Prayer of St.

Augustine

Lord Jesus, let me know myself and know you,

And desire nothing, save only you.
Let me hate myself and love you.
Let me do everything for the sake of you.
Let me humble myself and exalt you.
Let me think of nothing except you.
Let me die to myself and live in you.
Let me accept whatever happens as from you.
Let me banish self and follow you,
And ever desire to follow you.
 Let me fly from myself and take refuge in you,
That I may deserve to be defended by you.
Let me fear for myself, let me fear you,
And let me be among those who are chosen by you.
Let me distrust myself and put my trust in you.
Let me be willing to obey for the sake of you.
Let me cling to nothing, save only to you,
And let me be poor because of you.
Look upon me, that I may love you.
Call me, that I may see you,
And for ever enjoy you.
Amen.
How Genes Work
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
The learners…
explain how the information in the DNA allows the
transfer of genetic information and synthesis of
proteins (LC 4).
 Specific Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Differentiate DNA from RNA
2. Discuss the overview of the flow of information from
DNA to protein
3. Distinguish the three types of RNA
4. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
 Introduction
Genetic engineering is no longer in the future.
Indeed, the manipulation of genes has already
become part of several industries. The lessons on
how genes work will provide students with the
concepts of how proteins are made and the
possible problems of gene alterations that can
result to genetic disorders.
Introductory Question: What are the specific
traits you inherited from your mother and father?
Let’s Split for Now
❑ HEIGHT (TALL)
❑ HEIGHT (SHORT)
❑ SKIN COLOR (FAIR)
❑ SKIN COLOR
❑ HAIR (CURLY) (DARK)
❑ BODY (TONED) ❑ HAIR (STRAIGHT)
TRAITS YOU WANT ❑ BODY (LEAN)
TO HAVE
YOUR ORIGINAL
TRAIT
❑ HEIGHT (TALL)
❑ SKIN COLOR
(DARK)
❑ HAIR (STRAIGHT)
❑ BODY (LEAN)
MODIFIED PLASMID
 Let’s Split for Now
1. Each group will be given a plasmid template with
different colors. 4 traits are written in each plasmid
template. Question: What characteristic you would
like to change?
2. Students will cut 1 trait from the plasmid template
and replace with the new trait from the other group.
3. The students will be given 3 minutes to do the task.
4. Each group will be given 1 minute to present their
modified plasmid template.
 Review of concepts
The students will provide one or two phrases/statements to
the following terms:
1. Genes 7. DNA
2. Heredity 8. RNA
3. Protein synthesis 9. Transcription
4. mRNA 10. Translation
5. tRNA 11. Mutation
6. rRNA
The Nature of Genetic Information
Each DNA strand consists of a chain of four kinds
of nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine
(G), and cytosine (C)
The sequence of the bases in the strand is the
genetic code
All of a cell’s RNA and protein products are
encoded by DNA sequences called genes
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From Gene to Protein

DNA
◦Double-stranded
◦Each nucleotide composed of deoxyribose,
phosphate, and nitrogenous base
◦4 bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
 A DNA Nucleotide
base
(guanine)

3 phosphate groups

sugar
A DNA nucleotide: (deoxyribose)
guanine (G), or
deoxyguanosine triphosphate
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From
Gene to Protein
DNA (a) DNA

DNA
nucleotide

Thymine (T)

Deoxyribose
Phospha
te
group

Figure
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From Gene to Protein

RNA
◦Single-stranded
◦Nucleotides comprised of ribose,
phosphate, and nitrogenous base
◦4 bases: A, C, G, and Uracil
 An RNA Nucleotide
base
(guanine)

3 phosphate groups

sugar
An RNA nucleotide: (ribose)
guanine (G), or
guanosine triphosphate
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From
Gene to Protein
(b) RNA

RNA

RNA nucleotide

Uracil (U)

Ribose
Phosphate
group

Figure
 Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
Basis of Comparison DNA RNA
2 1
Number of Strand

Adenine, Guanine, Adenine, Guanine,

Nitrogen Bases Cytosine, Thymine Cytosine, Uracil

Deoxyribose Ribose
Name of Sugar

Storage of information, Storage of information,

Functions code is used to produce code is used to produce
RNA proteins
Process of Protein
Synthesis
 Genetic Engineering
•Alteration of hereditary traits by molecular
biological techniques
•One or more genes may be modified
•Genes may be moved from one organism to
another
•There is controversy over genetic engineering
surrounding ethics, use in food sources, and
humans
 Protein Synthesis and Expression
•In the early 1980s, genetic engineers at Monsanto®
Company began producing recombinant bovine growth
hormone (rBGH)
◦Made by genetically engineered bacteria
◦The bacteria were given DNA that carries instructions
for making BGH
◦In cows, growth hormones increase body size and
milk production
 Protein Synthesis and Expression: From gene to
protein

•Protein synthesis – the process of using instructions

carried on a gene to create proteins.
•Several steps are involved and require both DNA and
RNA.
◦Gene – a sequence of DNA that encodes a protein
◦Protein – a large molecule composed of amino acids
 DNA RNA
adenine A deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid adenine A

sugar–
phosphate guanine G
guanine G backbone

cytosine C cytosine C
nucleotide
base

base pair
thymine T uracil U

DNA has one function: RNAs have various functions.

It permanently stores a Some serve as disposable
Nucleotide bases cell’s genetic copies of DNA’s genetic Nucleotide bases
of DNA information, which is message; others are catalytic. of DNA
passed to offspring. Still others have roles in gene
control. Figure 9-3 p151
 RNA in Protein Synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
◦Contains information transcribed from DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
◦Main component of ribosomes, where
polypeptide chains are built
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
◦Delivers amino acids to ribosomes
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From
Gene to Protein
The flow of genetic information in a cell is DNA → RNA →
protein
Polymer of
DNA nucleotides
(two
complementary
Transcripti strands)
on Polymer of
RNA
nucleotides
Translati (single strand)
on
Protein al se va hi Polymer of amino
a r l s acids

Figure
Protein Synthesis and Expression: From Gene to
Protein

The 2 steps in protein synthesis

◦Transcription (DNA → RNA)

◦Translation (RNA → Protein)

 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression
Transcription converts information in a gene to
RNA
DNA → transcription → mRNA

Translation converts information in an mRNA to

protein
mRNA → translation → protein
 Converting a Gene to an RNA
Transcription
◦Enzymes use the nucleotide sequence of a gene
to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA
❖DNA is transcribed to RNA
◦Most RNA is single stranded
◦RNA uses uracil in place of thymine
◦RNA uses ribose in place of deoxyribose
 Protein Synthesis and Expression: Transcription

❖Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

◦RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
region of the gene.

◦RNA polymerase zips down the length of

gene, matching RNA nucleotides with
complementary DNA nucleotides
 Protein Synthesis and Expression: Transcription

Promoter
RNA
nucleotides

DNA

Promoters have distinct RNA

nucleotide sequences mRNA polymerase
that
RNA polymerase
recognizes.

Figure
 Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Transcription

❖The product of transcription is

messenger RNA (mRNA).
 Converting mRNA to Protein
Translation
◦The information carried by mRNA is decoded into
a sequence of amino acids, resulting in a
polypeptide chain that folds into a protein
◦mRNA is translated to protein
◦rRNA and tRNA translate the sequence of base
triplets in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids
 Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation

Ribosomes
Large
The ribosome is subunit
composed of rRNA and
comprises a small and
a large subunit.
Small
subunit

Figure 8.4
 Protein Synthesis and Expression: Translation

❖A protein is put together one amino acid at a time.

◦The ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the
promoter region.
◦Ribosome facilitates the docking of tRNA
anticodons to mRNA codons.
◦When two tRNAs are adjacent, a bond is formed
between their amino acids.
 Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation
Amino
acid
Binding site
Transfer RNA: It for
amino acid
carries amino acids Region of internal
complementarity
and matches its
anticodon with tRN
A
codons on mRNA

Anticodon

mRN
A
Codon

Figure 8.5
 Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation

1 Amino acids and tRNAs float Amino acid

freely in the cytoplasm.

tRN
2 Enzymes facilitate the bind- A
ing of a specific tRNA to its
appropriate amino acid.

Figure 8.7
Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation
3 A tRNA will dock if the
complementary RNA codon va
is present on the ribosome. l
se al
r a
4 The amino acids join
together
to form a polypeptide.
AG
Amino acid chain U
ar
(polypeptide) g
al ph il
a e e

UC
CG
G C Stop
AA UA codon
A U

GCCUUUA
UA
Riboso
me
Figure
Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation
Amino acid chain
ar
(polypeptide) g
al ph il
a e e

UC
CG C Stop
G AA UA codon
A U

GCCUUUA
UA
5 The ribosome Riboso
moves on to me
the next
codon to 6 When the ribosome reaches the
receive the stop codon, no tRNA can base-
next tRNA. pair with the codon on the mRNA.
RNA and the newly synthesized
protein are released.
Figure
Protein Synthesis and Expression:
Translation

7 The chain of
amino
acids folds, and
the
protein is ready to
perform its job. GA
G AG STOP
C

CUCUCGU
Protein AA
8 The subunits of the
(such as
ribosome
BGH)
separate but can
reassemble
and begin translation of
Figure
Watch and Learn!
Protein Synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM

DNA VS RNA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQByjprj_mA
 Protein Synthesis and Expression: Genetic
Code
❖The genetic code allows a specific codon to
code for a specific amino acid.
◦A codon is comprised of three nucleotides = 64
3
possible combinations (4 combinations)
◦61 codons code for amino acids
◦3 others are stop codons, which end protein
synthesis
Amino Acids

Figure 9-7b p154

From DNA to RNA to Amino Acids
a gene
region in DNA

transcription

codon codon codon

mRNA

translation

methionine tyrosine serine amino acid

(met) (tyr) (ser) sequence
 Transcription/Translation Skit for Protein
Synthesis

Estimated Time to Complete: 30 minutes

 Processing of the Activity
•What are the base-pairing rules for making an mRNA
transcript of a DNA gene?
•Name the three types of RNAs and their role in the
protein synthesis
•How do transcription and translation process happen?
•What are the stages of translation process?
•Why are ribosomes essential to protein synthesis?
 Practice Activity
1. Here is part of a gene:
CATTGGCATAACGTCGATAATCGTCGGTAC
GTAACCGTATTGCAGCTATTAGCAGCCATG
What is the mRNA if the 1st strand will undergo
transcription?
2. mRNA is divided into three base sections called codons.
Divide the mRNA that you wrote in the above question into
its 10 codons.
 First mRNA base (5 end of
codon)
Fig. 17-5

Genetic Code
Second mRNA base

Third mRNA base (3 end of

codon)
1. GUA - val
2. ACC - thr
3. GUA - val
4. UUG - leu
5. CAG - gln
6. CUA - leu
7. UUA - leu
 ENRICHMENT
Essay questions:
◦Why is transcription necessary? Why don’t cells
use their DNA as a direct model for protein
synthesis?
◦Explain how mRNA and tRNA work together to
get amino acids into their correct places in the
protein
 Practice Activity
1. DNA ⇨ CCT CTT TAC ACA CGG AGG GTA CGC
TAT TCT ATG ATT ACA CGG TTG CGA TCC
ATA ATC CTT
mRNA ⇨ GGA

protein ⇨
 First mRNA base (5 end of
codon)
Fig. 17-5

Genetic Code
Second mRNA base

Third mRNA base (3 end of

codon)
 Practice Activity
2. DNA ⇨ AGA ACA TAA TAC CTC TTA ACA CTC TAA
AGA CCA GCA CTC CGA TGA ACT GGA GCA
mRNA ⇨

protein ⇨
 Practice Activity
3. DNA ⇨ TAC CTT GGG GAA TAT ACA CGC TGG
CTT CGA TGA ATC CGT ACG GTA CTC GCC ATC
mRNA ⇨

protein ⇨
 Practice Activity
1. (DNA/RNA) can leave the nucleus.
2. mRNA is made during (transcription/translation).
3. mRNA is made in the (cytoplasm/nucleus).
4. DNA is located in the (nucleus/cytoplasm)
5. (Translation/Transcription) converts DNA into
mRNA.
6. (mRNA/rRNA) is used to carry the genetic code
from DNA to the ribosomes.
 Practice Activity
7. (tRNA/rRNA) makes up the ribosome.
8. (DNA/RNA) uses uracil instead of thymine.
9. (RNA/amino acids) make up a protein.
10. Transcription takes place in the
(nucleus/cytoplasm).
11. tRNA is used in (translation/transcription).
12. tRNA uses (anticodons/codons) to match to the
mRNA.
 Practice Activity
13. Proteins are made at the (nucleus/ribosome).
14. (tRNA/mRNA) attaches the amino acids into a
chain.
15. tRNA is found in the (nucleus/cytoplasm).
16. (Translation/Transcription) converts mRNA into a
protein.
17. Translation takes place in the (cytoplasm/nucleus).
E nd