Genetic Control

• Structure of DNA, RNA & ATP

• DNA Replication
• Triplet Code
• Transcription
• Translation
• Gene Mutation
Nucleotide Structure • Nucleoside

– DNA & RNA • Nucleotide

• Pentose
Sugar
• Ribose
• Deoxyribose
• Nitrogenous
Base
• Phosphate
Group
• Purine
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Pyrimidine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Uracil
Nucleotide Structure – DNA & RNA • Pentose
Sugar
• Ribose
• Deoxyribose
• Nitrogenous
Base
• Phosphate
Group

• Purine
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Pyrimidine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Uracil
Chargaff’s Rule : Complementary Base Pairing • Pentose
Sugar
• Ribose
• Deoxyribose
• Nitrogenous
Base
• Phosphate
Group

• Purine
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Pyrimidine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• Uracil
Dinucleotide and Polynucleotide
• Activated
Nucleotide
• Sugar –Phosphate
Backbone
• 5’ – 3’
• Phosphodiester
Bonds

RNA Types:
• mRNA (messenger)
• tRNA (transfer)
• rRNA (ribosomal)
Rosalind Franklin - Watson & Crick DNA Structure
DNA Structure • Double Helix
• Antiparallel Strands
DNA vs RNA
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
• Phosphorylated
Nucleotide
• Activated
Nucleotide

• Ribose
• Adenine
• Phosphate Group
• Ester Bond

• Universal Energy
Currency
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
DNA Replication • Double Helix
• Antiparallel Strands
• DNA Helicase
• DNA Polymerase Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
• DNA Ligase
• Replication Fork
• Replication Bubble
• Template Strand
• Complementary
Strand
• DNA Binding Proteins
• Continuous
Replication
• Discontinuous
Replication
• Leading Strand
• Lagging Strand
• Activated Nucleotides
• Complementary Base
Pairing
• Okazaki Fragments
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
Semi-Conservative DNA Replication
Messelson – Stahl Experiment
Messelson – Stahl Experiment
Messelson – Stahl Experiment
Telomere
• Telomerase
Genetic Code • Universal
• Triplet Code
• Non-overlapping
• Punctuated
• Degenerate or
Redundant
• Triplet Code
• Codon
• Anti-Codon
DNA Triplet Code
Codons
Genetic
Code
Transcription • Cistron
• Gene
• Transcribed
Strand
• Non-Transcribed
Strand
• DNA Helicase
• RNA Polymerase
• Activated RNA
Nucleotides
• Triplet Code
• Codon
• Complementary
base pairing
Transcription • Cistron
• Gene
• Template or
Transcribed
Strand
• Non-Transcribed
Strand
• DNA Helicase
• RNA Polymerase
• Activated RNA
Nucleotides
• Triplet Code
• Codon
• Complementary
base pairing
Transcription
• Cistron
• Gene
• Template or
Transcribed
Strand
• Non-
Transcribed
Strand
• DNA Helicase
• RNA
Polymerase
• Activated RNA
Nucleotides
• Triplet Code
• Codon
• Complementary
base pairing
• Removal of Introns
Post-Transcription Modification/RNA Processing
• Add Guanine Cap
• Add Poly-A Tail

• RNA Processing
• RNA Splicing
• Alternative Splicing
• Spliceosomes
• Primary Transcript
• Introns
• Exons
• Removal of Introns
Post-Transcription Modification/RNA Processing
• Add Guanine Cap
• Add Poly-A Tail

• RNA Processing
• RNA Splicing
• Alternative Splicing
• Spliceosomes
• Primary Transcript
Translation • Activated Amino
Acid
• tRNA
• Anti-codon
• Amino-acyl tRNA
Synthetase
• Amino-acyl tRNA
Complex
• Large Sub-Unit
Ribosome
• Small Sub-Unit
Ribosome
• A-Site
• P-Site
• Peptidyl
Transferase
• Polyribosomes
Translation
Translation • Activated Amino
Acid
• tRNA
• Anti-codon
• Amino-acyl tRNA
Synthetase
• Amino-acyl tRNA
Complex
• Large Sub-Unit
Ribosome
• Small Sub-Unit
Ribosome
• A-Site
• P-Site
• Peptidyl
Transferase
• Polyribosomes
Translation
Post – Translation Modification
1. Base Addition
2. Base Deletion Point (Gene) Mutations
3. Base Substitution

Mutations
A. Silent
B. Frameshift
C. Missense
D. Nonsense
Sickle Cell Anaemia • Autosomal
Recessive
• Co-Dominant
Alleles
• 6th DNA Base
• β Polypeptide
• Sickle Cell
Anaemia
• Sickle Cell Trait
• Base Substitution
• Missense Mutation
• HbS