NURSING INFORMATICS

NCM 210 LEC PRELIMS - BSN 2Q

- Deals specifically with the process of

gathering and acquiring nursing
LESSON 1: WHAT IS
health care data
INFORMATICS?
- “The use of computers technology
- Informatics or the french word to support nursing, including clinical
“informatique” = computer practice, administration, education,
science (The study of computers, and research.”
including both hardware and
software design) - “The development and evaluation of
- Informatics is defined as = applications, tools, processes, and
computer science + information structures which assist nurses with
science (Body of knowledge that the management of data in taking
provides theoretical basis for care of patients or supporting the
information technology) practice of nursing.”
- Used in conjunction with the name of
a discipline, it denotes an
application of computer science
and information science to the ORIGIN OF NURSING INFORMATICS
management and processing of
data, information, and knowledge - Increasing in knowledge= specialties
in the named discipline & subspecialties
- Increasing number of cases with
NURSING INFORMATICS population
- Discovery of more diseases
- Extension of life expectancy
- Deals with the use of information - Increase workload, lack time to
technology system and data channel D-I-K (Data, Information,
standards Knowledge)
- = Healthcare Informatics
- It further deals with the utilization of
clinical information systems and
practice application in the TOP 4 PROBLEMS OF NURSES IN THE
management and decision-making WORKPLACE
of patient care. A laboratory session
shall be provided for practice 1. DOCUMENTATION IS EXCESSIVE
application. - Writes narratives (Patient’s history,
progress notes, care plans and
- “A combination of computer special reports)
science, information science, and - Fills up forms, records VS in
nursing science designed to assist graphing paper and writes in tables
in the management and input/output
processing of nursing data, - Automation = PAPERLESS
information and knowledge to ENVIRONMENT= relieves nurses on
support the practice of nursing and writing on and handling forms XXX
the delivery of nursing care.” ambiguity, redundancy, and tedious
(Graves, J. R., & Corcoran, S., process of documenting
1989) - Normally in a paperless clinical are
the time allotted for documentation
- A way of helping in the should be 15% of a nurse’s shift
management and processing of
nursing information data through the 2. TURNAROUND TIME IS TOO LONG
use of of computers - Turnaround time starts from the
time a request is made to the time it
- Involves in research and analysis was fully accomplished (Ex:
aimed at supporting nursing Laboratory tests or ancillary orders)
education and practice
 - Automation helps accelerate the
processes of request and facilitate
presentation of current status of
result of the request
3. NURSING PROCESS ARE
INACCURATE
- Rushing of nursing process may
lead to commission of errors
- ADPIE (Assessment, Diagnosis,
Planning, Implementation, and
Evaluation)
- Errors: Medication errors; wrong
entries, dictation, translation and
transcription of orders
- Automation of these processes
mostly done beside a patient leads
to a great reduction of errors
4. COMMUNICATION IS POOR
- Communication between healthcare
providers and between departments
is POOR when served with
telephone systems because of its
real-time nature that requires the
presence of both.
- Phone lines may be tapped or
bugged breaching privacy and
confidentiality
- Computers provide different modes
of communications like chat,
telephony, or video-conferencing
or e-mail and simple text
messaging whatever is most
convenient and appropriate
FRAMEWORK FOR NURSING
INFORMATICS
- Relies on the central concepts of
data, information and knowledge:
D-I-K
D-ata - defined as discrete entities that are
described objectively without interpretation
I-nformation - as data that is interpreted,
organized or structured
K-nowledge- as information that has been
synthesized so that interrelationships
are identified and formalized
SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION
3 PARTS:
1. Reporting information (using diff
phrases/sentences)
2. Organizing information (clear &
concise)
3. Correlation between ideas shared
= resulting in DECISIONS that guide
practice
Teaching Nursing Informatics is a must
in the Philippines
January 2008
- CHED memorandum order CMO NO.5
series of 2008 to all deans of the colleges of
nursing throughout the country
CMO NO. 5 series of 2008
- It requires the replacement of basic
computer with 3-unit Nursing
Informatics in the new curriculum
APPLICATION OF NURSING
INFORMATICS
- Nursing Informatics can be applied
to all areas of nursing practice,
which include;
● Clinical practice
● Administration
● Education, and
● Research
A. NURSING CLINICAL PRACTICE
Examples
- Work list
- Computer-generated client
documentation
- EMR/CPR
- Monitoring Devices
- Computer-generated NCP
- Automatic billing
- Reminders and prompters
 6. Improve communication and
COMPUTERS IN NURSING PRACTICE
decrease potential for error
7. Creation of lifetime clinical record
FUNCTIONS
1. Records client information
2. Provides access to other B. NURSING ADMINISTRATION
departments
3. Used to manage client scheduling - Automated staff scheduling
4. Documentation of clients’ status & - E-mail for improved communication
medical records keeping - Cost analysis and finding trends for
- Provides access to standardized budget
forms, policies and procedures - Quality assurance and outcome
- Access data about clients that may analysis
be somewhere in the medical record
PRACTICE MANAGEMENT
or elsewhere in the health care
agency.
- Records clients assessments, - Used to order supplies, tests, meals,
medication administration, progress and services, from other
notes, care plan updating, client departments
acuity and accrued charges - Allows nursing service to determine
the most costly items used by a
particular nursing unit
COMPUTER BASED CLIENT
- May provide information or decisions
RECORD EMRs/CPRs
to modify budget, provide different
staffing, move supplies to different
- Provides easy retrieval of specific locations, or make other changes for
data such as trends in vital signs, more efficient and higher quality
immunization records, current care
problems
- It can be designed to work providers
C. NURSING EDUCATION
about conflicting medications or
client parameters that indicate
dangerous conditions - Computerized record keeping
- Computerized assisted instruction
- Interactive video technology
ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO CLIENTS
- Distance Learning
- Internet resources
- Used extensively in health care to - Presentation software for preparing
assess and monitor clients slides and handouts
conditions
- Data accumulated from various
COMPUTERS IN NURSING
electronic devices are stored for
EDUCATIONS
research purposes
- Can monitor client
- Computerized diagnosis COMPUTER Assisted Education
- Telemedicine - PDA (Personal Digital Assistants)
- LCD Projectors
- Wireless Routers
BENEFITS OF COMPUTER
- Desktops
AUTOMATION IN THE HEALTH CARE:
- Laptops
- Smartphone
EMR (Electronic Medical Record) - Videos/animations
1. Improve access to the medical - Distance learning
record - Testing (NCLEX)
2. Decrease redundancy of data entry - Student and course record
3. Decreased time spent in the management
documentation
4. Increased time for client care
5. Facilitation of data collection for
research
 D. NURSING RESEARCH

- Computerized literature searching

- The adoption of standardized
language related to nursing terms
- The ability to find trends in
aggregated data

COMPUTERS IN NURSING RESEARCH

3. INCUBATOR
1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
- Useful in locating current literature about
the problem and related concepts. Helps in
searching for existing documents, and
e-mail to colleagues.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
- Software facilitates searches, contains
thesauruses so that the most appropriate
terms can be selected.
4. MECHANICAL VENTILATOR
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
- Search literature for instruments that have
already been established or to design and
test instruments that need to be developed
for past study.

4. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

- Helps create forms for the collection of
data such as informed consent,
demographic data, and recording forms.
- Commonly used software for quantitative 5. OPERATING THEATRE OR
data analysis: SPSS (statistical package for OPERATING ROOM
social sciences), SAS (statistical analysis
system), Sys STAT, MYSTAT

5. RESEARCH DISSEMINATION
- Computer word processing programs are
used to author the final reports of research
and send research to various readerships;
Help speeds completion or research
projects

6. DELIVERY ROOM
ADVANCES IN MACHINERY
1. PHOTOTHERAPY

2. X-RAY
 - ICU nurses are required be super
LESSON 2:
users of computer technology in
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF
NURSING AND COMPUTER S monitoring patients via cardiac
monitor, ventilators and other
computerized devices
PRIOR TO 1960’S

● Late 1930’s to early 1940’s

- Computers first developed

● 1950’s and 1960’s

- Computers are used in healthcare
industry-office function
- Few experts attempted to adapt
computer to healthcare and nursing
- Nursing profession embraces new
technology tool- computer (d/t
nursing profession undergoing major
changes)
- Use of punch card and teletypewriter

1970’s

● Hospitals began to develop

computer-based management
information system (MIS) aside from
‘’ HIS
● Nurses began to recognize the value
1960’s of computer thus nurses assisted in
the design of HIS
● Computers are used in financial and
- Use of computer in healthcare was
management functions
questioned
● Several communities developed
- Studies on computers in nursing
management information system
started
- Nurse station as hub of information
exchange FOCUS OF HIS
- Development of Hospital
Information System (HIS)- billing 1. Physician order and recording
accounting dept 2. Financial
- Introduction of cathode ray tubes 3. Managerial purposes
4. Monitoring systems (like in ICU)
● Improve education using computer
technology also begun
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) ● PLATO – first computerized teaching
system which was implemented to
teach classes in off-campus site as
- Beam of electrons in order to
an alternative to traditional
produce an image on a screen
classroom education
● TDS computer system - earliest
Mid 1960’s clinical information system (former
Eclipsys and now Allscripts) that
- Clinical practice presented nurses w/ includes nursing practice protocol
new opportunities for computer
use.
- Increasing complex patient care
 ● policies and legislations on
1970’s
promoting computers in the
healthcare were adopted
● Computers are mainly used to - HIPAA, 1996 – Health
automate billing. Insurance Portability &
● Hospital networks expanded to Accountability Act
include information process in ● 1992- approval of NI by ANA as a
admission, discharge and transfer new nursing specialty
(ADT) (mid 70s) ● Dr. Nicholas Davies Excellence
● Networks now include the pharmacy Award – is given for excellence in
section, now connecting 3 big health information technology
departments: ACCOUNTING, ADT (managed by HIMSS)
and PHARMACY. (late 70s) ● 1995 – the internet began providing
access to information and
1980’s knowledge databases to be
integrated into the bedside system.
- electronic mail (email)
● Nursing Informatics was formally - file transfer protocol (FTP)
accepted as new nursing specialty - Gopher
● Nursing Education identified need - Telnet
for update - World wide web (www)
● Microcomputers/ PC (personal
computers) emerged ● Telnet enables a client user to
● 1985 – ANA approved the formation access the resources of a server
of Council on Computer remotely whereas FTP is used for
ApplicationsinNursing (CCAN) copying a file from one to another
machine.

● Laboratory and imaging

departments are already using their
special computers (early 80s)
● Integrated system expanded to the 2000
clinical area. (mid 80s).
● CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
● “Paperless”
- ORDER ENTRY ON MEDICATION
● individualized electronic patient
& LAB EXAM (pharmacy & lab dept)
record (EPR) & EHR
● 90’s hospital bought conversion
● the use of bar coding and
software and hardware in order to
radiofrequency identification (RFID)
deliver the laboratory and imaging
● smaller mobile devices w/ wireless
machines to link their main system
or internet access
creating interfaced systems
● telehealth application – to monitor
(exchange information)
patient at home & support specialty
consultation in rural and
underserved area
1990’s ● 2004- protect the security, ensure
privacy & confidentiality was
implemented
● computer technology became an
integral part of the healthcare
setting.
 CONCLUSION:
● at present, NI is an emerging field of
study
● National Nursing Organizations
support the need for nurses to
become computer literate & versed
in the dynamics of NI
● Programs that offer basic & further
education in NI are beginning spring
up around the globe
● Many are needed to provide easy
access for motivated nurses

POINTS TO PONDER:

ALBERT EINSTEIN STATED THAT:

- “Computers are incredibly fast,

● 2000s –
LABORATORY INFORMATION
SYSTEM (LIS) & RADIOLOGY
INFORMATION SYSTEM (RIS)
started to encroach into the main
hospital information systems.
● Late 2000s –
The Philippine Heart Center
implemented the internet-based
hospital information system (HIS) to
allow healthcare teams to access it
anywhere.
2010
MU - “Meaningful Use”
Goal: Implementing a complete and
interoperable EHR and/or HIT system in all
US hospitals
● 2011-2012 (Stage 1)
- Computerized Physician Order Entry
(CPOE)
● 2012-2013 (Stage 2)
- Implementation of Quality Indicators
● 2015-2016 (Stage 3)
- Outcome Measures to propose Care
Plans
- Nurses are involved in all phases of
MU. Up to date, hospitals hire NI
experts in order to assist with the
implementation of MU for they have
an impact on professional nursing
services.
accurate and stupid.
- Humans are incredibly slow,
inaccurate and brilliant.
- Together they are powerful beyond
imagination
VIRGINIA SABA (1992) PREDICTED
- “By the turn of the century, most
health care delivery systems will
function w/ computers & will be
managed by computer literate
nurses. I believe that by the turn of
the century, “high tech & high touch”
will be an integral part of the
healthcare delivery system.”
WHAT DO WE NEED TO ACHIEVE
NURSING INFORMATICS?
- “Nursing practice will be
revolutionized and we will truly be a
profession of nurses with our own
classification systems, bibliographic
systems, and payment systems.”
● We need to think outside the box
● We need to use the Internet to
enhance our practice and provide
tele-nursing care.
● We need to become wireless and
conduct our services using all the
newer IT tools
 DR. VIRGINIA SABA STATED THAT:
- “ We have a long way to go, but if
we utilize information technology
effectively, informatics will become
an integral part of our profession and
the healthcare industry. I do believe
we have the knowledge and
perseverance and I am convinced it
will come to pass.”
B. MEMORY DEVICES
- Stores data or programs
- Random Access Memory (RAM)
● Volatile
● Stores current data and
programs (temporarily)
● More RAM results in a faster
system
● Changeable and used for
primary storage

- Read Only Memory (ROM)

LESSON 3: PARTS OF THE ● Permanent storage of
COMPUTER programs; does not change;
can’t be erased or altered
● Holds the computer boot
COMPUTER SYSTEM HAVE FOUR
directions
PARTS:
1. Hardware
C. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
2. Software
- Allows the user to interact
3. Data
- Input devices accept data
4. User
● Keyboard, mouse
- Output devices deliver data to
HARDWARE external world (text, data files,
sound, graphics or signals)
- Mechanical devices in the ● Monitor, printer, speaker
computer; physical components of ● Some devices are input and output
the machine ● Touch screens
- Anything that can be touched
● Electronic circuits, D. STORAGE DEVICES
microchips, processors and - Hold data and programs
motherboard- main circuit permanently
that all other internal - Different from RAM
components connect to
(placed inside computer HARD DRIVE
housing) - Very fast means of storing and
● Peripheral Devices (input retrieving data as well as having a
and output devices) large storage capacity

ESSENTIAL COMPUTER HARDWARE
- Computers use the same basic
hardware
- Hardware categorized into four
types:
MAGNETIC STORAGE
- Floppy/DISKETTE and hard drive
- Uses a magnet to access data
OPTICAL STORAGE
- CD and DVD drives
- Uses a laser to access data

A. PROCESSING DEVICES
- Brains of the computer SOFTWARE
- Carries out instructions from the
program
- Manipulate the data - Tell the computer what to do;
- Most computers have multiple describe the function or the
processors contribution of the sets of
- Central Processing Unit (CPU) commands, procedures in the
- Secondary processors computer system
- Processors made of silicon and - Also called a program
copper - Thousands of programs exist
 ● Operating system ● protect the system against viruses
● Word processor and
● Database ● access the World Wide Web.

* benefits the nursing from doing a manual

DATA
preparation of reports and documents, due
to readily available information, the nurse
will have more time synthesizing and - Pieces of information
analyzing information - Computer organize and present data

* Software Runs the Machine Computer data

● Fact with no meaning on its own
TWO TYPES OF SOFTWARE ● Stored using the binary number
- System software system
- Application software ● Data can be organized into files

SYSTEM SOFTWARE USERS

- °Boots up’ (starts ie and initializes) - People operating the computer

the computer system; controls input, - Most important part
output and storage; and controls the - Tell the computer what to do
operation of the application software.
Computer users
MOST IMPORTANT SOFTWARE ● Role depends on ability

1. OPERATING SYSTEM - Setup the system

- Windows XP - Install software
- Manage files
2. NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM - Maintain the system
(OS)
- Windows Server 2003 ● "Userless" computers

3. UTILITY - Run with no user input

- Symantec AntiVirus’ - Automated systems
- "PEBKAC"
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE
Steps followed to process data:
- Includes the various programs that ● Input
users require to perform day-to-day ● Processing
tasks. ● Output
- Programs that support the actual ● Storage
work of the user.
- Accomplishes a specific task
- Most common type of software; MS
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Word
- Covers most common uses of
computers SUPERCOMPUTERS

● largest type of computer; a world

class "number cruncher".
THIRD TYPE OF SOFTWARE
● It is a computational-oriented
= utility programs. computer specially designed for
scientific applications requiring
● used to help maintain the system, gigantic amounts of calculations.
● clean unwanted programs,
● designed primarily for analysis of
scientific and engineering
 problems and for tasks requiring
MICROCOMPUTERS (PERSONAL
millions or billions of
COMPUTER)
computational operations and
calculations.
- Being used for an increasing number
● It is found primarily in areas such as of independent applications as
defense and weaponry, weather well as serving as a desktop link to
forecasting and scientific research. the programs of the mainframe
- Desktops can serve as stand-alone
workstations and can be linked to a
network system to increase their
capabilities.

MAINFRAMES

- It is the fastest, largest and most HANDHELD COMPUTERS

expensive type of computer used in
corporate America for processing,
- These are small, special function
storing and retrieving data.
computers. Smaller in size than the
- It is a large multiuser central
standard desktop microcomputers,
computer that meets the computing
some have claimed to have almost
needs of a large organization such
the same functionality and
as repetitive calculations of bills and
processing capabilities as the
payrolls.
standard desktop microcomputer.
- A mainframe has an extremely large
- More popular are the palm-sized
memory capacity and fast operating
computers such as personal digital
and processing time and it can
assistant (PDA) = provides calendar
process a large number of functions
, contacts and note-taking functions
at one time.
and may provide word processing
and spreadsheets.

LESSON 4: COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
WORD PROCESSING
- Writing, editing, and production of
documents, as letters, reports, and
books, through the use of a
computer program or a complete
computer system designed to
facilitate rapid and efficient
manipulation of text. Abbreviation:
WP
GRAPHIC PROGRAMS
- In computer graphics, graphics
software or image editing software is
a program or collection of programs
that enable a person to manipulate
visual images on a computer
ADOBE PHOTOSHOP
- Is one of the most used and
best-known graphics programs in
the Americas. CoreIDraw holds a
stronger user base in Europe than
Adobe
DATABASES
- Is an organized collection of data.
The data are typically organized to
model aspects of reality in a way
that supports processes requiring
information
- Availability of rooms in hotels in a
way that supports finding a hotel
with vacancies
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
(DBMSs)
- Are computer software applications
that interact with the user, other
applications, and the database itself
to capture and analyze data
SPREADSHEETS
- An electronic document in which
data is arrange in the rows and
columns of a grid and can be
manipulated and used in
calculations
- A computer program that calculates
numbers and organizes information
in columns and rows: a document
that has columns and rows which
are used to calculate numbers and
organize information
EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
- Is computer software, the primary
purpose of which is teaching or
self-learning
- Software to help with learning and
organization of study material.
Similar to…di na makita and
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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
- Commonly used by presenters as a
digital aid when presenting their
topic to an audience
INTERNET/ WWW
- The internet and the World Wide
Web have a whole-to-part
relationship. The internet is the large
container, and the web is a part
within the container. It is common in
daily conversation to abbreviate
them as the “Net” and the “Web”,
and then swap the words
interchangeably. But to be
technically precise, the Net is the
restaurant, and the Web is the most
popular dish on the menu
EMAIL
- An email message is a text, typically
brief and informal, that is sent or
received over a computer network
DESKTOP PUBLISHER
- The production of printer matt..di na
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ug pic
DISCUSSION MAILING LIST
- A mailing list is an electronic
discussion forum that anyone can
subscribe to. When someone sends
an email message to the mailing list,
a copy of that message is broadcast
to everyone who is subscribed to
that mailing list. On the Internet,
mailing lists include each person's
email address rather than a postal
address.
SOCIAL MEDIA APPLICATIONS
- A term used to … di na makita ang
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CHAT ROOM
- A virtual room… di na makita ang
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MULTIMEDIA DESIGN
- Multimedia is more than one
concurrent presentation medium (for
example, on CD-ROM or a Web
site). Although still images are a
different medium than text,
multimedia Is typically used to mean
the combination of text, sound,
and/or motion video.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
- is a computer program application
that analyzes business data and
presents it ) so that users can
make business decisions more
easily; is any system of input
available to help a person or an
organization make decisions.
- An example of a decision support
system is a group of computers that
helps a business run numbers to
analyze so that the business can
make the best financial decisions.
- An example of a decision support
system is a group of friends who
provide information and emotional
support to a person who is going
through a divorce.
NURSING INFORMATION SYSTEMS
- Nursing information systems (NIS)
are computer systems that manage
clinical data from a variety of
healthcare environments, and made
available in a timely… di makita kay
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HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
- A hospital information system
(HIS) is an element of health
informatics that focuses mainly on
the administrational needs of
hospitals. The purpose of a hospital
information system (HIS) is to
manage the information that health
professionals need to perform their
jobs effectively and efficiently.
Information Requirements:
● Operational requirements
● Up-to-date factual information
● Necessary for day-to-day tasks
● Planning requirements
● Short and long-term decisions about
patient care
● Decisions about hospital
management
● Documentation requirements
● The maintenance of records
● Accreditation
● Legal record
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
- An electronic health record (EHR),
or electronic medical record
(EMR) is a…di na makita ang
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ELECTRONIC MEDICATION SYSTEM
Hospital electronic medication management
systems (EMMS) can enable prescribing,
supplying, administering and reconciling of
medicines to be completed electronically.
Electronic medication management covers
the hospital medication cycle including
prescribing by doctors, review and
dispensing of medication orders by
pharmacists, and administration of
medications by nurses.
E-HEALTH SYSTEMS
E-health is the transfer of health
resources and health care by electronic
means. It encompasses three main areas:
The delivery of health information, for
health professionals and health
consumers, through the Internet and
telecommunications.
E-health provides a new method for using
health resources - such as information,
money, and medicines and in time should
help to improve - efficient use of these
resources.
WEBSITE DESIGN
Web design encompasses many different
skills and disciplines in the production and
maintenance of websites.
The different areas of web design include
web graphic design; interface design;
authoring, including standardized code and
proprietary software; user experience
design; and search engine optimization.
FLASH ANIMATION
A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an
animated film which is created by Adobe
Flash or similar animation software and
often distributed in the SWF file format. The
term Flash animation not only refers to the
file format but to a certain kind of movement
and visual style.
RESEARCH SOFTWARE
Qualitative Research Software provides
computer assistance for managing,
coding and analyzing large collections of
documents.
ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIOS
An electronic portfolio (also known as an
eportfolio, e- portfolio, digital portfolio,
or online portfolio) is a collection of
electronic evidence assembled and
managed by a u the Web.
WEBCASTING/ CYBERCASTING
The broadcasting of news, entertainment,
etc., using the Internet, specifically the
World Wide Web.
VIDEOCONFERENCING
- A technology that allows users in
different locations to hold
face-to-face meetings without
having to move to a single location,
convenient for business users in
different cities or even different
countries because it saves the time,
expense and hassle associated with
business travel. Uses for video
conferencing include holding routine
meetings, negotiating business
deals, and interviewing job
candidates.
E-LEARNING
- Learning conducted via electronic
media, typically on the internet.
Quite simply, e-learning is electronic
learning and typically this means
using a computer to deliver part,
or all of a course whether it's in a
school , part of your mandatory
business training or a full
distance learning course.
- Smartphones and tablets in the
classroom and office, as well as
using a wealth of interactive designs
that makes distance learning not
only engaging for the users, but
valuable as a lesson delivery
medium.
VIRTUAL REALITY , SIMULATION
- Makes users feel in a VIRTUAL
ENVIRONMENT (VE) by using
Computer hardware and software. It
was originally conceived as a
digitally created space which
humans could access by donning
special computer equipments. It
enables people to deal with
information more easily.
- In the same way a simulated,
three-dimensional world is
created around the user in which
he/she could interact with objects,
people, and environments.
LESSON 5: FREE SOFTWARE AND
OPEN SOURCE (FOSS AND DATA
PROCESSING)
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
- The open source concept is said to
promote software reliability and
quality by supporting independent
peer review and rapid evolution of
source code, as well as making in
freely available
- In addition to providing free access
to the programmer’s instructions to
the computer in the programming
language in which they were written,
many version of open source
license allow anyone to modify
and redistribute the software
FREE SOFTWARE
- Software that respect users’ freedom
and community
- Freedom to run, copy, distribute,
study, change and improve the
software
- Thus, “free software” is a matter of
liberty, not price
FOUR ESSENTIAL FREEDOMS
FREEDOM 0
- To run the program as you wish,
for any purpose
FREEDOM 1
- To study how the program works,
and change it so it does your
computing as you wish
FREEDOM 2
- To redistribute copies so you can
help your neighbor
FREEDOM 3
- To distribute copies of your
modified versions to others
● “Free software” does not mean
“noncommercial”.
● But regardless of how you got your
copies, you always have the
freedom to copy and change the
software, even to sell copies.
● Most free software licenses are
based on copyright, and there are
limits on what kinds of requirements
can be imposed through copyright
● Some free software licenses are
based on contracts, and contracts
can Impose a much larger range of
possible restrictions.
● That means there are many possible
ways such a license could be
unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
COMPARE/CONTRAST
● free software and open source
ideologies are distinct,
● " basically refer to the same software
licenses, with a few minor
exceptions
● The term “open source” software is
used by some people to mean more
or less the same category as free
software.
● accept some licenses that we
consider too restrictive, and there
are free software licenses they have
not accepted.
● nearly all free software is open
source, and nearly all open source
software is free.
● OSS/FS has been described as the
electronic equivalent of generic
drugs.
● In the same way as the formulas for
generic drugs are made public, so
OSS/FS source code is accessible
to the user.
● Any person can see how the
software works and can make
changes to the functionality
● As the OSS/FS can be obtained
royalty-free, it is less expensive to
acquire than proprietary alternatives.
● This means OSS/FS can transform
healthcare In developing countries
just as the availability of the generic
VistA (Veterans Health Information
System and Technology Architecture)
● VistA is the “mother of all healthcare
applications”. It is not strictly
OSS/FS but has been promoted by
it.
- patient records, prescriptions, laboratory
results, and other medical information. It
contains among other components,
integrated hospital management, patient
records management, and medical imaging
systems.
Open source Software
● Databases:
LDAP
- (Lightweight Directory
Access Protocol) is a
software protocol for
enabling anyone to locate
data about organizations,
individuals and other
resources such as files and
devices in a network whether
on the public internet or on a
corporate intranet. it stores
usernames and passwords.
 MySQL (database) that converts an ordinary
computer into a feature-rich
- MySQL is a relational voice communications
database management server.
system based on SQL -
Structured Query Language. FreePBX
The application is used for a
wide range of purposes, - FreePBX is a web-based
including data warehousing, open-source graphical user
e-commerce, and logging interface (GUI) that manages
applications. The most Asterisk, a voice over IP and
common use for mySQL telephony server
however, is for the purpose
of a web database. Trixbox CE

PostgreSQL (relational database - provides easy to use

with ability to do stored procedures) web-based interfaces to
setup, manage, maintain,
- is an open source relational and support an complete IP
database management PBX system.
system (DBMS); It allows you
to add custom functions
FREE SOFTWARE
developed using different
programming languages
such as C/C++, Java, etc. ● Operating systems and Desktop
environments
● Knowledge Management:
● Linux - Operating system kernel
Plone (open source content
management system) ● Ubuntu - Linux distribution with full
complement of software for
- most commonly used for everyday use.; Ubuntu is an easy to
intranets and as part of the use operating system based on and
web presence of large made possible by the Debian
organizations. project.

Knowledge Tree ● Google Chrome OS - Lightweight

operating system based around the
- Knowledge Tree® is open web browser
source document
management software that ● Android smart-phone operating
connects people, processes, system - by Google / Open Handset
and ideas. Collaborate, Alliance
securely store all your critical
documents, address ● Symbian smart-phone operating
compliance challenges, and system - by Nokia
focus on providing a simple
solution that works for your
business. WHAT IS FREE SOFTWARE?

● Telephony: ● INSERT VIDEO HERE

Asterisk ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?
- (A Phone system [PBX] that
also supports Voice Over IP
technology) the world's most WHAT IS FREE SOFTWARE?
popular open source
communications project, is ● INSERT VIDEO HERE
free, open source software
 ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?

DATA PROCESSING

● “The collection and manipulation of

items of data to produce meaningful
information.
● It is the process of putting
information into a computer so that
the computer can organize it,
change its form, and etc.
● It is also the conversion of raw data
to machine -readable form and its
subsequent processing (as storing ,
updating, rearranging, or printing
out) by a computer.
● Nurses continually collect data about
their clients. The data are organized
and processed, producing
information about client needs and
potential interventions.
● Using an intensive nursing
knowledge database, the information
is interpreted.
● The goal of this plan is to provide
caring cost-effective quality care.
● In modern healthcare, the process of
moving from data collection to
implementing and evaluating and
individualized plan of care is highly
dependent on automated database
systems.

DATA PROCESSING FUNCTIONS

● VALIDATION - Ensuring that

supplied data is “ clean, correct and
useful.”
● SORTING - “Arranging items in
some sequence and /or in different
sets.”
● SUMMARIZATION - reducing detail
data to its main points.
● AGGREGATION - combining
multiple pieces of data.
● ANALYSIS - the “collection ,
organization, analysis, interpretation
and presentation of data.”
● REPORTING - list detail or summary
data or computed information.
● CLASSIFICATION - separates data
into various categories.