DNA

VS.
RNA

PREPARED BY:
Ms. Camille O. Añonuevo, LPT,
MAEd –Sci (Units)
OBJECTIVES

 Explain how protein is made

using information from DNA

 Explain how mutations may

cause changes in the structure
and function of a protein
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Principle information molecule in the cell.

 Allthe genetic codes are carried out on the

nucleic acids.

 Nucleic acid is a naturally occurring chemical

compound that serve as the primary
information carrying molecule in cell and make
up genetic material. That's why it is used to
identify whether one person is related to
another person.
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are 2 types of nucleic acids:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
 Pentose Sugar is deoxyribose (no OH at 2’ position)
 Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidine (C, T).
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
 Pentose Sugar is Ribose.
 Bases are Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidines (C, U).
NUCLEOTIDES Building block of DNA and RNA

 Nucleotides are the unit structure of nucleic

acids.
 Nucleotides composed of 3 components:
 Phosphate
 Pentose sugar
 Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T or U)
 SUGARS

Deoxygenated
NITROGENOUS BASES
NITROGENOUS BASES
NITROGENOUS BASES
DNA BASE PAIRING
RNA BASE
NITROGENOUS BASES

 There are 2 types:

 Purines:
 Two ring structure
 Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

 Pyrimidines:
 Single ring structure
 Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) or Uracil (U).
NITROGENOUS BASES

 There are 2 types:

 Purines:

 Pyrimidines:
DNA STRUCTURE (simplified)
DNA STRUCTURE ( complex)
DNA STRUCTURE
SCIENTIST
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
 Instructional manual on how to build
life
 Shape: double helix – twisted ladder-
shaped
 Made up of nucleotides, a molecule
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Portions of DNA are
called genes.

DNA is tightly wound

into chromosomes
and located in the
nucleus of cells.

DNA cannot leave

the nucleus.

DNA is DOUBLE
STRANDED(2 sides)
COMPONENTS OF NUCLEOTIDES
1. Sugar base – deoxyribose
2. Phosphate base – PO4
3. Nitrogenous base –

Adenine : Thymine ( A : T)
Cytosine : Guanine ( C : G)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
 Instructional messenger
 Act as a carrying messenger instruction
from DNA
 Controls protein production
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA is SINGLE STRANDED and
does not have to stay in the
nucleus!

RNA is not found in chromosomes

because it does not carry the
genetic code, however it can read
the DNA code and take the
information out of the nucleus.

RNA’s main job is to build

proteins!
DNA STRUCTURE
 The building blocks of DNA are
called Nucleotides.

 One nucleotide is made of 3

important things:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar
Deoxyribose
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen base
there are 4 nitrogen bases in
DNA: Adenine, Guanine,
Cytosine, and Thymine that
pair together)

A→T C →G
RNA STRUCTURE
 Thebuilding blocks of RNA are
Nucleotides, just like DNA.

A Nucleotide in RNA is still made of

3 important things:
1. 5-Carbon Sugar - Ribose
(instead of Deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen base
there are 4 nitrogen bases in RNA,
A,G,C, and U that pair together)

A→U C →G
DNA RNA
THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY

➢ It describes the flow of genetic information in

cells from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) to
protein.
PROTEINS

 Proteins are made up of a chain of amino acids.

 Proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate
chemical reactions.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
 It
is the process of making proteins.
 Proteins are the ‘executor’ of cell life
activities.
TYPES OF RNA
THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Carries copies of
instructions for the assembly of amino acids into
proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell (serve as
“messenger”)
THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA

2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – Makes up the major part

of ribosomes, which is where proteins are made.

Ribosomal
RNA
THREE MAIN TYPES OF RNA
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - Transfers amino acids to
ribosomes during protein synthesis
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
DNA REPLICATION
 Enzymes- molecules that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction.
G C

A T

C G

T A

T A

A T
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
RNA TRANSCRIPTION
C

U DNA

U
mRNA strand
leaves the
nucleus
TRANSLATION
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TRANSLATION

A
CODON TABLE
CODON TABLE

AAU
CODON TABLE

AAU
CODON TABLE

AAU
CODON TABLE

GCC
CODON TABLE

CUU
TRANSLATION

LEUCINE

ASPARAGINE
CODON TABLE
2 STEPS TO MAKE A PROTEIN
1. Transcription
 DNA → RNA
2. Translation
 RNA → Protein (Chain of
amino acids)