Professional Documents
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NIM : 19018090
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1. Below is a list of words that contain aspirated and unaspirated velar oral stops. Are theaspirated
and unaspirated stops different phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?If they are
allophones, state the nature of their complementary distribution.
Hint: First see if there are minimal pairs.
a. skill [skɪl] spill, till, still, kill, skill g. school [skul] skull
b. ask [æsk] sk h. skull [skʌl]
c. kill [khɪl] sill, ill i. cool [khul] kul
d. Cass [khæs] kass, kaes, kas j. key [khi]
e. king [khɪŋ] kin, ing k. cull [khʌl] kull, kal
f. ski [ski] ski, ki l. ink [ɪŋk] in
2. In English, the lateral sound l is articulated in either the alveolar position [l] or the velar
position[ɫ]. (The [~] through the center of the l is a diacritic that indicates it is pronounced with
thetongue in the velar position.) After examining the list below, answer the following questions:
a. Are the twolsounds different phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme?
Answer : They are both allophones of /l/, which is a phoneme
b. What data do you have to back up your conclusion?
Answer : Before the front vowel, in the initial position there is a [l]. Also, [l] and [l] are never
inthe same position. Only when in the final position, , [i] takes place before a back orcentral
vowel.
lit [lɪt] lull [ɫʌɫ] leak [lik]
lame [lem] lea [li] lap[læp]
all [ɔɫ] low [ɫo] lop [ɫap]
let [lεt] loot [ɫut] Luke [ɫuk]
late [let] lay [le] law [ɫɔ]
lick [lɪk] feel [fiɫ]
3. Write the broad transcription for the following words. (The diacritical mark [:] means thatthe
vowel is long.)
a. [thap]
b. [phæ̃m]
c. [kho:d]
4. Some people pronounce difficult as /dɪfɪkəlt/, while others say /dɪfəkəlt. /ɪ/ and /ə/are
distinctiveelsewhere. (They form minimal pairs.) What is the phenomenon illustrated bythe
multiple pronunciations of difficult ? Give three other examples of this phonologicalphenomenon.
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3. excuse – to /ɪkˈskjuːz/ or /ɛksˈkjuːz/ (rhyming with “lose”) means to forgive somebody for
something that they have done; an /ɪkˈskjuːs/ or /ɛksˈkjuːs/(rhyming with “juice”, notice the
“s” at the end) is an explanation designed to avoid negative judgement.
1. Determine which of the lettered entries below constitute natural classes. In each case thata
natural class exists, name the features that define that class.
a. /k, g, ŋ/
___________________________________________________________________________
b. /n, l, r/
___________________________________________________________________________
c. /p, r, θ, g/
___________________________________________________________________________
d. /p, b, m/
___________________________________________________________________________
e. /i, æ, e, ε/
___________________________________________________________________________
2.In each of the lettered entries below, one sound does not fi t. Circle it. Give the features ofthe
natural class of the remaining sounds.
a. /u, o, ʊ, i/
___________________________________________________________________________
b. /r, p, w, y, l/
___________________________________________________________________________
c. /g, n, v, p, d, m/
___________________________________________________________________________
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EXERCISE 3 Phonological processes
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2. Examine the following corpus of data from the Angas language of Nigeria. 2 How manynasal
phonemes are there? Determine the allophones for each of the nasal phonemes.What
phonological process is represented in this exercise?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Note: A raised diacritic [w] means that the consonant is rounded. [ɓ] stands for a voicedimplosive
bilabial stop.
3. In the data from the Angas language, do you see any phonemes, positions of phonemes,and
combinations of phonemes that would not occur in English? If so, list them.
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Can you figure out what phonological process is occurring in the pairs of words above?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. If English speakers are asked to pluralize the following made-up nouns, they would do soas shown
(see Box 10-1, The Wug Test).
What phonological process is involved in the distribution of the three variations of the
plural?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
6. English speakers might say the word warmth as /wɔrmpθ/, hamster as /hæmpstər/, andthe last
name of the linguist Noam Chomsky as /čampski/. What optional phonologicalprocess is involved
and why does it occur in these situations?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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8. What does the diacritic in number 7 indicate? What phonological process is operating on the
vowels in this example? Is theprocess optional or obligatory? ______________
9. If two sounds form minimal pairs, the two sounds are ______________.
10. If two sounds cannot be found to form minimal pairs, they are not different phonemes. This
statement is ______________(true or false).
11. A distinctive feature is ______________.
12. A phoneme can be thought of as ______________.
13. A ______________ lists sound segments along the horizontal axis, and distinctive features are on
the vertical axis.
End-of-chapter exercises
1. The data listed below is from Diegueño, a Native American language. There are many ways to
form plural verbs in this language.This exercise only deals with the most common way of doing
this. Determine the rules for forming plurals in Diegueño.Take into account that the final vowel of
a verb is always stressed. Long vowels are indicated by the [:] symbol. As the labelimplies, long
vowels are ones produced with longer duration than other vowels, including longer versions of
the same soundingshorter vowel. (Data from: Douglas C. Walker, “Diegueño Plural Formation,”
Linguistic Notes from La Jolla 4, Universityof California San Diego, 1970, 1–16;
www.pauldelacy.net/polarity/Walker-1970-Diegueno.pdf. You can see this paper for ananswer to
this exercise and a more complete explanation of Diegueño plural formation.)
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2. The diacritic [:] after a vowel means that the vowel is long; that is, it is produced a little longer
than other vowels. Describe theprocess occurring in the following set of English words. State the
rule as generally as you can.
[næp] [næ:b]
[kot] [ko:d]
[bɪt] [bɪ:d]
[lut] [lu:d]/[lu:]
[mit] [mi:d]
[sis] [si:ǰ]