manifestations affect the three major givers
of life: Water, Air, and Land. The three major sources of
water pollution are domestic waste-water, industrial
charges, and agricultural runoff (World Resources Institute,
1990). Urbanization creates a heavy concentration of human
waste, which is usually discharged into sewage system that
empty into nearby bodies of water. Unfortunately, other
municipalities downstream often rely on those same bodies
of water as their major supply of drinking water.

POLLUTION: WATER, AIR AND LAND

THE WORLD GLOBAL CITIES
ACTIVITY!!!
!
ANSWER: MANILA,
PHILIPPINES
ANSWER: NEW YORK
CITY, USA
ANSWER: BEIJING, PRC
ANSWER: LONDON,
ENGLAND
RIO DE JANEIRO,
BRAZIL
SHIBUYA DISTRICT,
TOKYO, JAPAN
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
PARIS, FRANCE
DUBAI, UAE
ROME, ITALY
MOSCOW, RUSSIA
PYONGYANG, NORTH
KOREA
THE GLOBAL ELITE
GLOBAL CITIES: INDEX LEADERS