Life and Works of Rizal Module

JOSE RIZAL
Life, Works and Writings
PAULINE JOY L. AMO, LPT

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Course Facilitator
Course Title : Life and Works of Rizal
Course Number : GEM 101
Course Description : This course provides a comprehensive overview with
emphasis on Dr. Jose P. Rizal’s life, works and writings
within the context of the Filipino struggle for nationhood and
national development. Likewise, it also presents a rational
perspective of Rizal and his worth as an exponent and
practitioner of libertarian ideologies particularly in relation to
education, culture, women empowerment, government and
societal politics.
Total Learning Time: 3 units (3 hours lecture/week)

Pre-requisites (If there’s any) : None
Overview:
The life and ideals of Dr. Jose P. Rizal served as inspiration not only to Filipinos
but to all freedom loving people the world over. We hope that this textbook will broaden the
students’ understanding on the exemplary and timeless works of Rizal. This life he lived is
worth emulating; every Filipino youth needs to live up to the spirit of virtue, thruthfulness
and dedication.
Learning Outcomes:
1. Examine critically Rizal’s ideas, concepts, beliefs and philosophies through his
works and writings in relation to the existing development, problems, issues and
concern of our country towards the task of nation-building.
2. Enhance sense of nationalism and patriotism with humane philosophies in the
student’s perspective in line with the present needs of the country;
3. Generate a sense of urgency and challenge in the youth in consonance with the
current day-to-day events/situations towards the continuing quest for national
sovereignty;
4. Inseminate progressive thinking in line with the present development needs; and
Challenge the youth by assuming the burden of a meaningful development.
Indicative Content:
CHAPTER 1: BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD

1.1 Republic Act 1425 (Its purpose and Importance)
1.2 Birth
1.3 Parents
1.4 Siblings
1.5 Family
1.6 Ancestors
1.7 Childhood
CHAPTER 2: EDUCATION
2.1 First Teacher
Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 1
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2.2 Private Tutor

2.3 First Formal Schooling – Binan, Laguna (1870-1871)
2.4 After Binan
2.5 The Imprisonment of Dona Teodora
2.6 The Death of GOMBURZA
2.7 Manila Experience
2.8 Ateneo de Municipal Experience
2.9 University of Santo Tomas Experience
CHAPTER 3: JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS

3.1 First Travel Abroad (1882-1887)
Departure
Arrival in Spain
Studies in Madrid
Masonic Society
Financial Problem
Luna and Hidalgo’s Victory
Completion of Studies
Ophthalmic Experience
The Noli Me Tangere
Journey with Dr. Maximo Viola
Arrival in Manila (First Homecoming)
Meeting with Governador General Emilio Terrero
In Defense of the Novel
3.2 Second Travel Abroad (1888-1892)
Japan Experience
United States Experience
London Experience
Back to Spain
The El Filibusterismo
Bound for Hong Kong
Arrival in Manila (Second Homecoming)
Meeting with Governador Despojol
The La Liga Filipina
CHAPTER 4: EXILE
4.1 Arrest and the Decree of Deportation
4.2 Bound to Dapitan
4.3 Life in Dapitan
4.4 Revamp in Leadership Philippines
4.5 Plan to Volunteer as Military Doctor in Cuba
4.6 Departure from Dapitan to Manila
4.7 Voyage to Cuba
4.8 Arrival in Spain
CHAPTER 5: TRIAL AND EXECUTION

5.1 Back in Fort Santiago and the Initial Investigation
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5.2 The Trial

5.3 Sentence to Death
5.4 Last Moments
5.5 The Execution
CHAPTER 6: POEMS, LETTERS AND NOVELS

6.1 Poems
To My Fellow Children/ Sa Aking mga Kababata
My First Inspiration/ Aking Unang Inspirasyon
To the Filipino Youth/ Sa Kabataang Filipino
They Ask Me for Verses/ Pinatutula ako
To the Flowers of Heidelberg/ Sa mga Bulaklak ng Heidelberg
The Song of Maria Clara/ Ang Awit ni Maria Clara
The Song of the Traveller/ Awit ng Manlalakbay
Hymn to Labor/ Imno sa Paggawa
My Last Farewell/ Huling Paalam
Mi Primera Inspiracion
A La Juventud Filipina
ꜟMe Piden Versos!
A Las Flores De Heidelberg
Al Canto De Maria Clara
Canto Del Viajero
Himno Al Trabajo
Mi Ultimo Adios
6.2 Letters
6.3 Novels
Synopsis of Noli Me Tangere
Synopsis of El Filibusterismo
Buod ng Noli Me Tangere
Buod ng El Filibusterismo
CHAPTER 7: THE LOVE OF HIS LIFE

7.1 Segunda Katigbak
7.2 Jacinta Ibardo Laza (Miss L)
7.3 Leonor Valenzuela
7.4 Leonor Rivera
7.5 Consuelo Ortega Y Perez
7.6 O-Sei-San
7.7 Gertrude Becket
7.8 Nelly Bousted
7.9 Suzanne Jacoby
7.10 Josephine Bracken
CHAPTER 1

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BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD
1.1 REPUBLT@ACT 1425 (ITS PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE)

The 1425 or otherwise known as the Rizal Law which was approved on June 12,
1956, is an act mandating all public and private institutions including state colleges and
universities to include Jose P. Rizal's life, works and writings as a course across programs.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal's life, works and writings in the curricula envision in achieving the
ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our hero lived and died for. The law was written
by Senator Jose P. Laurel with a comprised version of House Bill 5561 which came out on
April 19, 1956 in the House 44 of Representatives and Senate Bill 428 on April 3, 1956 by
then Committee on Education, which were led by Cong. Jacobo Gonzales and Sen. Claro
Recto or otherwise as Noli~Fili Bill.
By honoring him; we can best remember with special fondness and devotion his life
and works that shaped the national character. His novels the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo have become a source of inspiration and patriotism in the minds of the youth
especially during their formative and decisive years in school. Ultimately the inclusion of the
life, works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal will develop moral character personal discipline,
civic conscience and strengthen the duties of citizenship.
SALIENT FEATURES
1. The basic texts to be included in the curricula aside from his life and works are his two
great novels, the Noli Me Tangere and E1 Filibusterismo;
2. All academic institutions shall keep an adequate number of both original and unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and
biography and;
3. Translations of Rizal's writings and other works shall be free of charge and be made
available to all.
1.2 BIRTH
Our national hero was born on the moonlit of Wednesday on June 19, 1861 between
eleven and twelve midnight at the lakeshore town in Calamba, Laguna. He was named Jose
Protacio in honor of Saint Protacio, one who invoked for the discovery of thieves and one of
the patron saints of Milan and Saint Joseph, the patron saint of the universal Church. Jose
Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonso y Realonda was the 7th child of Don Francisco Mercado and
Doña Teodora Alonso. His family fondly called him as Pepe. According to writer Felice
Prudente Santa Maria's book, In Excelsis once explained why Jose was called "Pepe", she
said, "Saint Ioseph was the putative (commonly accepted) father of Jesus Christ. In Latin, San

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Jose's name is always followed by the letters “P.P” for pater putative. In Spanish, the letter
“P” is pronounced "peh" giving rise to the nickname Pepe for Jose."
In his biography entitled "Memoirs of a Student in Manila", RizaI reminisced that his
mother almost caused her life because of his big head. It was believed that because of his
mother's failure to make a pilgrimage to the Virgin of Antipolo caused the difficulty of
delivering Jose.
Rizal was christened at the church on June 22, 1861 when he was only three days old.
Reverend Father Rufino Collantes baptized him while Reverend Father Pedro Casanas stood
as his godfather. Rev. Fr. Collantes informed Pepe's family that they should take care of him
as he prophesied that he will become somebody because of the unusual size of his head. His
prophecy showed evidences in the following journey of his life.
In his baptismal certificate which was originally written in Spanish showed that
Father Leoncio Lopez, the parish priest of the town of Calainba, Laguna attested that Jose
Rizal Mercado, read as follows:
“I, the parish priest of the town of Calamba, Whose signature appears
below, certify that from the examination made with appropriate authority, for
restoring the canonical books burned on September 28, 1862 andfound in
Docket 1 of Baptisms, p.49, it emerges according to the declaration of
competent and sworn witnesses that Jose Rizal Mercado is a legitimate son
of Don Francisco Rizal Mercado and Doña Teodora Realonda where he was
baptized in this parish on June 22, 1861 by Rev. Rujino Collantes and Rev.
Pedro Casanas who stood as his godfather And I sign this as true (signed)
Leoncio Lopez."
1.3 PARENTS
Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y Alejandro II was born on May 11, 1818 at Biñan, the
youngest of the 13 children of Cirila Alejandro and ]uan Mercado. He was one of the fourth
generations of a Chinese immigrant in the late 1600s named Domingo During his early
education in his hometown, he studied Latin and afterwards studied at the Colegio de San
Jose in Manila for philosophy and Latin. The people of Calamba had a high regard on him as
he became their Cabeza de Barangay (head of the Barangay].
Jose Rizal regarded his father a "model of fathers" where accordingly, had given them
education, a strong-willed, educated and independent-minded person where believed to be
inherited by him.
Don Francisco was a tenant and also a landowner of the Dominican state in Calarnba,
Laguna. Because of his hard work and dedication, his rented holdings increased and built a
stone house erected at the center of the town. But unfortunate event happened as he was
evicted from his house in September 1899 after failing in the agrarian case with the friars. He

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died on January 5, 1898 at the house of his daughter Narcisa shortly after the execution of his
son Jose.
Doña Teodora Morales Alonzo Realonda y Quintos was born in Meisik (Chinatown),
Manila on November 9, 1827 and a native of Sta. Cruz, Manila. She was martinet, devoted,
well-mannered and a diligent mother. She studied and mastered Spanish language at Colegio-
de Santa Rosa, a school for girls in Manila. She possessed business ability, a refined culture,
literary giant, and the courage of a frugal woman. Thus, Jose Rizal considered her a
remarkable woman. She demonstrate how to keep families together despite the turmoil of the
Spanish regime.
Jose Rizal in his letter to Blumentritt which read as follows:
“My mother is not a woman of extraordinary culture. She knows literature
and speaks better than I do. She even corrected my poems and gaveve me
wise advice when I was studying rhetoric. She is a mathematician and has
read many books. Her father who was Philippine representative to the
Cortes had been her teacher"
1.4 SIBLINGS
Francisco Mercado married Teodora Alonso where they were blessed with eleven children,
two boys and nine girls.
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) was the eldest amongst the siblings and was commonly known as
Neneng. She studied at La Concordia College in Sta. Ana, Manila. She was married to
Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. Doña Saturnina published Pascual Poblete's Tagalog
translation of the Noli Me Tangere in 1909. She died in 1913 at the age of 63.
2. Paciano (1851-1930) was the elder and only brother of our national hero. He was
commonly called as Ciano. Before studying at the Colegio de San Jose in Manila, he used to
study Latin under 'Maestro Justinian Jose called him as "Uto" because aside from the support
he received from his uncle, his brother sent him a monthly allowance of 50 pesos and later 35
pesos. As a Katipunero, he was an ardent and dynamic who later became a general of the
Revolutionary Army after the death of his younger brother. Many believed that he was the
Pilosopong Tasio referred in Noli Me Tangere. In Jose Rizal's letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt
on June 23, 1888, he mentioned that he doesn't know why he failed to introduce his brother to
him. He added that those who wish to identify good people will get in him the most dignified
Filipinos. His dear friend Jose Taviel de Andrade said that every time he thinks of him, he's
more munificent than those Spaniards of today. In 1900, he was captured by the American
forces because of his involvement as military commander of the Revolutionary forces in
Before his death, he lived a modest life as a farmer. He married to Severina Decena, his
common-law wife where they had two children. He died at the age of 79 because of
tuberculosis.

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3. Narcisa (1852-1939) was the second daughter and third child of Francisco Mercado and
Teodora Alonzo. She was called as Sisa by her siblings. It was believed that she also
supported her brother Jose's studies abroad and perhaps the only amongst the siblings that
could narrate the poems of Jose. She was married to a teacher and musician named Antonio
Lopez.
4. Olimpia (1855-1887) was called as Ypia. She was married to Silvestro a telegraph
operator from Manila.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) married Manuel Herbosa of Calamba, Laguna. Her husband died on
May 1889 during the cholera outbreak and was denied of burial for not going to admit his
marriage.
6. Maria (1859-1945) married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. Her pet name was
Biang.
7. Concepcion (1862-1865) was called as Concha. She died at the age of three.
8. Josefa (1865-1945) was an old maid who died at the age of 80. She was called by her
family as Panggoy.
9. Trinidad(1868-1951) liked her sister Panggoy died an old maid at the age of 83. She
became the keeper of Jose Rizal's dirge called Mi Ultimo adios.
10. Soledad(1870-1929) became a teacher. Her petname was Choleng, who Married
Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba, Laguna.
Jose Rizal's sisters had influenced him much especially to his studies abroad. His two
older sisters at times trade in their trinkets and sell their clothes to send allowance for their
brother Jose.
When he was younger he can't forget the times he was busy playing with his sister
Concha. He even shared stories to his sister Ypia about his beloved Segunda Katigbak. And
while he was exiled in Dapitan, he mentioned to his sister Biang of his desire of marrying
Josephine Bracken.
There are times his sisters informed him about the bad news happening in their place
including the sufferings of the Filipino people from the hands of the Spanish authorities as
well as situations of his parents, the cholera outbreak and the imposition of fines due to land
taxes.
When Jose was exiled in Dapitan, his sisters also visited him, in fact, there was a plan
of his sister Trinidad to help him escape from Dapitan. After his death, his sister Narcisa
carefully investigate of where he was buried. After two years, they dug up his body at Paco
cemetery where they found his bones and some material remains like his hat and shoes.
1.5 FAMILY

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Don Francisco and Doña Teodora family despite big was still able to find joy and
happiness. They live in a harmonious relationship where affections are present amongst the
members of the family. Just like any ordinary family their parents showed love and care to
their children. Nonetheless, they don’t spoil their children. In fact, every time their children
made wrong deeds and believed involved in bad activities, they are there to discipline them.
They belived in the old adage "spare the rod and spoil the child". If the children are not
decisively disciplined and never punish when they deserve it then they will end up spoiled or
become bad-mannered.
As Catholic believers, they taught them to be courteous to people especially the old
persons. Their love of God became their foundation to value and respects one's right.
Everyday they heard Mass especially during Sundays. Every 12nn and 6pm they prayed
together the Angelus and do the Holy Rosary before going to bed. They were accustomed to
kiss their parents' hands after the recital of prayers.
But, Rizal's family life was not always about religiosity, they were allowed to play in
their backyard. As Principalia, they were able to build a stone house near the church and even
buy another one; they owned a stagecoach, a library and were able to send them in college in
Manila. Indeed, their being prudent gave them a contended life where at times, they led social
and religious activities in their house. They also served as host to all their visitors during
holidays and other gatherings in their community.
1.6 ANCESTORS
As Principales, Rizal family was a mixture of different races. Jose's father's side had
Chinese descent and a Japanese lineage from his mother. A recent study revealed that his
mother's origin was from Rajah Lakandula. In short, his ancestry can also be traced from
Malayan and Indonesian genes, truly a splendid blend of bloods.
Jose Rizal's great-great grandfather on his patrilineal side was Domingo Lamco, a
native Chinese of Sionggue, City of Changchow, Province of Fukien. He arrived in Manila
about 1690 perhaps because of scarcity and political quandary in his hometown.
Lamco converted to Christianity because of his desire to be a Catholic. She married a
well off Chinese Christian lady named Ines de la Rosa of Manila. In 1731 he decided to
change his surname using "Mercado". The term Mercado was referred to in English word as
market is fitted for a merchant like him. Their marriage was blessed with two children,
Francisco and Josefa, who died five days after her birth. Francisco Mercado was the great
grandfather of Jose and was named after an uncle and a friar scholar in Manila.
He married to Cirila Bernacha (other say Bernarda Monicha), a Chinese- Filipino
mestiza in the Hacienda San Pedro Tunasan. Francisco Mercado resided in Biñan and
eventually elected as Gobernadorcillo of the town. Before his death in 1801, they were
blessed with two children, Juan and Clemente.

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Juan Mercado, the grandfather of Jose was also elected as Gobernadorcillo where he
was known by many as Kapitan Juan. He was elected thrice in 1808, 1813 and 1823 and was
chosen as Hermano Mayor several times. He married Cirila Alejandra, the daughter of
Siongco, Lamco's grandson. They were blessed with 12 children; the youngest was Jose's
father Francisco Mercado.
Jose Rizal's matrilineal descent can be traced from that of the last native king
ofTondo, Lakandula, a Bornean Muslim. Dona Teodora's great grandfather had a japanese
ancestry named Eugenio Ursua who married a Filipina named Benign (surname unknown).
They were blessed with a daughter named Regina who was married to a Chinese lawyer from
Pangasinan named Manuel de Quintos. One of their daughters Brigida who was married to
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso, a deputy for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes was also a
prominent Spanish-Filipino mestizo,ofBiiian. Brigida and Lorenzo were gifted with five
children: Narcisa, Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose.
There were reasons why the descendants of Jose's parents did not use their last names
Lamco and Mercado. According to Craig, the Lamco family was not used to of taking the
names of their godparents. He gave his boy a name Sangley with which a translated meaning
from that Mercado are the same. He believed that his surname would free him from the
discrimination from those Chinese names because it will remind him of his ancestry. Russell
and Rodriguez wrote that Governor-General Claveria ordered a decree to change the last
names of each family in order to survey as to the number of people in his encomendero and
for the purpose of taxation. He provided list of Spanish names taken from Spain but
unfortunately with so many names, Francisco Mercado evaded the decree and instead use a
Spanish term which sounded to be a sleaze word racial which means a green field or grazing
land.
In Jose's letter to his friend Blumentritt, he explained to him the reasons why Rizal's
last name was used by him and why others remained to use Mercado. Because of the strong
attachment of his brother Paciano to Father Burgos who was then believed to be the reason of
the Cavite mutiny. His brother told Jose to use Rizal because it is safe for him and would not
have difficulty in his studies as his brother might associate him as Mercado. There were so
many Mercados in the Philippines who were not related to them. There was even an Alcalde
Mayor who was a family friend who used Rizal, maybe to be different but he (Jose) did not
mind him. In fact, it is Jose who is only the one using their last name Rizal. This is perhaps
why it appeared that Jose is an illegitimate child.
1.7 CHILDHOOD
Jose Rizal's childhood was full of joy and meaningful memories. They lived in shore
of lake Laguna and in the foot of Mt. Makiling. He enjoyed sightseeing of the splendid
beauty of Laguna de Bay. His childhood can be characterized by his willingness to learn.
As a son, brother and sibling, he was amiable, thoughtful and very loving person.
Because he was weak and wan, his parents showed him the tender loving care. But despite of
his physique, he can still do things like any ordinary boy. He was well guided especially his
mother who became his first teacher. His mother taught him alphabet and to pray when he
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was three years old. At an early age, his mother observed that he can write poems and
encouraged him to continue writing.
As a young boy, he was able to write a about his hometown entitled "In Memory of
My Town" (Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo). A poem that symbolized his love for his town and
reminiscing his beautiful memories as young boy as well as treasuring the scenic beauty of
his hometown.. His father built him a small hut which became his sanctuary to play with his
siblings at the same his resting place. He was also served by an Aya (nursemaid) employed
by his father to look after his needs. His nurse maid shared stories about ghosts, treasures,
legends and folktales. At times, when Jose will not eat his evening meal, she would scare him
about aswang, nuno sa punso and tikbalang.
Oftentimes, he enjoyed playing alone and watching the different birds singing like the
culiawan, maya, maria capra, martini and the pipit. His mother as teacher does not just taught
him to write poems, she also taught him to pray daily including the recitation of the holy
rosary. His mother's brothers had influenced him also, his uncle Jose took care of teaching
him regular lessons. His uncle Manuel developed his built until he had a body of silk and
brace. His uncle Gregorio instilled in his mind to do more and work hard to get what he
wanted in life.
Jose also owned a pony and used it during his visit to some beautiful sceneries in his
hometown. There was a time, he was able to draw a bird flying without elating his pencil
from his paper until the picture he drew was gone. He's also good in drawing a horse chasing
a dog; his favorite play was molding animal using clay and wax.
Another happy memory was his nocturnal walk together with big black dog Usman
(others call it Berganza). He also used to play with the doves of his neighbors. He was also
good in magic tricks performing magic lantern exhibition, disappearing a coin, false cutting a
thin rope and untying a handkerchief. One time, while he was playing with his friends, his
sisters giggled at him but he did not say anything, instead, he silently told them that someday
when he die, people will make monuments and images of him.
Jose's early childhood which he considered to be his happiest moment was his trip
with his father in Antipolo in order to perform his mother's vow to do pilgrimage to the
Virgin of Antipolo. They took a barge sailed going to Pasig River. His first trip excites him as
he saw the vastness of the river and the different sceneries he has not seen in his hometown.
After paying homage to the Virgin, they went in Manila to visit his sister Saturnina. This was
Jose's first trip in Manila.
When Jose was four years old, he experienced his first grief because of the death of
his younger sister Concepcion (Concha). Her death caused so much sorrow to him and his
family as his sister was closer to him. Jose revealed also a poetic mind and since his mother
was good in literature and rhetorics, he acquired also the interest of writing short verses. One
night, his mother shared a story to him about a moth. The tragic fate of the moth left an
unforgettable idea to sacrifice for a dignified cause for something that is valuable.

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At the age of eight, Jose wrote a poem entitled "To My Fellow Children" (Sa Aking
mga Kababata). This poem revealed Jose's dedication to his one's mother tounge, he
resonated that those who truly love their native language will surely endeavour for freedom
just like the birds freely flying in the space above.
Aside from these beautiful memories, Jose experienced cruelty from the Spanish
soldier He and his dog witnessed the brutality of the Civil Guards hurting some innocent
people in the community. Jose in his biography said that the violence committed by the Civil
Guards strongly affected him which he promised to offer his life for his countrymen.

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CHAPTER 2
EDUCATION
2.1 FIRST TEACHER

Rizal was first schooled in their home by his mother, Doña Teodora, a remarkably
good and educated woman herself. She was Rizal's first teacher. As a loving mother and
tutor, she would sit the three-year-old Pepe on her lap and devotedly taught him the alphabet
and the prayers. He also taught Pepe to read the Holy Bible. In their moments together Doña
Teodora would tell him many stories which later fuelled his strong interest in poetry. But of
all the stories that his mother told him, the Story of the Moth touched him so deeply that he
recorded it in his diary.
Pepe and The Story of the Moth
One night, all the family, except my mother and myself, went to bed
early. Why, I do not know, but we two remained sitting alone. The candles
had already- been put out. They had been blown out in their globes by
means of a curve tube of tin. That tube seemed to me the finest and most
wonderful plaything in the world. The room was dimly lighted by a single
light of coconut oil. In all Filipino homes such a light burns out through the
night. It goes out just a day break to awaken people by its spluttering.
My mother was teaching me to read in a Spanish reader called "The
Children's Friend" (El Amigo delos Niños). This was quite a rare book and
an old copy. It had lost its copy and my sister had cleverly made a new one.
She had fastened a sheet of thick blue paper over the back and then covered
it with a piece of cloth.
This night my mother became impatient with hearing me read so
poorly. I did not understand Spanish and so I could not read with expression.
She took the book from me. First, she scolded me for drawing funny
pictures on its pages. Then, she told me to listen and she began to read.
When her sight was good, she read very well. She could recite well, and she
understood verse-making, too. Many times during Christmas vacations, my
mother corrected my poetical compositions, and she always made valuable
criticisms.
I listened to her, full of childish enthusiasm. I marvelled at the nice
sounding phrases which she read from those same pages. The phrases she
read so easily stopped me at every breath. Perhaps I grew tired of listening
to sounds that had no meaning to me. Perhaps I lacked self-control.
Anyway,
paid little attention to the reading. l was watching the cheerful flame. About
it, some little moths were circling in playful flights. By chance, too yawned.
My mother soon noticed that I was not interested. She stopped reading.
Then she said to me: “I am going read you a very pretty story. Now, pay
attention."

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On hearing the word 'story' l once opened my eyes wide. The word
‘story' promised something new and wonderful. I watched my mother while
he turned the leaves of the book, as if she were looking for something then I
settled down to listen. I was full of curiosity and wonder. l had never even
dreamed that there were stories in the old book which l read without
understanding. My mother began to read me the fable of the young moth
and the old one. She translated it into Tagalog a little at a time.
My attention increased from the first sentence. l looked toward the
light and fixed my gaze on the moths which were circling around it. The
story could not have been better timed. My mother repeated the warning of
the old moth. She dwelt upon it and directed it to me. l heard her, but it is a
curious thing that the light seemed to me each time more beautiful the flame
more attractive. I really envied the fortune of the insects. They frolicked so
joyously in its enchanting splendour that the ones which had fallen and been
drowned in the oil did not cause me any dread.
My mother kept on reading and l listened breathlessly. The fate of
the two insects interested me greatly. The flame rolled its golden tongue to
one side and a moth which this movement had singed fell into the oil,
fluttered for a time and then became quiet. That became for me great event.
A curious change came over me which l have always noticed in myself
whenever anything has stirred my feelings. The flame and the moth seemed
to go further away and my mother's words sounded strange and uncanny. I
did not notice when she ended the fable. All my attention was fixed on the
fate of the insect. l watched it with my whole soul. lt had died Martyr to its
illusions.
As she put me to bed, my mother said: "See that you do not behave
like the young moth. Don't be disobedient, or you may get burnt as it did." I
do not know whether I answered or not. It was a long time before I fell
asleep. The story revealed to me things until then unknown. Moths no
longer were, for me, insignificant insects. Moths talked, they knew how to
warn. They advised, just like my mother. The light seemed to me more
beautiful, more dazzling, and more attractive. l now knew why the moths
circled the flame.
2.2 PRIVATE TUTOR

Rizal's parents were very passionate of their child's education, as they themselves
also received good education. Private tutors were employed to give Jose lessons at home. His
first tutor was Maestro Celestino and second was Maestro Lucas Padula. Later, Don
Francisco hired his former classmate named Leon Monroy, who was quite advanced in years,
to teach Jose in Spanish and Latin. He was a stay-in tutor at the Rizal's home but not for long
because he died five months later.
The death of Leon Monroy caused Jose's parents to send their nine- year-old Jose to a
private school in Biñan.

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2.3 FIRST FORMAL SCHOOLINGBINAN, LAGUNA (1870-1871 )

It was a Sunday afternoon in June 1870, when Jose, after kissing the hands of his
parents and a tearful parting from his sisters left Calamba for Biñan. Accompanied by his
brother Paciano, who acted as his second father, they rode in a "Carromata" headed for their
aunt's house where Jose was to stay. Their travel lasted for one and a half hours so that it was
almost dark when they arrived. That very night, Jose and his cousin, Leandro, went
sightseeing around the town but he did not enjoy because he got homesick. He remembered
his parents and sisters back in Calamba.
On Monday morning following their arrival, Paciano brought Jose to Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz’s schoolhouse located about 30 meters away from their aunt's house
where Jose will be staying. The school was a small nipa hut. Paciano who had been a pupil of
MaestroCruz, introduced Jose to him, after which he left for Calamba.
Jose was assigned a seat. Then the teacher asked him if he knew Spanish and Latin to
which he answered “a little, sir". He was laughed at by his classmates especially Pedro, who
was the son of his teacher. The teacher stopped them sharply and begun the lessons of the
day.
Later during the day, Jose met Pedro, who bullied him earlier and challenged him into
a fight. Thinking that he would defeat Jose because of the latter's young age and small
physique, Pedro readily accepted the challenge. The two boys wrestled furiously amidst their
classmates' boisterous laughter. Having learned the art of wrestling from his uncle Manuel, he
defeated the bigger boy. Since that time, he became popular among his classmates.
The days that followed, Jose was drawn into other fights with the Biñan boys. Though
thin and not so sturdy in strength, Jose's courage and spirit were so strong that he never ran
from a fight. And in those fights he lost some, and won some.
Jose's life in Biñan was also marked by happiness. It was here that his love for
painting was revived and nurtured. Near the school, lived an old painter whose name was
Juacho. He was the father-in-law of his teacher, Maestro Justaniano Aquino Cruz. Jose loved
to paint,-so that he spent most of his free time at old man's studio. Impressed by the lad’s
artistic talent, the old Juancho gave him lessons in drawing and painting. One of his
classmates, Jose Guevarra who also loved painting joined him. They both became apprentices
of old Juancho. Expectedly, they improved their art and they became "favourite painters of
the class."
His education in Biñan was concentrated on learning the four R's Reading, Writing,
Arithmetic, and Religion. The instruction was more of religion; it was rigid and his teacher
was overly strict. Pupils were forced to memorize their lessons and discipline was imposed
with a whip.
In school, lose Rizal surpassed all his classmates in Spanish, Latin, and other
subjects. He was the best student in class. His intellectual superiority made some of his
classmates jealous. They would tell lies to their teacher' about Jose which caused him to be
punished with five to blows as he was laid out on a school bench.
2.4 AFTER BIÑAN

Although education in Biñan was limited to the 4 R's, it gave Jose the necessary
knowledge preparatory for college. After a year and a half of rigid instruction, Maestro
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Justiniano informed the parents of Jose that the boy had learnt everything that he could teach
him, and that the boy should be sent to college in Manila; And so Saturnina, the eldest of the
Rizal siblings, wrote Jose informing him that the steamer "Talim" would be arriving to Biñan,
which he could board bound for Calamba. Jose became sad because he knew that returning to
Biñan was impossible. He was filled with sorrow when he bade farewell to his classmates and
his teacher. He left Biñan with a heavy heart on the 17th of December 1870.
lt was Rizal's first time to board a steamer. He was excited. He had many stories to
tell his brother and sisters about his experiences in Biñan. He arrived Calamba in time for the
Christmas season. His family welcomed him. He was happy that he could spend Christmas
with his family again.
2.5 THE IMPRISONMENT OF TEODORA

Jose's father, Don Francisco, thought of sending him to college in Manila in June.
However trouble struck the family. Jose Alberto, the brother of Doña Teodora went on a
business trip to Europe. Upon his return, he found out that his wife abandoned their home and
their children and lived with another man. This angered Jose Alberto and decided to divorce
his wife. Doña Teodora advised his brother, persuaded him to just forgive his wife in order to
avoid family scandal. And so the husband and wife lived together again. However, the
adulterous woman connived with a Spanish Lieutenant of the Guardia Civil fabricating
stories that her husband (Jose Alberto, tried to poison her with Doña Teodora helping him to
do so.
Doña Teodora was arrested and was forced to walk for about 50 kilometers from
Calamba to Santa Cruz. She was imprisoned there for two years and a half. Jose heard that
his mother got sick while inside her prison cell, no proper medical treatment was given her,
and she was treated unkindly. This saddened the barely 11-year old Jose. The case reached
the Manila Royal Audience (Supreme Court) where she was acquitted.
2.6 THE DEATH OF GOMBURZA

On the night of January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers and workers of the
Cavite arsenal rose in violent revolt under the leadership of La Madrid, Filipino sergeant. The
revolt was caused by the abolition of the usual privileges of the soldiers and workers; in
addition to not being exempted from tribute and forced labor, called Polo at that time.
However the mutiny was suppressed after two days when reinforcement troops from Manila
arrived.
This incident was used by the Spanish authorities to give an order to liquidate Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora for advocating the secularization
movement to Filipinize the Philippine parishes, and their supporters Jose Ma. Basa, Atty.
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera and Antonio Ma. Regidor. The Archbishop plead for clemency
because of their innocence but he was denied. On the sunrise of February 17, 1872, by order
of Governor General Rafael de lzquierdo, the three priests were executed through a garrote, a
method of execution by strangling with an iron collar. The execution deeply mourned by the
Rizal family and many other Filipinos.
Father Burgos was a friend and a teacher of Paciano. Enraged by the execution, he
quit his studies in Manila and returned to Calamba. He told the news to his 11-year old
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brother, Jose. This event had added to the already rousing indignation that Jose felt for the
injustice done to his family and vowed to fight against the evils of Spanish tyranny. He swore
to avenge the cruelties that his brother's friend and the two priests had suffered. Later, Rizal
wrote his second novel, El Filibusterismo, that he dedicated to the three priests.
2.7 MANILA EXPERIENCE (1872-18_77)

The family of Don Francisco was undaunted by the two tragic events: the
imprisonment of Doña Teodora and the execution of the three priests. Four months after the
martyrdom of GOM-BUR-ZA and while his mother was still in prison, Jose was sent to
Manila to study at the Ateneo de Municipal, a college under the management of Spanish
Jesuits. This school later became Ateneo de Manila which was managed by highly competent
educators. The school was reputed as an excellent college for boys.
On his first day in Manila, Jose was accompanied by his brother, Paciano. He took
and passed all subjects during the entrance examination at the College of San Juan de Letran.
After that, he and his brother returned to Calamba to attend the town fiesta. Don Francisco,
who initially wanted Jose to study at Letran, changed his mind and decided to enrol his son in
Ateneo. When Jose returned to Manila, with his brother; they went in Ateneo de Municipal.
As first, he was refused admittance in the said school for two reasons: (1) he was
already late for registration and (2) he was so frail and sickly, aside from being too small for
his age. However due to the intervention of Manuel Xeres Burgos, the nephew of one of the
martyred priests, Jose was finally admitted.
2.8 ATENEO DE MUNICIPAL EXPERIENCE

Jose enrolled at Ateneo under the surname "Rizal" because their family name
Mercado had been under suspicion of the Spanish authorities. His brother, Paciano, had used
their surname Mercado when he studied at the College of San Jose. The authorities knew that
Paciano was Father Burgos favorite student and confidant.
Ateneo was ruled by the Jesuits. The system was more advanced than other schools
during that time. The instructions were rigid and the discipline was strict. The school offered
subjects in physical culture, humanities, and science.
Aside from academic subjects, the school offered courses in agriculture, commerce,
mechanics, and surveying. Religious instruction was emphasized and students were required
to attend mass every morning. Before and after each class session, prayers were said by all
students. The students were divided into two groups: the infernos, who were composed of the
boarders and the externos, the non-boarders. The infernos, known also as the Roman Empire"
and the externos, the "Carthaginian Empire" always competed with each other in school
activities. The best student in each group was called the emperor, a position which every
member of the group desired and wanted to maintain.
Ateneo students were required to wear uniform: a hem-fabric trousers and striped
cotton coat materials called Rayadillo, which became popular among the Filipinos. Later, it
was adopted to be worn as a uniform during the first day of the First Philippine Republic.
During
Jose's first day in class, he heard mass at the college chapel before proceeding to the
classroom where he saw big number of boys whowere mestizos, Spaniards, and Filipinos.
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Rizal described his first professor, Fr. Jose Bech as a "tall, thin man, with body slightly bent
forward, a harried walk, and an ascetic face, sever and inspired small deep-sunken eyes, a
sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lip forming an arc whose ends fell toward the
chin." Because he was an externo, he was assigned to the Carthaginian. Being new in the
school and because he was not proficient in Spanish, he was placed at the bottom of the class
occupying the end of the line. However, he did not make the conditions hindrance in his
studies, after the first week, he progressed rapidly topped the class and became the emperor.
At the end of the first month, he won first prize, a religious picture, the first ever prize he won
in Ateneo. He was so happy.
To improve his knowledge and fluency in Spanish, lose took private lessons during
recess time at the Santa Isabel College. In spite of being the brightest student in the class,
with all his grades marked "excellent”, Jose heard remarks from some professors. He disliked
these much and did not strive to retain his academic supremacy like he did during the first
semester. He landed 2nd place during year-end recognition, although all his grades were
marked “excellent”.
When the school year ended, Jose spent_his summer vacation in Calamba. But he did
not enjoy his vacation because his mother was still in prison. Without telling his father, he
visited her in prison. Doña Teodora was very happy when Jose told him he got excellent
grades in all his subjects.
When summer ended, Jose returned to Manila to continue his studies. This time, he
tried to study harder to regain his lost leadership in class. Once again, he became the
emperor. He had new classmates and three of them were his former classmates in Biñan. He
was very happy seeing his former classmates and he enjoyed his second year in Ateneo. At
the end of the school year, he did not only receive excellent grades but also a gold medal for
academic excellence.
He returned to Calamba that summer jubilantly Like before, the reunion with his
sisters, brother, and parents were very happy telling them about his academic successes. As
usual, he visited his mother in prison. He comforted her by telling his scholastic exploits and
some stories about his professor and classmates. As expected, his mother was very happy to
hear his favorite son’s outstanding performance in school. In the midst of their splendid talks,
Doña Teodora mentioned about her dream the previous night. Upon hearing his mother's
story, Rizal made a prediction about the dream that she would soon be released in prison.
Doña Teodora unbelieving, what his son said, smiled thinking that he would merely like to
console her. But his prophecy became true because after three months she was freed.
After this visit, Jose once again returned to the city for his Studies. This time an
adolescent, had shown interest in reading romantic novels. Among his favorite was the "The
Count of Monte Cristo" by Alexander Dumas. He was so impressed of the fate of the main
character and hero of the story who made a spectacular escape from the dungeon, found a
buried later revenged against his enemies. Aside from this novel, books, both fiction and non-
fiction, which greatly helped him in his studies and enabled him to win more prizes. A history
book caught attention most was entitled "Travels in the Philippines" by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a
German scientist who stayed in the country from' 1859 to 1860. Jose was impressed of this
book because: (1) it contained Jagar's careful observation and analysis about the

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imperfections of the Spanish colonization-in the Philippines and [2] his prophecy that Spain
would yield the Philippines to American colonizers in the near future.
In one 1874, his junior year in college, Jose went back to Manila to continue his quest
for knowledge. Shortly after classes had started that semester, his mother arrived, telling him
that she was already released from prison, just as he had prophesied during his last visit to her
in the prison cell in Santa Cruz, Laguna. Rizal was very happy to see her mother freed.
However, despite the joyous reunion mother and son, deep inside, he was unhappy for not
excellence in his studies like he did the previous year .Though his grades in all subjects were
excellent, he only won one gold medal in Spanish because he was not as good as his Spanish
classmate who had beaten him. When the classes ended in March 1875, he returned to
dissatisfied with the result of his performance in school.
Rizal's senior year in Ateneo was a memorable one. On June 16, 1875, he became an
interno under Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez who was a very good professor and scholar.
Father Sanchez was so impressed and deeply admired Jose's performance. He inspired young
Rizal to study more and write poetry. On his part, he loved, admired, and respected Father
Sanchez so much that he considered him the best professor in school who always gave
attention and special consideration for the "advancement of his pupils." As a result, Jose
topped all his subjects and brought home five gold medals at the end of that school year. He
presented the medals to his parents with pride. He was extremely happy because he thought
that this time he was able to repay his father's sacrifices.
Jose’s last year of studies at Ateneo from 1876-1877 became more fruitful. He
excelled in all subjects and gained recognition as the most brilliant Atenean of his time and
the "Pride of the Jesuits." He graduated with highest honors making his parents, brother, and
sisters truly proud of him. His scholastic records in Ateneo were all excellent in all subjects
Philosophy, Physics, Biology, Chemistry Languages, Minerology, and many more. He did
not only fare well in academics but in extra-curricular activities as well. Being the emperor,
he was an active member of a religious society, the Marian Congregation, a devotee of Our
Lady of the Immaculate Conception, the college patroness. He was also a member of the
Academy for Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences and many more extra-
curricular activities that only students of outstanding performance were qualified.
Shortly after graduation from college, the sixteen-year-old Jose Rizal experienced his
first romance. Accompanied by one friends, he visited his maternal grandmother in Manila.
When he reached his grandmother’s house, he met other guests, one of whom was very
attractive girl named Segunda Katigbak. Segunda waa college student at La Concordia.
College where his sister Olimpia was also studying. Segunda was a close friend of his sister,
so he was able to know her more intimately during his weekly visit to his sister. It was a love
at first sight for the two and apparently, they have shown love for each other. Unfortunately,
Segunda was town already engaged to her town mate, Manuel Luz. Jose, who was so shy and
timid to speak out his love for her, failed to propose He returned to Calamba nursing a
frustrated heart.
2.9 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS EXPERIENCE

After graduating in Ateneo with highest honors with the degree of Bachelor of Arts
(equivalent to only high school during the Spanish time), Jose Rizal decided to continue his
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studies in Manila despite his mother's objection. Both his father Don Francisco and brother
Paciano wanted him to pursue his studies.
In April 1877, Don Francisco told Paciano to accompany his younger brother to enrol
in Manila. Jose Rizal who was only sixteen years old that time, enrolled Philosophy and
Letters in the University of Santo Tomas. He decided on this course because (1) he was not
yet certain on what career to pursue and (2) his father liked this course.
While studying at the University of Santo Tomas, he also enrolled in the vocational
course - perito agrimensor (expert in surveying) at Ateneo. lt was during the following school
term that Jose Rizal received the advice of Ateneo Rector for him to take medicine. Another
reason why he chose medicine was his desire to cure his mother's growing blindness due to
cataract. So decided to take up medical course in the University of Sto. Tomas.
While Jose Rizal was studying in UST, he still engaged his self in other extra-
curricular activities in Ateneo. He continued his studies in the surveying course with
excellent grades in all subjects, obtaining gold medals agriculture and topography. At
seventeen, he passed the board examination for surveyors but was not granted the title
because he was under age. This time he was the President of the Academy of Spanish
Literature and Secretary of Natural Science. He remained member of the Marian
Congregation, of which he was the secretary.
Although, he was then a Thomasian, he remained loyal to Ateneo where he had happy
and beautiful memories. His Jesuits professors loved him and inspired him to acquire greater
knowledge, contrary to the treatment he and his Filipino classmates received in the University
of Sto. Tomas. His grades in the medical course were only "fair and good” compared to the
excellent grades he got in all subjects in Ateneo. These gave Jose Rizal a heavy heart for he
knew he fared better than his peninsulares classmates. He hated the Dominican professors
who were cruel and biased to Filipino classmates who just kept quiet in spite being
humiliated.
It was during his freshman year as medical student when he experienced his first state
of Spanish brutality. While walking on the street one dark night during his summer vacation
in Calamba, he failed to recognize a Lieutenant of the Guradia Civil whom he passed by and
likewise failed to greet him due to darkness. With anger the Spanish officer turned on Rizal,
whipped him with his sword that slashed his back. Although the wound was not life-
threatening, it was painful. When he had recovered, he reported it to the Spanish Governor
General but he was ignored simply because Jose Rizal, the complainant, was an Indio.
Notwithstanding his hectic academic and extra-curricular schedules in both schools,
UST and Ateneo, Rizal still found time for love. He was admired by many young ladies and
could still go with friends of his age. Young ladies from the university as well as in Calamba
had fallen in love with him.
In 1879, at the start of his junior year in UST, he lived in a boarding house in
lntramuros where he met a frail, pretty young lady Leonor Rivera, who was the daughter of
his landlord uncle Antonio Rivera. She was born in Camiling, Tarlac and of student of La
Concordia College where his youngest sister was studying then. Between Jose and Leonor
sprang a beautiful romance which they kept from their parents and friends. To keep their
intimate relationship secret; Leonor used Taimis as her pen name.

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It was during this time that he was able to write so many award winning pieces in
Literature. He wrote “A la Juventud Filipina," a prize-winning poem with flawless form and
exduisite verses. It urged the Filipino youth from being dormant and to break the chain that
have long bound the spirit of the people. It became a classic in Philippine Literature for two
reasons: (1) it was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was
recognized by Spanish literary authorities and (2) it expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the Filipinos and not the foreigners are the “Fair Hope for-the
Fatherland."
The years that followed, Jose joined several contests one of which was a contest
sponsored by Artistic Literary Lyceum to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of
Cervantes. The competition was opened to both Filipinos and Spaniards. Even if the judges in
that contest were all Spaniards but Jose's entry entitled “The Council of the Gods" won the
first prize for its literary superiority over the others. Aside from the two award-winning
poems mentioned earlier, Jose Rizal had produced several literary works such: zarzuela, etc.
The "Junta al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig) which he also wrote poems, was a zarzuela. lt was
staged by the Ateneans in 1880 on the occasion of the annual Feast of the Immaculate
Conception. He also wrote a sonnet entitled_”A Filipina" for the album of the Society of
Sculptors, a poem urging all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.
Shortly after finishing fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to continue his
studies in Spain. In spite of his enormous successes in literary field, he was no longer happy
in his stay in the Dominican-owned school. He felt he could no longer endure rampant
bigotry, discrimination and hostility prevailing in the University of Sto. Tomas. He informed
his brother Paciano, his two sisters Saturnina and Lucia, together with his uncle Antonio
Rivera and some of his closed friends about his plan which they welcomed it. They agreed to
keep the decision secret from his parents. They agreed that Paciano would send a monthly
allowance of 35.00 and his Uncle Antonio would solicit from friends for other expenses.
Aside from his strong desire to finish his medical course due to his mother's illness, there
were three other reasons why Rizal decided to continue his studies abroad.
1. The biased and hostile treatment of the Dominicans against him,
2. He was disgusted with the antiquated method of instruction in the University of
Sto. Tomas during that time, and
3. The racial discrimination that the Dominican professors had against the Filipinos.

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CHAPTER 3
JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVEL
3.1 FIRST TRAVEL ABROAD (1882-1887)
DEPARTURE
After four years in medicine, Jose Rizal left the country to continue his studies in
Europe. He boarded SS Salvadora bound to Singapore on May 3, 1882. His departure was

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known by his brother Paciano, his two sisters, some close relatives and friend. Because he
knew that if he will inform his parents, they will not permit him.
Before his departure, his brother Paciano told Jose do use his cousins named Jose
Mercado so he may not be interrogated by the Spanish authorities. In fact, his friends in
Ateneo de Municipal handed him a letter of recommendation which Jose has they may
present it to some members of the Jesuits in Barcelona.
Apart from the discontentment of the antiquities teaching methods of instruction and
the racial prejudice of Dominican professors, Jose Rizal wanted to observe the culture,
government, laws, the industries and businesses in the European nations. Because he knew
that he’ll be playing a big role in liberating the Filipino people from the cruelty and
oppression of the Spanish authorities.
While on board, Jose Rizal finds his way enjoy by observing the different people,
their behavior, race and culture. He noticed that most of the passengers in the ship were
Spaniards, British and Indians. He thought of himself that he was the only Filipino in the
ship.
His life in the ship was a bit boring, Despite of his conversation with Donato Lecha,
The Austrian ship captain. He did sketching as the ship passed by the beautiful views along
the shores. At times, he played chess with his fellow passengers whom he defeated many
times. After five days, they reached Singapore where he spent two days sightseeing the sights
of the beautiful city.
After sightseeing in the Singapore, Jose Rizal decided to transfer to a French steamer
ship Djemah to transport him to Europe. The ship reached Point Galle, where they stayed for
a day, before heading for Colombo, the capital of Ceylon (Srilanka).
From Colombo they crossed the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Africa, then Aden and
the City of Suez where he remembered of his parents and siblings back in his hornetown in
Calamba. The ship docked at the Port Said the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Cannal.
On June 11, the ship docked in an Italian City called Naples. He has seen differ or
historical landmarks like the Mt. Vesivius, the Castle St. Telmo and among others. His stay in
Naples did not take long because they boarded again to the French harbor of Marseilles
where he stayed there for two and half days remembering the beautiful place of Chateau d’If,
the place where Edmond Dantes of “The Count of Monte Cristo" was imprisoned.
After Marseilles, he crossed the Pyrenees by means of train where he stopped for day
it the frontier town of Port Bou. On June 16, 1882, Jose Rizal reached Barcelona after the
short inspection from the immigration officer.
ARRIVAL IN SPAIN
His first impression of Barcelona. Spain was unattractive, hideous and filthy most
people are unfriendly. He stayed for a while in a decrepit public house where other guests and
the staffs were indifferent. But all his impressions changed when he saw the strong
determination of people towards freedom and liberalism. Away from the dark side of the city,
there were generous, kind and loving people. This gave him the idea to roam around the city
visiting the famous street in central Barcelona called Las Ramblas.

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To his surprise, his friends treated him in the Plaza de Cataluna. They shared to him
the beauty of the place, its tourist attractions as well as the different culture and traditions the
people practiced. He also met some of his Filipino classmates. As a sign of gratitude, Jose
Rizal told everyone about the situation in the Philippines.
His stay in Barcelona allowed him to write various essays, the first_was “Amor
Patrio" (Love of Country) and “Los Viajes” (Travels) and the "Revisited de Madrid" which
were written in Spanish and were published in Diariong Tagalog, the first bilingual
newspaper owned by Basilio Teodoro Moran of Manila. His last essay was not published
because of the closure of the newspaper due to lack of funds.
However; while he was in Barcelona, he was informed that the cholera outbreak
reached Manila and other neighboring provinces in the Philippines. This outbreak caused
deaths and suffering to many Filipinos. Yet, the Spanish authorities did not do anything to
curb this epidemic. Aside from this, there was also a bad news he received from Chengoy, he
found out that Leonor Rivera became unwell and slender because of her sadness of not seeing
Jose Rizal.
STUDIES IN MADRID
After his stay in Barcelona, Jose Rizal decided to move in Madrid in the fall of 1882
to follow his plan to study at the Unibersidad Central de Madrid (Central University of
Madrid).
In September 1882, he continued his Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. While
busy studying, he also took time to study the following:
1. Painting and Sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts in San Fernando;
2. French, German and English languages through a private tutor and,
3. Fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
Apart from these, he made sure to visit museums and libraries where he's fond of
reading Bible, Hebrew grammar biographies of the United States presidents, nine volumes of
Voltaire's work, three volumes of Horace, the Ancient Poetry Works of Thucydides, the
Byzantine Empire, the Characters by La Bruyere and the Renaissance including books on
medicine, philosophy, history, geography, arts, and sciences.
Amongst the books he has read, the "Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
and "The Wandering Jew" by Eugene Sue had affected him so much because these books
discussed the cruelty and misery of the people that he can associated with prevailing situation
of the Filipinos.
There was a time while he visited the house of Don Pablo Ortega Y Rey, the former
city mayor of Manila during Governor General Carlos Maria dela Torre's administration and
Vice President of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies (Ultramar), Jose
Rizal met Don Pablo's daughter Consuelo whom he found happiness and console. But his
relationship with her did not blossom because he was still thinking of Leonor Rivera and also
he doesn't want his friendship with Eduardo de Lete be wasted just because of her.

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Another activity where he was involved was his membership with the Circulo
Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle), an association of Spaniards and Filipinos. One
night, he was requested by the members to write a poem entitled "Me Piden Versos" (They
Ask Me for Verses), which he delivered on December 31, 1882. This poem was full of pain
and sadness because of his loneliness for his family including Leonor Rivera as well as the
suffering of the Filipino people from the hands of the colonizers.
During the vacation, Jose Rizal decided to visit Paris, France where he stayed at the
Hotel de Paris. While in Paris, he was able to see Champs Elyssees, the Opera House, the
Place de la Concorde, the Arch of Triumph, the Bois de Boulogne, the Madelaine Church, the
Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Column of Vendor, the lnvalides containing the tomb of
Napoleon the Great, the Versailles (former royal palace) and other beautiful places like the
museums, botanical gardens, and hospitals.
He stayed in Paris for two months; in fact, he was mistakenly identified by the
Parisians as Japanese maybe because of his race and physique. He described Paris as the
costliest city in Europe because of the expensive foods and other necessities.
MASONIC SOCIETY
In March 1883, Jose Rizal joined the Masonic lodge in Madrid called Acacia. His
membership with the Masonic society was triggered because of his intention to use it as a
shield against the friars in the Philippines. As a sign of his interest in the organization, he was
able to write an essay entitled "Science, Virtue and Labor" which he delivered on 1889 at the
La Solidaridad. On November 15, 1890, he was awarded the diploma in Master Mason by the
Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
FINANCIAL PROBLEM
His two years in Spain was full of memories, however things went bad in the
Philippines. This caused him financial problem because of the minimal harvest due to
drought and locusts.
Apart from these, his family in the Philippines experienced strict control from the
Dominicans because of high rentals of the lands his family cultivated. One time, his father
was unable to give a turkey to a hacienda manager because his father thought it might also be
affected by the locust. This resulted to the overcharging of the rentals, thus, Jose Rizal's
allowance sometimes came late. He often time experienced missing meals during the day.
But despite of this, Jose Rizal still finds a way to earn money by joining competition where
he most of the time won.
LUNA AND VICTORY
Jose Rizal was invited to talk to a banquet in behalf of the Filipino community in
Spain after the victory of Filipino painters named Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo
in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. Luna won first place for his "Spolarium"
while Hidalgo took home the second place for his "Christian Virgin Exposed to the
Populace".
In his talk, he stated the importance of their achievements in the Philippines as artists.
Their contribution to the humanities are truly worth emulating, he said that "genius knows no

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country, genius is everywhere, and genius is like light, in the patrimony of everybody,
cosmopolitan like space, like fire, like God".
His talk made a remark to his comrades including some Spaniards who were also
present the banquet. In fact, he deliberately gave a mordant message to the Dominican priests
in the Philippines but some Spaniards did not mind it as they saw relevance of his thoughts
where it is full of nobility, sincerity and eloquence. A part of his speech is as follows:
Speaking before you, I am not scared by the fear that you may listen to
me with Luke warmness. I came to join your enthusiasm, ours, the
stimulus youth, and you cannot help but be indulgent. Sympathetic
effluvia saturate the atmosphere, fraternal currents run in all
directions, generous souls listen; and consequently I do not fear for my
humble person, no do l doubt your benevolence. Men of goodwill, you
seek only goodwill and from that height where noble sentiments reside,
you do not perceive petty in your hand to one who likes me, desires to
join you in one single thought, in one single aspiration – the glory of
genius, the splendor of the Motherland.
Here is the fact, the reason why we are gathered. In the history of
nations, there are names by themselves signify an achievement, that
recall the passion and greatness names that, like magic formula, evoke
pleasant and smiling thoughts, names that became a pact, a symbol of
peace, a bond love between the nations. The names of Luna and
Hidalgo belong to these; their glories became extremes of the globe-the
east and the west Spain and the Philippines. In uttering from both
regions, are going entwine there above, impelled by the feeling of
common origin, two people in which the seeds of disunion the men and
their despotism blindly sow do not germinate. Luna and Hidalgo are
Spanish as well as Philippines glories..... Luna and Hidalgo belong as
much as to you as to us, you love them and we see in them generous
hopes, precious examples. The Filipino youth in Europe, ever
enthusiastic, and others whose hearts always remain young for the
disinterestedness and enthusiasm that characterize their actions, offer
to Luna as crown, a modest small indeed for our enthusiasm, but the
most spontaneous and the most voluntary of all the gifts hitherto
presented to him.....l drink to the health of our artists Luna and Hidalgo
legitimate and pure glories of two people! I drink to the health of our
artist Luna and Hidalgo legitimate the pure glories of two people! I
drink to the health of the persons who have lent them a helping hand on
the dolorous path of art. l drink to the health of the Filipino youth,
sacred hope of my Native land; solicitous and heedful of the welfare of
her provinces implement soon the reforms she has contemplated for a
long time. The furrow is ready and the ground is not sterile! I drink
finally from the happiness of those parents who, deprived of the
tenderness of their children, from those distant regions follow them
with moist eyes and palpitating hearts across seas and space,
sacrificing on the altar of the common welfare the sweet consolations

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that are so scarce in the twilight of life, precious and lonely winter
flowers that sprout along the snow white borders of the grave.
This talk received an standing ovation, truly making the Filipinos proud showing
strong sense of pride, nationalism and patriotism.
COMPLETION OF STUDIES
Jose Rizal's stay in the University was not at all considered to be joyful, in fact, he
once participated in students' demonstration in support to Miguel Morayta, a history professor
whose speech focused on freedom of science and teacher
On November 20-22, 1884, some students and other students in other colleges joined
the demonstration where most of them were hurt and injured. This demonstration was
believed to be supported by the Rector who was replaced by Dr. Creus. As a result, Jose Rizal
was almost detained by the police authorities if not because he was able to run away with his
friend Valentin Ventura.
On June 21, 1884, Jose Rizal completed his studies with excellent ratings but was
unable to receive the diploma for the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and diploma for the
degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad Central de Madrid because
he did not present his thesis or paid the corresponding fees.
OPHTHALMIC EXPERIENCE
Upon completion of his studies, Jose Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in
ophthalmology because he knew that his mother was suffering from eye problem and he
wanted to treat it.
While in travel, he befriended to some famous scientists, they were Dr. Feodor
1hagor, Adolph Meyer; and Dr. Hans Meyer, and Virchow.
In November 1885 until February 1886, Jose Rizal served as an assistant of Dr. Louis
de Wecker, a leading French ophthalmologist. This experience helped him a lot in developing
his expertise in ophthalmology.
After Paris, he went to Germaby where he worked at the University Eye Hospital as
an assistant of Dr. Otto Becker, a German ophthalmologist.
Rizal was also introduced to another famous scientist Dr. Rudolf Virchow, a professor
in "Descriptive Anatomy." Virchow recognized Rizal as genius and invited him to give a
lecture before the Ethnographic Society of Berlin.
In Berlin, he worked as an assistant in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger, a German
Ophthalmologist. According to him, his stay in Germany will help him improved his
knowledge on ophthalmology, to study further about science and languages observes their
economic and political conditions, to be with the great German scientists and finally publish
his first novel, the "Noli Tangere".
While in Germany he noticed how the German women differ from other women he
met, as they were "serious, diligent, educated, and friendly." They were not "gossipy,
frivolous, and quarrelsome like the Spanish women." They were simple, and not very
particular with beautiful dresses and expensive jewellery. This observation was resonated
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with the Filipino women who were well-mannered, devoted, and hospitable but
unsophisticated. He said that they will gain respect equal to men, if only they could develop
and educate themselves.
THE NOLI ME TANGERE
In March 21 1887, the Noli Me Tangere which means "touch me not" was taken from
holy bible was published despite his physical condition, this was the time when Jose Rizal
had no money and his health was failing. The publication of his first novel was realized
because of his friend Maximo Viola who arrived in Berlin just in time of his desperation and
loaned him a certain amount of money for the publication of his novel.
After the publication, Jose Rizal sent copies to his comrades, they were Ferdinand
Blumentritt, Antonio Maria Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce, and Felix
Hidalgo. He also gave a copy to Maximo Viola on March 29 as a sign of gratitude during the
time he needed money for the publication of his novel.
The novel was inspired by his reading of Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's
Cabin". The novel was supposed to be written by some of his friends who were present
during the proposal, they were the Paternos (Pedro, Maximo, and Antonio) Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente, Melecio Figueroa, and Valentin
Ventura. However, during the writing, these people did not do anything.
Despite of that, Jose Rizal continued writing the novel and finished few chapters more
in Germany and the remaining chapters in Wilhelmsfeld on April to Lune 1886.
After Christmas season with Viola, he made some finishing touches deleting some
passages in the manuscript, including the chapter on "Elias and Salome". After a thorough
canvassing for the printing of the novel, they found Berliner Buchcdrukrei Action
Gesselchaft printing house where they were charged the lowest rate of 300 for 2,000 copies.
While the novel was being printed, the Chief of Police in Berlin visited him in his
boarding house and requested him to his passport. Jose Rizal was unable to present his
passport, he was told to secure within four days or else he would be deported. Jose Rizal who
has no passport at all, presented to the German Police authorities to explain that he was a
Filipino physician and scientist but instead, he was suspected as French spy because of his
frequent visit to the village and towns in rural areas. But he reiterated to them that aside from
a physician, he was an ethnologist whose interest is to observe the customs and lifestyles of
the people. His apologetic gesture made the police authorities believed and allowed him to
stay freely in Germany.
JOURNEY WITH DR. MAXIMO VIOLA
After the novel was published, just in time when his brother Paciano sent him his
allowance amounting to one thousand pesos, he then paid Maximo Viola the amount he
loaned for his novel's publication.
With his remaining money, Jose told Maximo about his plans to visit again some
places in Europe to continue his socio-political observations. On May 11, 1887, they left
Berlin by train going to their first destination, the Dresden where they visited Dr. Adolph
Meyer, the Museum of Arts, witnessed the Floral Exposition where they also met Dr. Feodor

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Jagor who advised him to write Ferdinand Blumentritt before going to him so that the latter
may not be surprised of his Visit.
Afterwards, they proceeded in Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia by a train where they met
Blumentritt who was very hospitable to them. Before going to his house, Ferdinand
Blumentritt accompanied them at Hotel Krebs where they rested momentarily.
After they visited Prague where they saw the tomb of Copernicus. Then their next
destination was Vienna where they saw the grandeur churches, museums, art galleries,
theaters, and the public parks.
On May 24, they left Vienna by a boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube River.
The river voyage ended in Lintz where they travelled overland to Salizburg going to Munich,
then to Nuremberg, then proceeded to Ulm going straight to Stuttgart, Baden, then to
Rheinhall (Cascade of the Rhine) where they crossed the frontier to Schffhaussen and
continued their journey in Basel, Bern, and Lausanne, then heading towards Leman to
Geneva.
lt was in Geneva where Jose Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday treating Dr. Viola to a
sumptuous meal. After Geneva, they both decided to part ways where Maximo Viola returned
back in Barcelona while Jose Rizal continued his travel around Italy he visited Turin, Milan,
Venice, Florence and Rome. It was in these places where he enjoyed observing the different
structures and edifices of the churches, the St. Peter and St. Paul. After a long week of
sightseeing in Rome, he prepared for his trip back home.
ARRIVAL IN MANILA (FIRST HOMECOMING)
Prior to his plan of returning in the Philippines, his brother Paciano informed him to
take care because his novel caused so much forceful reactions from the friars believing that it
was the source of problem in the Catholic Church. Upon his return on August 1887, his
family kept secretly his arrival for they knew the friars will seize after him.
His determination to return in the Philippines was triggered by his plan to practice
medicine in his hometown. But more than that was his intention to operate his mother's eye,
to help the people by serving them as a doctor, to observe the effect of his novel, to find out
what happened to Leonor Rivera and finally to see his family.
Jose Rizal who was also interested in other activities saw the relevance of sports for
the welfare of the youth. As a sport enthusiast, he taught the young people fencing, shooting,
and gymnastics. However, during his six-month stay in Calamba, Jose Rizal failed to see
Leonor Rivera.
MEETING WITH GOVERNOR GENERAL EMILIO TERRERO
Jose Rizal was invited by Governor General Emilio Terrero in Malacañang to explain
to him about his novel. But he (Jose) explained to him (Terrero) that the content of his novel
was just exposing the truth and has no intention to promote dissident ideas. He also told him
to read his novel for him to personally know what the novel was saying.
But despite the support of Governador General Emilio Terreo, the Archbishop of
Manila, Msgr. Pedro Payo, sent a copy of the novel to Father Rector Gregorio Echevarria of
the University of Santo Tomas to undergo further examination through the committee of a
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faculty. The committee found out that the novel was indeed against the catholic teachings
because of its heretical, impious, and scandalous contents. They also reported that its anti-
patriotic, seditious public order, harmful to the government of Spain and detrimental to the to
function of mother Spain in the Philippine Islands as order
As a result, the Governor General submitted the novel to the Permanent Commission
of Censorship composed of priests and laymen for further investigation and verification.
Findings showed the same and recommended the banning for the importation, reproduction,
and circulation of the novel in the Philippines. With this recommendation, the people became
interested of the novel by reading it behind closed doors. But the friars urged the authorities
to punish those people who were found to have the novel as a sign of support to their call of
imposing harsh measures against violators.
IN DEFENSE OFTHE NOVEL
When the novel was prohibited to the Filipino people, many of his comrades showed
support by defending his novel from the enemies of Jose Rizal. But amongst the people who
helped him, it was Rev. Vicente Garcia who was the best defense. According to him as based
on the appendix in the pamphlet published on July 18, 1888, he denied Fr. Jose Rodriguez’s
allegation, to wit:
1. Jose Rizal cannot be an ignorant man because he was a graduate of Spanish Universities
and was a recipient of scholastic honors;
2. Jose Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain instead what he attacked in the novel was
the had Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad corrupt friars not the church; and
3. Lastly, according to the friars, those people who have read the novel committed a mortal
sin, therefore, he (Fr. Rodriguez) also committed a mortal sin.
This in effect made Jose Rizal's life in danger, thus, the Governor General Terrero
assigned him a body guard named, Jose Taviel de Andrade who eventually became his good
friend because of their common interest in hunting, fencing, shooting, and painting.
Although Jose Rizal was quite peaceful for a while, Rizal's happy days was marred by
the death of his older sister Olimpia, and the baseless rumor circulated by his enemies that he
was “German spy, an agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a Mason, a Witch and a soul beyond
salvation."
Because Governor General Terrero was influenced by some facts in Noli Me Tangere,
he ordered the investigation of the tenant's relatives in connection with the friar estates. The
findings reported in the government for action were the following:
1. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but
also the town of Calamba;
2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of arbitrary increased of
the rentals paid by the tenants;
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town
fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture;

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4. Tenants who had spent much labor in tilling their lands were dispossessed of said lands for
flimsy reason; and
5. High rates of interests were charged to the tenants for delayed payment of rentals, and
when the tenants could not pay, the hacienda management will confiscate their carabaos,
tools, and even their homes.
The friars asked the Governor General to eliminate Jose Rizal but instead advised him
to leave the country for his life was in danger.
3.2 SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD (1888-1892)
JAPAN EXPERIENCE
After the advised from Governor General, his family and some of his close friends,
Jose Rizal decided to leave the country where he sailed from Hongkong to Yokohama on
February 22, 1888 aboard the ship "Oceanic."
After a short stay at the Grand Hotel in Yokohama, Rizal visited Tokyo where he met
the Spanish Attaché in Japan, Juan Perez y Caballero. He extended his invitation to stay at the
Office of the Spanish Legation. Jose Rizal accepted the offer because he knew that he will be
closely watched by the Spanish authorities. His acceptance was prompted by two reasons (1)
to show that he is not afraid of being watched as he had nothing to hide and (2) to save more
expenses for the hotel accommodations.
In his brief visit in Tokyo, he met Seiko Usui (O-Sei-San) who oftentimes passed by
the gate of the Legation in Tokyo. He introduced himself and eventually became good
friends, in his diary, he mentioned how intense his love and affection towards her:
"Your image lives in my memory, and undoubtedly, l am always thinking of you. Your name
lives in the sight of my lips your image accompanies and animates all my thoughts"
After his journey in Japan, Jose Rizal decided to visit United States of America. He
boarded the steamer "Belgic" on April 13, 1888 where he met Tetcho Suehiro, a Japanese
writer. Momentarily, this person served as his companion throughout their voyage to San
Francisco until their arrival in London on December 1, 1888.
UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE
After a long journey, Jose Rizal arrived in San Francisco on April 28, 1888 but they
were not allowed to disembark because the health authorities placed the entire ship under
quarantine because of an alleged cholera outbreak in the Far East; until they were allowed to
land on May 4, 1888. His impression of United States was not good because of the prevailing
racial discrimination, the inequality and prejudice of the white Americans towards the black
African Americans.
He stayed at Palace Hotel in San Francisco until May 6, 1888, and then decided to trip
in New York by an overland train. The train passed through the states of Nevada, Utah,
Colorado, Nebraska, and Illinois. On May 12, 1888, they stopped over to see the famous
Niagara Falls and described it as the most splendid falls he had ever seen.
After a week's journey, he arrived in New York City on May 13, 1888. He described
New York as a great city where everything is new. He was able to visit the relics of George
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Washington and saw the majestic Brooklyn Bridge as well as the huge Statue of Liberty.
After his visit in New York, he boarded the "City of Rome" going to London.
LONDON EXPERIENCE
Aboard the "City of Rome", he reached Queenstown in Ireland on May 24, 1888.
From there, he embarked on a ferry boat going to Liverpool and then travelled again by a
train to London, England. He arrived in London the next day.
His visit in London was prompted because of his intentions to learn the English
language and to annotate the book of Antonio de Morga, the “Succecos de Las Islas
Filipinas”, History of the Philippine Island.
On May 25, 1888, he first stopped at the Grand Hotel Midland and then stayed for
week at a house in Beresford Road and eventually transferred to a private home in No. 37
Chalcoat Cresent, Primrose Hill, Northwest owned by the Becket family.
In London, he came to know of a Filipino resident, Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, a
wealthy man and a practicing lawyer who was exiled on 1872 because of the Cavite mutiny,
where they became good friends. He, likewise, met Dr. Reinhold Rost, who was introduced
to him through a letter by Ferdinand Blumentritt. Rost was the Director of the Library of the
India Office and the best authority of Malayan customs and languages.
Jose Rizal devoted his time by annotating the book of Dr. Morga. He rectified some
important points so that the Filipino people will know and understand the history of their
country. Rizal wrote in the prologue of his work that;
"If the book succeeded in awakening the consciousness of our past, which have been erased
from our memories and if it is able to rectify the falsehood and calumny that had been
committed, then I shall feel that I have not labored in vain."
The annotation of Jose Rizal on Dr. Morga's book was later published in Paris on 1890.
Still in London, Jose Rizal heard the sad news that his brother-in-law, Manuel R.
Hidalgo was deported. He was deported by order of the Superior Government in the town of
Tagbilaran, Bohol in the Visayas because allegedly, he was representative of Jose Rizal and
was spreading anti-religious and impious ideas. Though, he (Manuel) believed that the
accusations against him were baseless and illogical.
On March 1889, Jose Rizal decided to go in Paris, France after his short stay in
London. His arrival was in time for the opening of the International Exposition in Paris which
was intended to commemorate the French Independence.
After eleven months of stay in Paris, he moved again in Brussels, Belgium on January
28, 1890 with his uncle Jose Alberto where they stayed in a rented house in #38 Rue Phillipe
Champagne owned by the Jacoby sisters.
His intentions to visit Brussels were to write his second novel entitled El
Filibusterismo, a sequel to his Noli Me Tangere; to assist in a local clinic to make a living; to
attend to his correspondence with his family and fellow propagandists and to write articles for
La Solidaridad.

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While in Brussels he also experienced the persecution of his family and town mates
back in Calamba because of conflict in the Calamba estates. In a letter of his brother Paciano,
he was informed of the petition to evict the tenants filed before the justice of the Peace. His
brother told him that at first, they were hoping for a favorable judgment but the case can only
be done in the Supreme Court in Spain. He was a bit hesitant to attain justice.
In a letter from his sister Lucia, he was given an account of how his family and town mates
suffered. The letter reads:
"Concerning our town, perhaps your heart would ache because of the blindness of our
compatriot. You can then imagine what would happen. When the lay brothers go out riding,
the Lieutenant of the Civil Guard sits on the little bench of the carriage and the Acting
Lieutenant goes over the curate. When the lay brothers have some orders for the Hacienda,
they sent out the Captain"
Unfortunate news came from his sister Saturnina on June 2, 1890. Saturnina's
husband Manuel was deported again, and worse, was arrested while he was eating with his
family on the very day of Christmas. The last letter received by Jose Rizal before moving in
Madrid came from his brother-in-law Silvestre Ubaldo. The latter sent papers on the eviction
issued by the manager of the Calamba Estate against his family.
BACKTO SPAIN
After Paris, Jose Rizal travelled to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. His trip in
Spain was prompted by his desire to contact his comrades; they were Marcelo H. del Pilar
and Mariano Ponce. These two were forerunners of the propaganda movement in Spain. It
was also his intention in visiting Spain to study the present political climate in relation to the
campaign for reforms in the Philippines. After his brief visit, he returned to London to
celebrate Christmas.
Days after he returned from London, his Filipino comrades in Spain met him on the
eve of New Year's Day in Barcelona. The purpose of the gathering was the formation of an
association which they named as Asociacion La Solidaridod (Solidaridad Association). This
association was established to unite the Filipinos in Europe in their quest for reforms in the
Philippines. Galicano Apacible was elected as the president of the association while Graciano
Lopez Jaena became the vice-president; Manuel Sta. Maria as secretary; Mariano Ponce, as
the treasurer; and Jose Maria Panganiban as an accountant. But despite that he was not
elected, he was chosen as the honorary president.
To realize theobjectives of the La Solidaridad, the members decided to put up a
publication of the same name. As a result, many propagandists including Jose Baron
Fernandez described this fortnightly as the "most important paper of the Filipino abroad and
their most signmcant work in connection with the movement."
However, the La Solidaridad publication was not realized immediately. On February
15, 1889, the first issue came out. The publication was led by Graciano Lopez Jaena the vice-
president of the asociacion, who was also the editor of the paper.
As the honorary president of the asociacion, Jose Rizal wrote several articles that
came out in the different editions of the propaganda paper. Among this were the "Letters the

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Women of Malolos”, The Truth for Everyone", “Barantes and the Tagalog Theater" and "The
Indolence of the Filipinos".
Prior to his visit in Madrid, he wrote a letter to Marcelo H. del Pilar, requesting him to
stand as a lawyer for his family. He even sought helped from the Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino and even went to the Minister of Colonies to present their grievances against the
injustices committed by the friars and Governor General Valeriano Weyler. All his effort
remained futile because they lost in the case in court.
In April of 1891, Jose Rizal returned to Brussels, Belgium where he stayed at the
Jacoby's house, same house he used to stay. His returned was because of his desire to finish
his second novel, E1 Filibusterismo since he started writing it four years ago.
THE EL FILIBUSTERISMO
Before the printing of the second novel, Jose Rizal faced the same problem during his
first novel. He ran out of money, that is why, he wrote Jose Maria informing him of his
situation and eventually sent him money and another helped came from Rodriguez Arias as
royalty for the book sale of Dr. Morga.
However, the amount of money he received wasn't enough to print because of the
high cost of printing. But with full determination to print his novel, he moved in Ghent from
Brussels for cheaper printing. In Ghent, he met Jose Alejandrino, a Filipino engineering
student at the University of Ghent. Alejandrino agreed to share a room with Jose Rizal.
But when everything seemed to fall apart, good news came from Valentin Ventura
where he agreed to loan him money for the completion of the 39 printing. Thus, the printing
of the second part pushed through and finally the El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent
on September 18, 1891.
Jose Rizal immediately sent two copies to Basa and Lopez in Hong Kong while to
Valentin Ventura, who was very instrumental to him, the copy of the original manuscript of
the novel.
The EI Filibusterismo was sequel of the Noli Me Tangere where Jose Rival dedicated
it to the martyrs of the Cavite Mutiny, they were Marciano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora. The execution of the three priests was significant to the title of the novel. According
to Jose Rizal, in his letter to Blumentritt, explained the meaning of the title of the novel:
"The word filibusterismo is little known in the Philippines. The masses do not know it yet. I
heard it for the first time in 1872 when the tragic execution took place [execution of the
GOMBURZA]. l still remember the panic that this word has created. Our father forbade us to
utter it, as well as the words Cavite, Burgos etc. The Manila newspaper and the Spaniards
applied this word to the one whom they wanted to make revolutionary suspect. The Filipinos
belonging to the educated class heard the meaning of the word. lt does not have the meaning
of free brothers but rather means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged as well as
presumptuous man."
It was his good friend Ferdinand Blumentritt who wrote the introduction of the novel.
From the message written by Blumentritt, one can discern that El Filibusterisrno is more
intense than the Noli Me Tangere in terms of the political ideas. The introduction reads:

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"The policy of the pro-friars and retrogrades to the growth of filibusterism and convinced the
Filipinos that there was no other salvation but separation from mother Spain."
He even admitted that the El Filibusterismo was inferior to that of the Noli Me
Tangere. In his letter to Marcelo del Pilar, he wrote:
"For me, the El Filibusterismo as a novel is inferior as compare to the Noli Me Tangere, so
that received com gravo salis (with a grain of salt) the opinion of those who me that the El
Filibusterismo is superior to the Noli Me Tongere. Blumentritt and all those in Paris and
Barcelona, for their benevolence towards me, said it is superior I attributed it only to their
benevolence. You are the first one to tell me the truth and you coincide with the manner of my
thinking. This flatters me as it proves that I still know how to judge myself"
BOUND FOR HONG KONG
A month after his second novel was published; Jose Rizal decided to go in Hong
Kong. However prior to his departure, there was confusion in his mind as to whether he
would go home to be with his family or to proceed to the British colony
He wrote to Blumentritt:
“I still don't know exactly whether I would go to the Philippines or establish myself in Hong
Kong. My country draws me near, I want to embrace my parents and brothers, but friends
and countrymen are against it."
On October18, 1891, Jose Rizal made up his mind and left Europe via the S.S.
Melbourne. After a month long trip, he arrived in Hong Kong where Jose Maria Basa
welcomed him. While in Hong Kong, he practiced his profession as ophthalmic surgeon
through his colleague Dr. Lorenzo Marques, a Portuguese doctor. He rented a house at No. 2
Rednaxela Terrace which served as his clinic and his home.
It was in Hong Kong also which gave him the opportunity to reunite with his family.
On December 6, 1891, his father, Paciano, and brother-in-law Silvestre Ubaldo arrived in
Hong Kong.
In his letter to his sister Maria, Rizal expressed his profound joy on seeing some of his
family and talked about his father's improvement and at the same time revealed how he
missed his mother The letter reads:
"Father, Paciano, and Bestre [Silvestre Ubaldo] were already here, thanks God. Father has
put on weight and his cheeks have become pinkish; he is cheerful, he always walks around,
and he is very much pleased in Hong Kong."
"Tell mother that I have very great desire to see her and to operate her eyes, if this letter
should find her there still."
Finally, his mother together with sisters Lucia, Josefa, and Trinidad arrived also in
Hong Kong. Their family was reunited just in time for Christmas and New Year.
Rizal wrote to Blumentritt on December 30, 1891 telling him of his profound
happiness that his family was with him in Hong Kong. The letter reads:

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"They are now here and thanks to God thaf they find themselves in a free country. Life in the
Philippines has become impossible: without courtesy, without virtue, without justice!"
While in Hong Kong, there were ideas of his plan to go home, in fact, before his
mother and some of his sisters joined him Hong Kong, He Wrote a letter to them on
December 1, 1891 of his desire to return back home but instead to his surprise went in Hong
Kong to see him.
Another opposition came from his brother-in-law, Antonio Lopez who informed him
that everyone doesn't want him to go home because of their fear that he (Jose) will be
persecuted. He wrote:
“I’m glad that you have abandoned your plan to come here, well, almost everybody is
opposing to your coming and l am also of the same opinion, as l have already told Tatay and
Senior Paciano in my letter last month not to let you come home to avoid greater evils and
displeasures, which you already know. l believe that from there, without coming here, you
can do all you want for the welfare of the Philippines."
Aside from his family, his friends and contemporaries likewise do not want him to go home
because they feared that with the novels he wrote, his attackers (friars and authorities) will
surely looked after him.
ARRIVAL IN MANILA (SECOND HOMECOMING)
Despite the opposition of his family and friends, Jose Rizal firmly decided to go home
in the Philippines from Hong Kong. In his letter to Blumentritt dated September 22, 1891.
“I have to return to the Philippines. Life here is a burden to me, I have to give an example to
show that we do not fear death, terrible though it may be. Besides, there has been many
complaints about me. I have secret enemies. I want to leave so as not to hear anything
anymore. With my political enemies, l have my destiny. I die, you shall remain. It is better to
die than to live miserably."
Before his scheduled departure, Jose Rizal wrote two letters, one was for his family
and the other was to his fellow Filipinos. Both letters were dated June 20, 1892. He entrusted
the letters to his good friend Lorenzo Marques and told him to open the letter only after his
death.
Jose Rizal left Hongkong with his sister Lucia back home to the Philippines at the
same time informed the Governor General of his return.
On June 26, 1892, Jose and Lucia arrived to Manila at 12:00nn where they were meet
by soldiers; one of the was a major , a captain and, a sergeant of the constabulary who were
in disguise.
After going through customs inspection at the port, he went straight to Hotel de
Oriente to check-in. in the letter of Rizal to his Excellency, he mentioned Hotel de Oriente. It
was probably his intention to inform where he would stay so that the Governor General might
realize that he had nothing to hide with his arrival. At the same time, just in case the
Governor General will summon him for a meeting, then he can easily be located.
MEETING WITH GOVERNOR DESPOJOL

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At 4 o'clock in the afternoon on the day of his arrival, Rizal went immediately in
Malacañang Palace to seek courtesy with Governor General Eulogio Despujol but he was
advised to return at 7:00 in the evening.
The first meeting was short and lasted for only three minutes. Though his contact with
the Governor General produced a positive result. The Governor General lifted the deportation
of his father. However he received no pronouncement yet as to the fate of his brother Paciano
and the rest of his family. The Governor General set another meeting with him on June 29.
While waiting for the second meeting with the Governor General, Rizal visited some
of his sisters. The next day after his arrival, he went to Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and later
to Cavite to visit some of his companion.
Afterwards, he returned to the Palace for his scheduled meeting with Governor
General Despujol on Wednesday but he met him at half-past seven, almost the same time
during their first meeting. Although his interview with his Excellency lasted for more than
two hours, he did not obtain a pardon for the deportation of his brother. After the meeting, the
Governor General requested Jose Rizal to come back the next day.
As instructed, he returned in see Governor General Despujol on Thursday. This time,
the Governor General granted the pardon for his brother. Again, he was instructed to come
back for another meeting.
On Sunday, he returned again to Malacañang Palace and extended his gratitude for the
lifting of the deportation of his father and brother. In this meeting, Governor General
Despujol asked whether Rizal wanted to go back in Hong Kong and he answered
affirmatively. After the meeting, he was asked to return on July 6.
THE LA LIGA FILIPINA
On the night of Sunday, Jose Rizal called a meeting at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco
in Tondo to create an organization where he called La Liga Filipino. Some of his companions
attended, they were Pedro Serrano Laktaw, and Timoteo Perez, Apolinario Mabini, Teodora
Plata, Deodato Arellano, and Andres Bonifacio, and some of his mason friends.
The La Liga Filipina was part of his plan back in Hong Kong because he knew this
would help unite the Filipino people and eventually would pave way their problems on
agricultural, educational and financial conditions. In fact, the by-laws of this organization
were written in Hong Kong. But this meeting brought suspicion from the authorities, the
Governor General on July 5 or two days after the meeting, ordered Constabulary to search all
houses that Jose Rizal visited. The suspicion was further aggravated because most of the
houses he (Jose) visited were owned by the masons.

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CHAPTER 4
EXILE
4.1 ARRESTAND THE DECREE OF DEPORTATION

As agreed, Jose Rizal went back to Malacañang Palace where the Governor General asked him again
of his plan to return in Hong Kong but he (Jose) replied affirmatively. The Governor General told him
that there were leaflets found in his baggage during their stay in Hotel de Oriente. But Jose Rizal said
that the leaflets found in his baggage was not his propoerty but was owned by sister The leaflet
entitled "Pobres Frailes" (Poor Friars) made the Governor General dismayed and placed Jose Rizal
under arrest. Despite of his explanation, the Governor General did not believe him and instead told his
nephew Ramon Despujol to accompany him (Jose) in Fort Santiago. It was alleged that during their
stay at Hotel de Oriente, the nephew of Archbishop Nozaleda went to his room and put the leaflet into
his sister's baggage.
After he was placed under arrest, the Decree of Deportation was immediately published on July 7,
1892 at Gaceta de Manila. The Decree of Deportation came as a result of his possession of the leaflet

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he brought with him upon his arrival in Hong Kong. This was ordered because of his two novels
which were considered by the friars as anti-Catholic and anti-cleric. The friars said that he [Jose]
attempted to disgrace them by means of his two novels especially the El Filibusterismo. The decree
called traitors of the nation referring to the GOMBURZA where Jose Rizal dedicated his second
novel. He once said that there was no other salvation of our country (Philippines) but separation from
mother Spain.
It was believed that the Governor General's decision was prompted by the advised of the Jesuits to
exile him (Jose) in Dapitan because they knew he would be safe there since the superior of the Jesuit
mission was known by them. A letter was given to him to introduce him to Father Antonio Obach
where he could temporarily live.
Upon the publication of the Decree of Deportation, Jose Rizal was not yet exiled but was temporarily
detained in Fort Santiago. He stayed incommunicado for eight days where he was treated very well.
He was given a room furnished fashioned with a crib, a dozen of chairs, a table, a basin and a mirror.
In his statement, Jose Rizal mentioned that his room had three windows, one with unbarred looking at
the patio and another one barred looking out the wall city and the seashore, and the third served as a
door which was locked.
4.2 BOUND TO DAPITAN

It was 10:00 in the evening on July 14, 1892 when Jose Rizal was scheduled to leave Fort Santiago.
Upon hearing it, he prepared himself and packed up his things waiting for his escorts to take him to
the port. But his escorts came very late, just in time before midnight, when he was about to sleep, they
woke him up and took him to the port. He boarded the ferryboat "Cebu" bound to Dapitan around
1:00 in the morning.
At the ferryboat, he was given special treatment as if he was a high ranking official. The captain of the
ship gave him a prime cabin marked as 'jefes" which means commanding officers. But he was
guarded by a sentry and a corporal every time he ate his meals.
On July 17, 1892, the ferryboat "Cebu" arrived in Dapitan where he was met by Ricardo Carnicero
who offered him to live either in his house or at the Jesuit Mission House.
4.3 LIFE IN DAPITAN

Jose Rizal decided to stay at the house of Ricardo Carnicero where he was told to oversee his
activities daily. He (Ricardo) knew that Jose Rizal was not simply an ordinary deportee, thus, he
ordered his people to closely observe him. But because Jose Rizal was a good person, no wonder, he
befriended with Ricardo Carnicero. He received good treatment from him. He was allowed to roam
around the place though, he required him report once a week Jose Rizal in returned was also very
grateful to him.
On August 30, 1892, Ricardo Carnicero informed Governor General Eulogio Despujol on August 30,
1892 that Jose Rizal wanted reforms in the Philippines but does not want friars to be evicted. On
September 21, 1892, he (Ricardo) submitted another report to Governor General Despujol informing
him about reforms, these were freedom of religion and of the press.
While in Dapitan, he (Jose) wrote to his mother in Hong Kong about his exile in Dapitan. On July 25,
1892, expressed his profound gladness:

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“In these days of lack of communication, travel, and deportation, greatly worried thinking of you,
and for this reason I hasten to write to you to you that l am well here as were on vacation in this
politico-military district. I don’t miss anything except my family and freedom.”
On September 21, 1892, the mail boat "Butuan" informed Jose, Carnicero and Equilor that their
lottery ticket number 9736 won second prize amounting to Twenty Thousand Pesos. Each received an
amount of Six Thousand Two Hundred Pesos. Jose Rizal used the money to buy a piece of land in
Talisay to build his tree houses, one square type made another type made of wood and the last was
shape made of nips. The first his pupils was his residence while the second was for his pupils and the
last was for his livestock and plant and fruit bearing trees. Some of his money was given to his father
who was still in Hong Kong.
On January1893, Jose Rizal told Ricardo Carnicero to stay in his own house. His house was
completed in March where he was able to cultivate lanzones, mangoes, macopa, langka, santol,
mangosteen and cocoa trees. He domisticated also some animals like chicken, rabbits, dogs and even
cats.
Jose Rizal became a teacher to some children in Dapitan where he started with only three students and
eventually increased to twenty one. He tutored them Spanish, English, Mathematics and how to work.
His class started after lunch 4:00 in the afternoon. In his letter to Blumentritt, he once said:
“One can judge their enthusiasm for study when, even though they they worked in order to study.”
Some members of his family visited and joined him in Dapitan. His mother and his sister Trinidad and
as well as his nephew Angelica arrived in August. He had the chance to operate his mother's eye.
When his mother left with Trinidad, his two sisters Maria and Narcisa together with his nephews
arrived in Dapitan. Unfortunately, his father could not travel to Dapitan because of his deteriorating
condition. Rizal told Blumentritt in a letter that his father "was growing weaker and weaker by the
day." He missed his father so much. To his sister Josefa he said:
"Tell our father that l should like to see him; I hope we shall see one another very soon. Kiss him the
hand for me."
Jose Rizal as a physician had many patients not only from Dapitan but from the neighboring towns as
well. Most of his patients were poor where most often did not accept any fee. One day, a wealthy
Englishman went to his clinic and removed his cataract where he was paid five hundred pesos. The
money he received was used to put up lamps in their streets.
As a scientist, he was able to discover rare species which were named after him. These were the flying
dragon (Draco Rizali), small beetle (Apogonia Rizali) and a toad (Rgghophorous Rizali).
In his letter Blumentritt, He described his life in Dapitan:
“My life goes on quietly and drearily, To pass the time and help the local people here a little, I have
turned a merchant. I bought hemp and shipped it in Manila. l was lucky this month, l made $200 at
one blow... My present life is peaceful, solitary with glory but I think it is also useful. I am teaching
some poor but intelligent children how to read Spanish and English, and Mathematics (including
Geometry), and how to behave like men. I have also taught the loca1 people how to make a better
living, and they think I am right... This coercion upon me has taught me a new language, Visayan, and
how to handle a boat, it has given me a better knowledge of country, and has rewarded me with some
thousand dollars! God can send good fortune in the midst of the persecutions of one's enemies."
On August 28, 1893, he heard the death of his beloved Leonor Rivera. He was in despair and very
lonely but it was very timely when he met Josephine Bracken. He fell in love and afterwards decided
to marry each other but their marriage was not permitted because of the refusal it on the Bishop of
Cebu.
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4.4 REVAMP IN LEADERSHIP

While Rival was in Dapitan, many changes took place in the municipal administration of Spain in the
Philippines. Don Antonio Maura became the Ministerter of the Colonies. Governor General Eulogia
Despujol was replaced by Federico Ochando and eventually took over by Ramon Blanco.
During his incumbency, Jose Rizal wrote a petition for his freedom through his brother in-law Manuel
Hidalgo. In his petition he strongly condemned his deportation in Dapitan. But unfortunately has not
received any reply from him. There was a time when he was able to talk to after his visit in Dapitan
where the Governor General Blanco promised him to transfer either in llocos or La Union.
Like Despujol, Ricardo Carnicero was replaced byluan Sitges upon order of Ochando. It was
allegedly replaced because of his close contact with Jose Rizal. Aside from these, the Jesuit society
had undergone changes, Father Pablo Pastells was replaced by Father Juan Ricart as the superior of
the Jesuit Order in the Philippines. Father Pastell gave Jose Rizal a copy of a famous Catholic book by
Father Thomas Kempis called Imitacion de Cristo (Imitation of Christ). It was him also who was
instrumental for the recall of Ricardo Carnicero.
4.5 PLAN AS MILITARY DOCTDR IN CUBA

Jose Rizal while in Dapitan thought that he would not stay long as Governor General Blanco will
fulfill his promise to transfer him either in Ilocos or La Union. He accompanied his sister Trinidad
through a letter that he was feel ill. He wrote letter to the Governor General asking him permission to
go to Spain since he has not received feedback of his promised don't want him to remain idle
Dapitan. There was a time when Pio Valenzuela was ordered by Andres Bonifacio to inform him of
their plan to have a revolution but Jose Rizal did not approve of their plan because his refusal to join
and lead the Katipunan.
Another suggestion came from his friend Jose Maria Basa in Kong. Basa wrote him to help obtain
pardon in Madrid. Unfortunately, Regidor told Basa that despite all his efforts, a pardon could only be
secured in Madrid as he was advised by his friends in the Government that the case of Jose Rizal
could be settled through his Excellency; the Governor General Blanco.
Regidor had another idea whom he shared with Blumentritt. He wanted Rizal to volunteer as military
doctor in Cuba. The Spanish forces needed outbreak doctors because e Cuban Revolution,
Blumentritt considered it a good idea and so he wrote to Jose Rizal advising him to go to Cuba as a
doctor in the Spanish Medical Corps. Jose Rizal accepted the suggestion. In fact, he believed that it
was an excellent idea. He told Blumentritt through a letter dated November 20, 1895 that he will write
immediately to the Governor General for his enlistment. A day after, November 21, he informed his
mother of his decision.
As expected, his family especially his parents were worried of his sudden change of plans. He
understood the fears of his parents of his going to Cuba but he told them through a letter:
“I received your letter in the 14th and l understand perfectly your and Father's fears about my going
to Cuba; however as you well say, we should have faith in God. Until now He has saved me from all
dangers; why will He not save me from others in the future?"
In another letter, he told his parents:
"Don't worry about anything; we are all in the hands of Divine Providence. Not all who go to Cuba
die, and finally one has to die, at least may one die doing something good."

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On November 17, 1895, Rizal wrote a petition to General Blanco to volunteer as a physician in the
Spanish Army in Cuba. But still, he has not received reply of his application. Determined to go to
Cuba, he again wrote another letter reiterating his desire to serve as Doctor.
He wrote to his mother:
"I have therefore reiterated my request to in Cuba in view of the fact that I have not received a reply
from the first."
Several months had elapsed since his first and second petitions were sent to the Governor General, he
(Jose) decided to abandon his plans. He told his friend Blumentritt:
"I no longer planned to go to Cuba since more than six months had passed since my application."
After having abandoned his desire to go to Jose Rizal was surprised to receive a letter from Governor
General Blanco on July 1, 1896. The letter was sent in Dapitan aboard the ship España. The letter was
the long awaited approval of the application of Rizal. The letter reads:
"I have made representation with the government in connection with your petition, and agreeing to
your wishes have no objection to your going to Cuba as a physician to the Military Health Corps. If
you still wish to take this step, the Commandant of Dapitan will issue you a pass for coming to Manila
where I shall, on my part, issue you a passport for the Peninsula. There, the Minister of War will
commission you to the Cuban Army."
Rizal had to rethink his plan again. He finally decided to leave Dapitan in favor for Cuba.
4.6 DEPARTURE FROM DAPITAN TO MANILA

According to Rizal, he had been in Dapitan for "four years, thirteen days, and few odd hour". With
this long stay, the town folks learned to love him.
In return for his kindness, they made sure that his departure was a big event. The whole town went to
bid him farewell. They even prepared a band for their adopted son.
Jose Rizal left Dapitan at midnight on July 31, 1896. He boarded España which will take him to
Manila. Aboard the España, his sisters Narcisa and Josefa, a niece, and three nephews accompanied
him. The trip was rushed because of their desire to catch Isla de Luzon to dock in Manila scheduled to
leave for Spain.
They made stopovers in Dumaguete, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, and Romblon.
After a rushed trip, Jose Rizal arrived in Manila on August 6, 1896.
But, the mail boat Isla de Luzon has already left a few hours before their arrival. Upon orders of his
Excellency he was transferred to cruiser Castilla anchored at a portin Cavite. He would stay aboard
while waiting to be transferred to another ship.
The commandant of Castillo gave Jose Rizal his own cabin. The former informed him that the
Governor General ordered him to be detained but not to be imprisoned. While in Castilla, his family
visited Jose Rizal. Only members of his family were allowed to visit him aboard.
The officers of the cruiser treated Rizal well. The commandant even assigned a certain Prudencio
Bulag to be at his disposal. In return, he wanted to give compliment to the officers. He requested
Narcisa to buy some goods to be given as to the officers.

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4.7 VOYAGE TO CUBA

On August 30, 1896, Governor General Blanco gave Jose Rizal three letters. Two of these letters were
addressed to the Ministers of War and of the Colonies. The other was addressed to him. The two
letters were intended to introduce him to the ministers for his enlistment in Cuba.
With these letters, he was ready to leave Manila to present himself to the authorities in Spain. On
September 2, 1896, he was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay. Before he left, he wrote to his
dear mother informing her of his departure and at the same time admonished them not to worry
because "not all who go to Cuba die."
In that same letter Rizal informed also his mother of how thankful he was to the kindness shown by
Governor General Blanco. He told his mother:
"The Most Excellent Cap thin General has behaved towards me very well. I’m going to show him, if
God gives me time and health, that I know how to reciprocated".
The next day, September 3, 1896, Isla de Panay left Manila. Aboard the steamer, he was given a good
large cabin. As expected, he received a good treatment from the officers and crew. But, he was under
close surveillance during the trip. It came out that before Rizal left, Governor General Blanco sent a
telegram to the Minister of Colonies. It read in part as follows:
"I have the honor of informing your Excellency that Dr. Jose Rizal y Alonso has embarked on the
vessel Isla de Panay which will leave this port tomorrow, the third of this month. We have instructed
the management of the Compañia Transattlantico in this City, that he is to be under close surveillance
during the trip, that he is to be taken to the Civil Governor of Barcelona."
The trip to Spain was difficult. According to him, there had been much sickness. A Captain of the
Military Administration died aboard and his remains was thrown into sea. Jose Rizal was made in-
charge of a sick Jesuit. Another ill was the brother-in-law of Pedro Paterno, Don Manuel Pineyro who
was suffering from dysentery.
On September 30, 1896, the Captain of the ship came to Rizal and informed him that he would be
confined to his cabin. According to the officer he received a telegraphic order for his arrest and
detention.
4.8 ARRIVAL IN SPAIN

Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona on October 3, 1894. As a rule, nobody was allowed to disembark,
as the ship would be quarantined for 3 days. While aboard, Jose Rizal was closely guarded. This time,
he was treated badly.
He was confused with the turned of events. When he left Manila, he was confident that he would be in
Cuba to serve Spain. He even abandoned all his plans. Now, it was certain that he would never
reached Cuba. According to Governor General Blanco, when Jose Rizal left for Spain in September 3,
charges were filed against him in connection with insurgency in the Philippines. The prosecutor
wanted Jose Rizal back to face the charges.
Jose Rizal was greatly disappointed. He had nothing to do with the disturbances in the Philippines. In
fact, he declined the offer to lead the revolution as he knew that Andres Bonifacio had revolted
already against the Spanish government.
He told all his predicaments to his friend Blumentritt. He said:

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“I was going to Cuba to make my name and answer all my calumnies. Now they tell me that I am not
going there. I cannot believe this because it would be the greatest injustice. I have offered my services
as a doctor ready to risk my life in the hazards of war, leaving oil my businesses behind. I am
innocent and has nothing to do with the disturbances, and can swear to it. And now, by way of
reward, they arre sending me to prison!"
On October 6, the passengers and crew of Isla de Panay were allowed to land. Jose Rizal was
awakened by an officer and was instructed to pack all his things. This time, he was subjected to a
harsh treatment. He carried his heavy baggage all by himself for he shall be taken to the Montjuich
Castle to be detained temporarily.
At the prison Fort, he was notified that he would be taken later to the headquarters of the commanding
officer in-charge of Montjuich. It came out that the officer was Governor General Eulogio Despujol,
the former Governor General of the Philippines who ordered the deportation of Jose Rizal in Dapitan.
When he was brought to the headquarters, he waited for about an hour before Governor General
Despujol arrived. The Governor General informed him that upon order of authorities, he would be
taken back to the Philippines. He would return to Manila on board the steamer Colon. He would be
given a second-class cabin aboard. The meeting with Despujol lasted only for fifteen minutes.
There after Jose Rizal was brought to steamer Colon. The ship carried troops to reinforce the Spanish
forces in the Philippines. At eight o'clock in the evening of October 6, Colon left Barcelona for
Manila.
CHAPTER 5
TRIAL AND EXECUTION
5.1 BACK IN FORT SANTIAGO AND THE INITIAL INVESTIGATION

0n November 3, 1896, the steamer Colon arrived in Manila. It gave too much happiness on
the part of the Spanish friars and government officials because the soul of revolution that they
believed in could now be made responsible for a crime he had done. Jose Rizal was back to the
Philippines as a prisoner. He was strictly guarded on when he was brought back to Fort Santiago. He
was held incommunicado for almost four weeks in his prison cell. Meanwhile, the Spanish officials
were so busy gathering and fabricating evidences against him.
The man responsible for the return of Rizal was Col. Francisco Olive. It was him who
requested the Governor General Blanco to immediately order the return of Jose Rizal for he accused
him of organizing the insurrection against the Spanish authorities in Manila.
On November 30, he summoned Jose Rizal to appear before him for an initial investigation
of his case. There, he was informed of the offenses charged against him as well as the evidences to
support the charges. These were consisted of documentary and oral evidences. Among others were
documents, letters, and even lyrics of Kundiman allegedly written by him.

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On the other hand, the oral testimonies consisted among others were the sworn statements of
Aguedo Del Rosario and Francisco Quizon. The two identified him as the head of the Katipunan.
Statements were also taken from Salvador Dizon, Deodato Arellano, and Timoteo. After the
investigation, Colonel Olive submitted his findings to his Excellency Governor General Blanco where
he appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez to act as a special judge advocate. As expected, Captain
Domniguez found probable cause and recommended the prosecution of lose Rizal for rebellion.
With this endorsement, Governor General Blanco forwarded the case to Nicolas Peña. The
latter ordered that the accused should face trial before a military court. He further decreed that Jose
Rizal be assisted by an officer as a counsel. From a list of officers submitted to him, Jose Rizal chose
Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. Luis was familiar to Jose Rizal being his brother's (Jose Taviel)
bodyguard before.
Finally, on December 11, the charges were formally read to lose Rizal. These were rebellion,
sedition, and illegal association Jose Rizal, pleaded not guilty.
5.2 THE TRIAL

Before the trial started, Governor General Camilo G. Polavieja, who arrived in the Philippines
on December 3, 1896, replaced Governor General Ramon Blanco. He officially assumed the post as
Governor General of the Philippine Island on December 13, 1896, two days after the arraignment of
Rizal.
On December 17, 1896, Peña endorsed that the case of Jose Rizal was ready for trial. After
which, the case was turned over to Capt. Dominguez and Lt. Alcocer who would act as prosecutors of
the case. On December 26, a court martial with 7 members was convened at the Cartel de España,
which converted into a temporary courtroom. The military tribunal consisted of Lt. Col. Jose Togores
Arjona, president and Capt. Ricardo MuñozArias, Capt. Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago lzquierdo
Osorio, Capt. Manel Diaz Escribano, Capt. Fernin Perez Rodriguez, and Capt. Braulio Rodriguez
Nuñez, members.
Present at the trial were Jose Rizal and his counsel, the prosecutors, Josephine Bracken, the
officials of the government, officers of the Army, some peninsulares, some natives and
correspondents of newspapers. The trial started with the prosecution presenting the case against Jose
Rizal. Dominguez and Alcocer presented the evidence to establish the case. After they rested their
case, Andrade took the defense of Jose Rizal. His defense was focused on a provision in the Penal
Code of Spain in the Philippines. The provision provided that the guilt of an accused could only be
established by means of ocular inspection, official documents, credible witnesses, and among others.
According to the defense, the prosecution failed to prove Jose Rizal's guilt by any of these means.
Thus, he must be acquitted of the charges. He (Jose) then presented a brief testimony of his case.
5.3 SENTENCE TO DEATH

After the defense of Jose Rizal, the case was submitted to the court for resolution. The
members of the tribunal deliberated the case, but lose Rizal's case had already been prejudged, the de-
cision was affirmative. The military court found lose Rizal guilty of the crime charged and was
sentence to die. The decision was as follows:
"In the plaza of Manila on the 26th day of the month, December, 1896, the Council of War
presided over by Lt. Col. D. Jose Togores Arjona, having met this day, to look into and pass sentence
on the case against Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonso, accused of the crimes of rebellion, sedition, and
illegal association, has carefully and thoroughly examined the said case, after a reading of his
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actuations by the Judge Advocate, and have seen the Fiscal's accusation, heard the allegation of the
defense and the declarations of the accused, hereby declares that the punishable acts consist of the
crimes of illegal association and of promoting and inducing to execute the latter; Jose Rizal is,
therefore, found guilty of being the author of said rebellion. By virtue of its powers, the council
dictates the following sentence: Dr. Jose Rizal should be, and is hereby condemned to death."
With this decision, Jose Rizal's fate was sealed. The next days followed by the execution of
Peña approved the sentence of Jose Rizal on December 28. He ordered that the convict be executed
through a firing squad in the morning of December 30.
Thereafter the special judge advocate, Capt. Dominguez informed Jose Rizal at Fort Santiago
of the sentence, the approval of his Excellency and the date and place of execution.
5.4 LAST MOMENTS

Having been informed his sentence, Jose Rizal was in his last moments of his life. The
archbishop of Manila, Father Bernardino Nozaleda requested the Jesuits of Ateneo to give spiritual
consolation to him as well as to convince him to retract from Masonry. The Jesuits who were his
former professors in Ateneo took turns in visiting him.
First visit Jose Rizal in the morning of December 29 were Fathers Saderra and Viza. After the
two left, Fathers Balaguer and Vilaclara replaced them. Fathers March and Faura also visited Rizal.
They kept on urging him to return to the church and to retract all his errors.
At the same day, Jose Rizal wrote two letters, one was for his brother Paciano whom he had
not seen for a long time and the other letter was for his family whom he wanted to see before his
death. Jose Rizal wrote:
"I should like to see some of you before I die, though it may be very painful. Let the bravest come
over I have to say some important things."
At seven o'clock in the evening. Doña Teodora arrived with Trinidad. His mother broke tears
upon seeing his poor son Jose Rizal also wept upon seeing his mother. He asked forgiveness for the
troubles he had brought to the family. Some of his sisters and nephews also went to see him in Fort
Santiago.
He gave to his sister Trinidad a cooking lamp and told her that there was something inside. He was
referring to his Mi Ultimo Adios, his farewell poem. Then came Josephine, his poor and unhappy
wife. Both cried upon seeing each other.
5.5 THE EXECUTION
Jose Rizal woke up early in the day of his execution. He took his breakfast at 5:30 in the
morning. Then Josephine came with Jose Rizal's sister Josefa. This would be his last moment with his
wife. After a little conversation with Josephine; he gave her a devotional book Imitacion de Cristo. He
wrote a note in the following words:
"To my dear and unhappy wife Josephine Bracken."
Before his execution, he wrote his last words to his parents. It was written at 6 o'clock in the
morning of December 30, 1896, an hour before his execution.
The letter read:

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“Most Beloved Father, Forgive me for the pain with which l pay you for your struggles and
tolls in order to give me education. I did not want this nor did l expect it. Farewell Father; Farewell!
To my very beloved Mother, Mrs. Teodora Alonso."
At 6:30 in the morning, the artillery of soldiers was ready to escort Jose Rizal. He was tied
elbow to elbow. He was accompanied by Fathers March and Villaclara and his counsel Lt. Taviel de
Andrade. At the beginning of the march, he told the two priests, "We are on the road to Calvary".
A drum and bugle together with an escort of artillery of soldiers accompanied the march to
Bagumbayan. Rafael Palma described Jose Rizal during the walk as follows:
"He walked with noble bearing, his body was upright, erect yet without affection. To me, that
represented his whole character; inflexible and daring. I could understand why he did not bend
neither to tyranny nor to death."
The place of execution was crowded with people, many of whom were Spaniards wanting to
see Jose Rizal die. Upon reaching the square formed by soldiers, he bade farewell to his counsel and
the two Jesuit priests. He then walked at the middle of the square. His last request was to face the
firing squad but was not considered by the Captain of the artillery.
Surprisingly the military doctor who went to check his pulse found to be normal. And finally,
the Captain shouted the order to fire. Rizal was hit in body and died at about 7:30 am.
Many Spaniards present at the execution shouted "Long Live Spain" and "Death to traitors."
These were heard three to four times. The artillery band played Marche de Cadiz. Eventually the
crowd disappeared.
ENGLISH VERSION: FILIPINO VERSION:

To My Fellow ChildrenC HAPTER 6 Sa Aking Mga Kabata
POEMS,
Whenever people of a country LETTERS AND NOVELS
truly love Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
The language which by heav'n they were Sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit,
taught to use Sanglang kalayaan nasa ring masapit
6.1That
POEMS
country also surely liberty pursue Katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid.
As does, the bird which soars to freer space above.
The following were some of the poems written byPagka't
Dr. Jose
ang Rizal.
salita'y These poems are
isang kahatulan
For language is the final judge and referee
translated in English and Filipino. Spanish version is found at thesalast
Sa bayan, part
nayo't mgaof kaharian,
this chapter
Upon the people in the land where it holds sway;
except “Saour
Aking Kababata”. At ang isang tao'y katulad, kabagay
In truth human race resembles in this way
Ng alin mang likha noong kalayaan.
The other living beings born in liberty.
Whoever knows not how to love his native tongue Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
Is worse than any beast or evil swelling fish. Mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda,
To make our language richer ought to be our wish Kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
The same as any mother loves to feed her young. Na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala.
Tagalog and the Latin language are the same Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin
And English and Castilian and the angel's tongue, Sa Ingles, Kastila at salitang anghel,
And God, whose watchful care o'er all is flung, Sapagka't ang Poong maalam tumingin
Has given us blessing in the speech we claim. Ang siyang naggawad, nagbigay sa atin.
Our mother tongue, like all the highest that we know Ang salita nati'y huwad din sa iba
Had alphabet and letter of its very own; Na may alfabeto at sariling letra,
But these were lost--by furious waves were overthrown
Na kaya nawala'y dinatnan ng sigwa
Like bancas in the stormy long years ago. Jose Rizal : LIFE, AND WRITINGS | 46
Ang WORKS
lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
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FILIPINO VERSION:
Aking Unang Inspirasyon
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umibig

Bakit nga ba
nagpapaligsahan,
sa bango ang mga bulaklak
ENGLISH VERSION: sa masayang araw na ito?
My First Inspiration Bakit nga ba

may bubulung-bulong
Whenever people of a country truly love na matamis at malamyos na himig
Why do the scented flowers sa lambak na ito?
In fragrant fray
Rizal each other's flowers Bakit nga ba
This festive day? umaawit ang mga ibon,
lumilipad nang paroo't parito
Why is sweet melody bruited sabay ihip ng hangin?
In the sylvan dale,
Harmony sweet and fluted Bakit nga ba
Like the nightingale? ang malinaw na batis
ay ipinaghehele
Why do the birds sing so ang mga namumukadkad na bulaklak?
In the gender grass,
Flitting from bough to bough Tanaw ko ang bukang liwayway ng Silangan
With the winds that pass? Na taglay ay kagandahan.
Bakit siya namimista
And why does the crystal spring sa nagbabagang ulap?
Run among the flowers
While lullaby zephyrs sing Giliw kong ina, iyong kaarawan
Like its crystal showers? Ipagdiriwang nila.
Ang rosas sa aking bango, a
I see the dawn in the East ng ibon sa kanyang bungad.
With beauty endowed.
Why goes she to a feast Bumubulong sa batis
In a carmine cloud? Walang humpay ngayong araw,
Binubulong-bulong na Lumigaya ka tuwina.
Sweet mother, they celebrate
You natal day Habang sa malinaw na batis
The rose with her scent innate, Jose Rizal
Ang: LIFE, WORKS
malinaw AND WRITINGS | 47
na bulong
The bird with his lay Ay marinig sa aking lira, Pakinggan!
Sa aking puso’y unang awit pag-ibig.
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ENGLISH VERSION:
To the Filipino Youth

(Theme: "Grow,O Timid Flower”)
Whenever people of a country truly love

Hold high the brow serene,
O youth, where now you stand, And thou, in accents clear
Let the brighten sheen Of Phoebus, to Apollos dear,
Of your grace be seen, Or by the brush's magic art
Fair hope of my fatherland! Takest form nature's store a part
To fix on the simple canvas' length.
Come now, thou genius grand,
And bright down the inspiration; Go forth, and then sacred fire
With thy mighty hand, Of they genius to the laurel may aspire
Swifter than the winds volition, To spread around the flame,
Raise the eager mind to higher station. And in victory acclaim,
Through under spheres the humane name
Come down with pleasing light
Of art and science to the flight, Day, O happy day,
O youth, and there untie Fair Filipinas, for thy land!
The chains that heavy lie, So bless the Power today
Your spirit free to bright. That places in thy way
This favor and this fortune grand.
See how in flaming zone
Amid the shadows thrown
The Spaniard's holy land
A crown's resplendent band
Proffers to this Indian land.
Thou, who now would rise

On wings of rich empires,
Seek from Olympian skies
Songs of sweetest strain,
Soften than ambrosial rain.
Thou, whose voice divine

Rivals Philomel's refrain;
And with varied line
Through the night benign
Frees mortality from pain.

Thou, who by short strife
Wakes’ thy mind to life;
And the memory bright
Of thy genius light Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 48
Makes immoral in its strength.
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FILIPINO VERSION:
Sa Kabataang Pilipino
Kapagka ang baya'y sadyang umiibig
Itaas ang iyong noong aliwalas
ngayon, Kabataan ng aking pangarap!
aking talino na tanging liwanag
pagitawin mo, Pag-asa ng Bukas!
Ikaw ay lumitaw, O Katalinuhan

magitang na diwang puno sa isipan
mga puso nami'y sa iyo'y naghihintay
dalhin mo roon sa kaitaasan.
Bumaba kang taglay ang kagiliw-giliw

mga silahis ng agham at sining
mga Kabataan, hayo na't lagutin
gapos ng iyong diwa at damdamin.
Ikaw, na may diwang inibig ni Apeles
Masdan ang putong na lubhang sa wika inamo ni Pebong kay rikit
makinang sa gitna ng dilim ay matitigan sa isang aputol na lonang malit
maalam na kamay, may dakilang alay ginuhit ang ganda at kulay ng langit.
nagdurusa mong bayang minamahal.
Humayo ka ngayon, papagningasin mo
Ikaw na may bagwis ng pakpak na nais ang alab ng iyong isip at talino
kagyat na lumipad sa tuktok ng langit maganda mong ngala'y ikalat sa mundo
paghanapin mo ang malambing na tinig at ipagsigawan ang dangal ng tao.
doon sa Olimpo'y pawang nagsisikap.
Araw na dakila ng ligaya't galak
Ikaw na ang himig ay lalong mairog magsaya ka ngayon, mutyang Pilipinas
Tulad ni Pilomel na sa luha'y gamot purihin ang bayang sa iyo'y lumingap
At mabisang lunas sa dusa't himuntok at siyang nag-akay sa mabuting palad.
puso at diwang sakbibi ng lungkot
Ikaw na ang diwa'y makapangyarihan

matigas na bato'y mabibigyang-buhay
mapagbabago mo alaalang taglay
iyo'y nagiging walang kamatayan.
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ENGLISH VERSION:
Ask Me for Verses
You bid now to strike the lyre,

That mute and torn-so long has lain;
And yet cannot wake the strain,
Nor will the Muse one note inspire
Coldly, it shakes in accents dire,
As if my soul itself tow ring,
And when its sound seems but to fling
A jest at its own low lament,
So in said isolate pent,
My soul can neither feel nor sing.
There was a time - ah, -it’s too true –

But the time long ago has past
When upon me the Muse had cast
Indulgent smile and friendship's due;
But of that age now all too few
The thoughts that with me yet will stay;
As from hours of festive play But it left, and now no more-
There linger on mysterious notes, Like a tree that is broken and sere-
And minds the memory floats My natal gods bring the echo clear
Of songs that in past times they bore,
Of minstrels and music gay.
Wide seas I cross'd to foreign shore,
With hope of change and other fate,
A plant I am that scarcely grown, My folly was made clear too late,
Was torn out Eastern bed, For in the place of good I sought
Where all around perfume is shed The seas reveal'd unto naught,
And life but sad am is known, But made death's specie on me wait.
The land that I can call my own
Where thrilling birds their song taught
me, All these fond fancies that were mine,
And cascades with their ceaseless roar, All love, all feeling, all emprise,
And all along the spreading shore Were left, beneath the sunny skies;
The murmurs of the sounding sea. Which o'er that flowery region shine;
So press no more that plea of mine,
While yet in childhood's happy day, For songs of love from out a heart
l learn upon its to smile, That coldly lies tortur'd soul l haste
And in my breast there seems the while Unresting o'er the desert waste,
Seething volcanic fires to play, And lifeless gone is all the art.
A bard I was, my wish always
To call upon the fleeting wind,
"Go forth, and spread around its flame,
From zone to zone with glad acclaim,
And earth to heaven together blind!"
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FILIPINO VERSION:
Pinatutula Ako
lyong hinihiling, lira ay tugtugin

bagaman sira na't laon nang naumid
ayaw nang tumipa ang nagtampong bagting
pati aking Musa ay nagtago narin.
Malungkot na nota ang nasnaw na himig

waring hinuhugot dusa at hinagpis
at ang alingawngaw ay umaaliwiw
sa sarili na ring puso at damdamin.
kaya nga't sa gitna niring aking hapis
yaring kalul'wa ko'y parang namamanhid.
Nagkapanahon nga...kaipala'y,tunay
ang mga araw na matuling nagdaan
nang ako sa akong Musa'y napamahal
lagi na sa akin,ngiti'y nakalaan.
ngunit marami nang lumipas na araw
sa aking damdamin alaala'y naiwan
katulad ng saya at kaligayahan
kapag dumaan na'y may hiwagang taglay Nang ako'y musmos pa'y aking natutuhang
na mga awiting animo'y lumulutang masayang batiin ang sikat ng araw
sa aking gunitang malabo,malamlam. habang sa diwa ko'y waring naglalatang
Katulad ko'y binhing binunot na tanim silakbo ng isang kumukulong bulkan.
sa nilagakan kong Silangang lupain laon nang makata,kaya't ako nama'y
pawang lahat-lahat ay kagiliw-giliw laging nagnanais na aking tawagan
manirahan doo'y sayang walang maliw. sa diwa at tula,hanging nagduruyan:
ang bayan kong ito,na lubhang marikit “Ikalat mo lamang ang kanyang pangalan,
sa diwa't puso ko'y hindi mawawaglit angking kabantugan ay ipaghiyawan
ibong malalaya,nangagsisiawit mataas, mababa'y, hayaang magpisan".
mulang kabundukan,lagaslas ng tubig
ang halik ng dagat sa buhangin mandin
lahat ng ito'y,hindi magmamaliw.

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ENGLISH VERSION:
To the Flowers of Heidelberg
Go to my native land, go, foreign flowers.

Sown by the traveller on his way.
And there, beneath its azure sky,
Where all my affections lie;
There from the weary pilgrim say,
What faith is his in that land of ours!
Go there and tell how when the dawn,

Her early light diffusing.
Your petals first flung open wide;
His steps beside chill Neckar drawn,
You see him silent by your side.
Upon its spring perennial musing.
Saw how when morning's light,

All your fragrance stealing,
Whispers to you as in mirth, All tell there of that day he stood,
Playful songs of Love's delight, Near to a ruin'd castle gray
He, too, murmurs his love's feeling By Neckar's banks, or shady wood,
In the tongue he learned at birth. And pluck'd you from beside the way
Tell, too, that tale to you addressed,
That when the sun of Keenigstuhl's height And how with tender care,
You bending leaves he press'd
Pours out its golden flood,
Twist pages of some volume rare.
And with its slowly warming light
Gives life to vale and grove and wood, Bear them,O flowers,love's message bear;
He greets that sun, here only upraising, My love to all the lov'd ones there,
Which in his native land is at its zenith Peace to my country-fruitful land-
blazing. Faith whereon its sons may stand,
And virtue for its daughters'care;
All tell there of that day he stood, All those beloved creatures greet,
Near to a ruin'd castle gray That still around home's altar meet.
By Neckar's banks, or shady wood, And when you come unto its shore,
And pluck'd you from beside the way This kiss I now on you bestow,
Tell, too, that tale to you addressed, Fling where the winged breezes blow;
And how with tender care, That borne on them it may.hover o'er
You bending leaves he press'd All that I love,esteem,and adore.
Twist pages of some volume rare.
But though,O flowers,you.come unto
that.land,
And still perchance,your colors hold;
So far from this heroic strand,
Jose Rizal :Whose soil first bade you life unfold
LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 52
Still here you fragrance uwill expand;
Your soul that never quits the earth.
Whose life smiled on you at your birth.
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At ibalita rin na nang minsang siya'y naglalakad-

lakad
FILIPINO VERSION:
Sa pampang ng Neckar ay pinupol kayo sa gilid
ng landas,
Sa Mga Bulaklak ng Heidelberg
Doon sa ang tanod ay ang mga guhong bakas ng
Pumaroon kayo sa mutya lumipas,
kong bayang pinakamamahal, Na nalililiman ng maraming punong doo'y
O mga bulaklak na hasik naggugubat.
sa landas niyong manlalakbay,
At doon,sa silong ng maaliwalas na Ibalita ninyo kung paanong kayo'y marahang
langit na bughaw, pinupol,
Sa mga mahal ko'y di Pinakaingatang huwag masisira ang sariwang
nagpapabaya'tlaging nagbabantay, dahon,
Inyong ibalita itong pananalig na sa At sa kanyang aklat ay ipinaloob at doon
puso'y taglay kinuyom,
Ng abang lagalag na di lumilimot sa nilisang Aklat ay luma na,datapuwa't kayo'y naroon pa
bayan. ngayon.
Pumaroon kayo,inyong ibalitang madilim-dilim Hatdan,hatdan ninyo,O pinakatanging bulaklak ng

pa, Rin,
Kung kayo,sa bati ng Hatdan ng pag-ibig ang lahat ng aking nga
bukang-liwayway,ay bumubukad na, ginigiliw,
Sa pampang ng Neckar na lubhang malamig ay Sa bayan kong sinta ay kapayapaan ang tapat kong
naroon siya, hiling,
At sa inyong tabi'y inyong Sa kababaihan ay binhi ng tapang ang inyong
namamasid na parang estatuwa, itanim;
Ang Tagsibol doong hindi Pagsadyain ninyo,O mga bulaklak,at inyong batiin
nagbabago'y binubulay niya. Ang mga mahal kong sa tahanang banal ay
kasama namin.
Inyong ibalitang kung sinisingil
na ng bukang-liwayway At pagsapit ninyo sa dalampasigan ng bayan kong
Ang buwis na bango ng inyong irog,
talulot pag ngiti ng araw, Bawa't halik sanang idinarampí ko sa inyong
Habang bumubulong ang bagong talulot
umagang halik ang kasabay Ay inyong isakay sa pakpak ng hanging doo'y
Ng"Kung inyo lamang nababatid lumilibot,
sana yaring pagmamahal!" Upang sa lahat nang İginagalang ko't sinisitang
Siya'y may bulong ding inaawit-awit sa lubos
katahimikan, Nawa'y makasapit ang halik ng aking pag-ibig na
Kundiman ng puso na sa kanyang taos.
wika'y inyong napakinggan. Maaaring doo'y makarating kayong taglay pa ang
Kundiman ng puso na sa kanyang kulay,
wika'y inyong napakinggan. Subali't ang bango'y wala na marahil at kusang
pumanaw,
At kung sa taluktok niyong Koenigsthul Wala na ang samyong sa talulot ninyo'y
ay humahalik na iningatang yaman,
Ang mapulang labi ng anak ng araw sa pag- Pagka't malayo na sa lupang sa inyo'y nagbigay ng
uumaga, buhay;
At ang mga lambak,gubat at kahuya'y Iwing halimuyak ang inyong kaluluwa, at di
binubusog niya malilisani
Sa daloy ng buhay na dulot ng sinag na Ni malilimot pa ang langit na saksi nang kayo'y
malahininga, isilang.
Yaong manlalakbay ay bumabati ring puspos
ng ligaya
Sa araw,na doon sa sariling baya'y laging
nagbabaga. Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 53
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FILIPINO VERSION:
Ang Awit ni Maria Clara
Pumaroon kayo sa mutya

Walang kasintamis ang mga sandali sa
sariling bayan,
Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik
ng araw,
May buhay na dulot ang mahinhing simoy
na galing sa parang.
Pagsinta'y matinyas, at napakatamis ng
ENGLISH VERSION: kamatayan man.
The Song of Maria Clara Maapoy na halik, ang idinarampi ng labi ng
ina
Go to my native land, foreign flowers. Paggising ng sanggol sa kanyang
Sweet are the hours in one's native land, kandungan na walang balisa,
Where all is dear the sunbeams bless, Pagkawit sa leeg ng bisig na sabik pa-
Life-giving breezes sweep the strand, uumaga na,
And death is soften'd by love's cares. Matang manininging ay nangakangiti't
pupos ng ligaya.
Warm kisses play on mother's lips,
On her fond, tender breast awakening, Mamatay ay langit kung dahil sa ating
When around her neck the soft arm slips, lupang tinubuan,
And bright eyes smile, all love partaking. Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik
ng araw,
Sweet is death for one's native land, Ang mahinhing simoy ns galing sa bukid
Where all is der the sun beams bless, ay lubhang mapanglaw
Death is the breeze that sweeps the strand, Sa wala nang ina, wala nang tahana't
Without a mother, home, or love's caress. walang nagmamahal.

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ENGLISH VERSION:
The Song of the Traveller
Like to a'leaf that is fallen and withered,

Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole;
Thus the pilgrim abroad without purpose,
Roams without love, without country soul
Following anxiously treacherous- fortune,
Fortune which e ‘en he grasps at it flees FILIPINO VERSION:
Vain through the hopes that his yearning is
seeking, Awit ng Manlalakbay
Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas!
Kagaya ng dahong nalanta, nalagas,
Ever impelled by the invisible power, Sinisiklut-siklot ng hanging marahas;
Abang manlalakbay ay wala nang liyag,
Desired from the East to the West;
Layuin, kalulwa't bayang matatawag
Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones,
Dreams of the day when he, too, was at Hinahabul-habol yaong kapalarang
rest. Mailap at hindi masunggab-sunggaban;
Chance may assign him a tomb on the Magandang pag-asa'y kung nanlalabo
desert, Siya'y patuloy ring patungo kung saan!
Grant him a final asylum of peace;
Soon by the world and his country Sa udyok ng hindi nakikitang lakas,
forgotten, Silanga't Kanlura'y kanyang nililipad,
God rest his soul when his wanderings Mga minamahal ay napapangarap,
cease! Gayon din ang araw ng pamamanatag.
Often the sorrowing is envied, Sa pusod ng isang disyertong mapanglaw,

Circling the globe like a sea-gull above; Siya'y maaaring doon na mamatay,
Little, ah, little t-hey know what a void Limot ng daigdig at sariling bayan,
Kamtan nawa niya ang kapayapaan!
Saddens his soul by the absence of love.
Dami ng sa kanya ay nangaiinggit,
Home may the pilgrim return in the future, Ibong naglalakaby sa buong daigdig,
Back to his loved ones his footsteps he Hindi nila tanto ang laki ng hapis
bends, Na sa kanyang puso ay lumiligalig.
Naught will he find but the snow and the
ruins, Kung sa mga tanging minahal sa buhay
Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends, Siya'y magbalik pa pagdating ng araw,
Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more hereafter, Makikita niya'y mga guho lamang
Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth, At puntod ng kanyang mga kaibigan.
Others may sing of their love while
rejoicing, Abang manlalakbay! Huwag nang
Thou once again must roam o'er the earth, magbalik,
Sa sariling baya'y wala kang katalik:
Pilgrim, begone! Nor return more Bayaang ang puso ng iba'y umawit,
Lumaboy kang muli sa buong daigdig.
thereafter,
Dry are the tears that a while for thee ran,
Abang manlalakbay! Bakit babalik pa?
Pilgrim, begone I And forget thine Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 55
ang luhang inyukol sa iyo’y tuyo na;
affliction, Abang manlalakbay! Limutin ang dusa,
Loud laughs the world at the sorrows of Sa hapis ng tao, mundo’y nagatatawa.
man.
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ENGLISH VERSION:
Hymn to Labor
Chorus:
For our country in war FILIPINO VERSION:
For our country in peace
Imno sa Paggawa
The Filipino will be ready
While he lives and when he dies.
Dahilan sa Bayan sa pagdirigmaan,
Dahil sa Bayan din sa kapayapaan,
Men: Itong Pilipino ay maasahang
As soon as the East is tinted with light Marunong mabuhayo kaya'y mamatay.
Forth to the fields to plow the loam!
Since it is work that sustains the man, (Mga Lalaki)
The motherland, family, and the home. Nakukulayan na ang dakong Silangan,
Hard though the soil may prove to be, Tayo na sa bukid, paggawa'y simulan,
implacable the sun above, Pagka't ang paggawa'y siyang umusuhay
For motherland, our wives and babes, Sa bayan, sa angkan, sa ating tahanan.
T'will be easy with our love. Lupa'y maaring magmamatigas naman,
At magwalang-awa ang sikat ng araw
Wives: Kung dahil sa anak, asawa at Bayan,
Courageously set out to work, Ang lahat sa ating pagsinta'y gagaan.
You home is safe with a faithful wife
Implanting in her children, love (Mga Babaing may Asawa)
For wisdom, and, and virtuous life. Magmasigla kayong yao sa gawain,
Pagka't ang baba'y nasa-bahay natin,
When nightfall bring us to our rest, At itinuturo sa batang mahalin
May fortune guard our door; Ang Bayan, ang dunong at gawang magaling
Pagdatal ng gabi ng pagpapahinga,
But it cruel fate should her man,
Kayo'y inaantay ng tuwa't ligaya
The wife would toil on as before.
At kung magkataong saama ang manguna,
Ang magpapatuloy ang gawa'y ang sinta.
Girls:
Hail! Hail! Give praise to work! (Mga Dalaga)
The country's vigor and her wealth; Mabuhay! Mabuhay! Paggawa'y purihin
For work lift up you brow serene Na siyang sa Baya'y nagbibigay- ningning!
It is your blood, your life, your health. At dahil sa kanya'y taas ng paningin,
If any youth protests his love Yamang siya'y dugo at buhay na angkin.
His works hall prove if he is good. At kung may binatang nais na lumigaw,
That man alone who strives and Ang paggawa'y siyang ipaninindigan;
Can find the way to feed his brood. Sapagka't ang taong may sipag na taglay,
Sa iaanak nya'y magbibigay-buhay.
Boys:
Teach us then the hardest task (Mga Bata)
For down thy trails we turn our feet Kami ay turuan ninyo ng gawain;
That when our csuntryl calls tomorrow At ang bukas ninyo'y aming tutuntunin
Thy puposes, we may complete. Bukas, kung tumawag ang bayan sa amin,
And may our elders say, who see us, Ang inyong ginawa'y aming tatapusin.
See! How worthy of their sires! Kasabihan
Jose Rizal niyong AND
: LIFE, WORKS mga WRITINGS
matatanda:| 56
No Intense can exalt our dead ones "Kung ano ang ama'y gayon din ang bata,"
Like brave who aspires. sapagka't sa patay ang papuri'y wala.
Maliban sa isang anak na dakila.
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ENGLISH VERSION:
My Last Farewell If over grave some day thou seest grow,

In the grassy sod, a humble flower,
Farewell, dear fatherland, clime the sun Draw to thy lips and kiss my soul
caress'd, While I feel on my brow in the cold tomb
Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! below
Gladly now l go to give thee this faded The tough of thy tenderness, thy breath's
life's best, warm power.
And were it brighter, fresher, or more
blest, Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,
Still would I give three, nor count the cost. Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,
Let the wind sad lament over me keen;
On the field of battle,.'mid the frenzy of And if on my cross a bird should be seen,
fight, : Let it thrill there is hymn of peace to my
Others have given their lives, without aches.
doubt or beed;
The place not matters-cypress or laurel or Let the sun draw vapos up to the sky,
lily white, And heavenward impurity bear my protest;
Scaffold or open plain, combat or Let some kind soul o'er my untimely fate sigh,
martyrdom's plight, ' And in the still evenings prayer be fed on high
Tis ever the same, to serve our home and From there, O country, that in God! I may
country's need. rest.
I die just when I see the dawn break Pray or all those that hapless have died,
Though the gloom of night, to herald the For all who have suffered the unmeasr'd pain,
day, For our mothers that bitterly their woes have
And if color is lacking my blood thy shalt cried;
take, For widows and orphans, for captives by
Pour'd out at need for they dear sake torture tried,
To dye with its crimson the waking ray And then for thyself that redemption thou
mayst gain.
My dreams, when life first opened to me,
My dreams when the hopes of youth beat And when the dark night wraps the graveyard
high, around,
Were to see thy Iov'd face, O gem of the With only the dead in their vigil to see; Break
Orient sea, not my repose or thy mystery profound
From gloom and grief, from care and And perchance thou mayst bear a sad hymn
sorrow free, resound
No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine 'Tis O my country, raising unto thee.
eyes.
When even my grace is remembered no more
Dream of my life, living and burning Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone,
desire, Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn
All Cris the soul that is now to fight, it o'er,
All And sweet it is for thee to expire, That my ashes may carpet thy earthly floor,
To die for thy sake, that thou aspire, Before into nothingness at last they are
And sleep in thy blossom eternity's long Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 57
blown.
night.
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Then will oblivion bring me no care,

As over thy wales and plains I sweep;
Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and
With color and light, with song and lament FILIPINO VERSION:
I fare, Ever repeating the faith I keep.
Huling Paalam
My fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my
sorrow lends, Paalam, bayan kong minamahal
Beloved Filipino, hear now my last lupa mong sagana sa sikat ng araw;
goodbye! Edeng paraiso ang dito'y pumanaw
I give thee all; parents and kindred friends; at Perlas ng dagat sa may Silanganan
For l go where no slave before the'
oppressor bends, Buong kasiyahang inihahain ko
Where faith can never kill, and God reigns kahiman aba na ang buhay kong ito.
e'er on high! maging dakila ma'y alay rin sa iyo
kung ito'y dahil sa kaligayahan mo.
Farewell to you all, from my soul torn
away, Ang nakikilabang dumog sa digmaan
Friends of my childhood in the home inihahandog din ang kanilang buhay.
dispossessed! kahit kahirapa'y hindi gunamgunam
Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome sa kasawian man o pagtatagumpay.
day!
Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that Maging bibitaya't, mabangis na sakit
lightened my way; o pakikilabang suong ay panganib
Beloved creatures all, farewell In death titiising lahat kung siyang nais
there is rest! ng tahana't bayang aking iniibig.
Mamamatay akong sa aking pangmalas

silahis ng langit ay nanganganinag
ang pisgni ng araw ay muling sisikat
sa kabila nitong malamlam na ulap.
Kahit aking buhay, aking hinahangad

na aking ihandog kapag kailangan
sa ikaririlag ng yong pagsilang
dugo ko'y ibubo't kulay ay kuminang
Mulang magkaisip at lumaking sukat

pinangarap ko sa bait ay maganap;
ikaw'y mamasdan kong marikit na hiyas
na nakaliligid sa silangan dagat.
Sa bukas ng mukha'y, noo'y magniningning

sa mata'y wala nang luhang mapapait
wala ka ng poot, wala ng ligalig
walang kadungua't munti mang hilahil.
Sa aba kong buhay, may banal na nais

kagaling'y
Jose Rizal : LIFE,kamtan
WORKSnang
AND ito'y masulit
WRITINGS | 58
ng aking kaluluwang handa nang umalis
ligaya'y angkin mo, pagkarikit-dikit.
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Nang ako'y maaba't, ikaw'y napataas,

ang ako'y mamatay nang ikaw'y mabigyan
ng isang buhay na lipos ng kariktan
sa ilalim ng langit ikaw ay mahimlay.
Kung sa ibang araw, mayroon kang

mapansin
sa gitna ng mga damong masisinsin
nipot na bulaklak sa ibabaw ng libing
ito'y halikan mo't, itaos sa akin.
Sa bango ng iyong pagsuyong kay tamis

pagsintang sa dibdib may tanging angkin
hayaang noo ko'y tumanggap ng init
pagka't natabunan ng lupang malamig.
Hayaang ang buwan sa aki'y magmasid

kalat na liwanag, malamlam pa mandin;
Hayaang liwayway ihatid sa akin Magbigay-pitagan sa hiwagang lihim
ang banaag niyang dagling nagnamaliw. at mauulinig wari'y mga tinig
ng isang salteryo, ito'y ako na rin
Hayaang gumibik ang simoy ng hangin inaawitan ka ng aking pag-ibig.
hayaan sa himig masayang awitin
ng ibong darapo sa kurus ng libing Kung nalimutan na yaring aking libing
ang payapang buhay ay langit ng aliw. kurus man at bato'y wala na rin mandin
bayaang sa bukid lupa'y bungkalin
Hayaang ang araw na lubhang aningas at ito'y isabong sa himpapawirin
gawing parang ulap sa patak ng ulan
maging panganorin sa langit umakyat Limutin man ako'y di na kailangan
ang mga daing ko'y kasama't kalangkap. aking lilibuting iyong kalawakan
at dadalhin ako sa 'yong kaparangan
Hayaang ang aking madaling pagpanaw magiging taginting yaring alingawngaw.
iluha ng mga labis na nagmahal
kapag may nag-usal sa akin ng dasal Ang samyo, tinig at himig na masaya
ako'y iyo sanang idalangin naman. kulay at liwanag may lugod sa mata
paulit-ulitin sa tuwi-tuwina
Ipagdasal mo rin mga kapuspalad, ang aking taimtim na nasa't pag-asa.
mga nangamatay pati naghihirap mga
dusa't sakit ina'y tumatanggap
ng tigib ng lungkot at luhang masaklap.
Ipagdasal mo rin mga naulila

at nangapipiit sakbibi ng diwa;
ipagdasal mo rin tubusing talaga
ang pagka-aliping laging binabata.
Kapag madilim na sa abang libingan

at nilalambungan ang gabing mapanglaw
walang nakatanod kundi pulos patay
huwag gambalain, ang katahimikan.
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SPANISH VERSION:
Mi Primera Inspiración Vuela, genio grandioso,

y les infunde noble pensamiento,
¿Porque exhalan a porfia que lance vigoroso,
del cáliz dulces olores más rápido que el viento,
las embalsamadas flores Su mente virgen
en este festivo día? al giorioso asiento.
¿Y porqué, en la selva amena, Baja, con la Juz grata

se oye dulce melodía, de las artes y ciencias,
que asemeja la armonía a la arena,
en la arpada filomena? juventud,y desata
la pesada cadena
¿Porqué en la mulida grama que tu genio poético encadena.
las aves, al son del viento,
exhalan meloso acento Ve que en la ardiente zona
y saltan de rama en rama, do moraron las sombras,
el hispano
y la fuente cristalina, esplendente corona,
formando dulce murmullo, con píay sabia mano,
del céfiro al suave arrullo ofrece al hijo de este suelo indiano.
entre las flores camina?
Tú, que buscando subes,
Es que hoy celebran tu día en alas de tu rica fantasía,
joh, mi madre cariñosa! del Olimpo en las nubes
con su perfume la rosa tiernísima Poesía,
yel ave con su armonía. más sabrosa que néctar
y ambrosía.
Yla fuente rumorosa,
en este día felice, Tú, de celeste acento,
con su murmullo te dice melodioso rival de filomena,
que vivas siempre gozosa. que en variado Cohcento
Y, de esa fuente al rumor, en la noche serena
oye la primera nota, disipas del mortal
que ahora de mi laud brota la amarga pena;
al impulso de mi amor
Tú, que la pena dura
A La Juventud Filipina animas al impulse
(Primer Premio, Una Pluma De Plata, En de tu mente,
Certamen Del "Liceo Artístico-Literario" y la memoria pura
De Manila, 1879) del genio refulgente
eternizas, con genio prepotente;
jAlza tu tersa frente,
juventud filipina, Y tú, que el vario encanto
en este día! Jose Rizal : LIFE,
de Febo, amado del divino
WORKS Apeles, | 60
AND WRITINGS
iLuce resplandeciente y de Natura el manto,
tu rica gallardía, con mágicos pinceles
bella esperanza de la patria mía! trasladar al sencillo lienzo sueles;
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¡Corred! que sacra llama

del genio el lauro
Coronar espera,
IV
esparciendo la Fama Mientras en la infancia mía
con tronmpa pregonera pude a tu sol sonreir,
el nombre del mortal por la ancha dentro de mi pecho hervir
esfera. volcán de fuego sentia;
vate fui, porque queria
¡Dia, día felice, con mis versos, con mi aliento,
Filipinas gentil, decir al rápido viento:
para tu suelo! "iVuela; su fama pregona!
AI Potente bendice, iCántala de zona en zona;
que con amante anhelo de la tierra al firmamento!"
la ventura te envía
y el consuelo. V
iLa dejé..! Mis patrios lares,
iMe Piden Versos! ¡Arbol deshojado y seco!
ya no repiten el eco
I de mis pasados cantares.
Piden que pulse la lira Yo crucé los vastos mares
há tiempo callada y rota: ansiando cambiar de suerte,
¡Si ya no arranco una nota y mi locura no advierte
ni mi musa ya me inspira! que, en vez del bien que buscaba,
Balbuce fría y delira el mar conmigo surcaba
si la tortura mi mente; el espectro de la muerte.
cuando rie, sólo miente,
como miente su lamento. VI
Y es que en mi triste aislamiento Toda mi hermosa ilusión,
mi alma ni goza ni siente. amor, entusiasmo, anhelo,
allá quedan bajo el cielo
II de tan florida región.
Hubo un tiempo... iy es verdad!. No pidáis al corazón
-Pero ya aquel tiempo huyó,- cantos de amor, que está yerto;
en que vate me llamó porque en medio del desierto-
la indulgencia o la amistad. donde discurro sin calma,
Ahora, de aquella edad siento que agoniza el alma
el recuerdo apenas resta, y mi númen está muerto.
como quedan de una fiesta
los misteriosos sonidos A Las Flores De Heidelberg
que retienen los oídos
del bullicio de la orquesta. ild a mi patria, id extranjeras flores
sembradas del viajero en el camino,
III y bajo su azul cielo,
Soy planta, apenas crecida, que guarda mis amores,
arrancada del Oriente,
contad del peregrino
donde es perfume el ambiente.
la fé que alienta por su patrio suelo!
donde es un sueño la vida:
¡Patria que jamás se olvida!
Enseñáronme a cantar Id y decid..., decid que cuando el alba
Jose RizalVuestro
: LIFE, WORKS
cáliz abrió
ANDpor | 61
vez primera,
WRITINGS
las aves, con su trinar,
con su rumor, las cascadas: cabe el Neckar helado,
y en sus playas dilatadas, le vísteis silencioso a vuestro lado
los murmullos de la mar. sando en su constante primavera.
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Decid que cuando el alba, Ardientes besos en los labios juegan,

que roba vuestro aroma, de una madre en el seno al despertar,
cantos de amor jugando os susurraba, él buscan los brazos a ceñir el cuello,
también murmuraba y los ojos sonriense al mirar.
cantos de amor en su natal idioma;
que cuando el sol la cumbre Dulce es la muerte por la propia patria
del Koenigsthul en la mañana dora donde es amigo cuanto alumbra el sol;
muerte es la brisa para quien no tiene
y con su tibia lumbre
una patria, una madre y un amor.
anima el valle, el bosque y la espesura,
saluda en ese sol, aún en su aurora, Canto Del Viajero
al que en su patria en su cenit fulgura.
Hoja seca que cuela indecisa
Y contad aquel dia Yarrebata violente turbion,
cuando os cojía al borde del sendero, Asi vive en la tierra el viajero,
entre las ruinas del feudal castillo Sin norte, sin alma, sin patria ni amor.
orilla al Neckar o en la selva umbría. Busca ansioso doquiera la dicha
Contad lo que os decía, Yla dicha se aleja fugaz:
Cuando, con gran cuidado, Vana sombra que burla su anhelo!
entre las páginas de un libro usado Por ella el viajero se lanza a la mar!
vuestras flexibles hojas oprimía. Impelido por mano invisible
Vagara confin en confin;
Llevad, llevad joh flores! Los recuedos le haran compania
De seres queridos, de un dia feliz.
amor a mis amores
Una tumba quiza en el desiero
paz a mi país y a su fecunda tierra,
Hallara, dulce asilo de paz,
fé a sus hombres, virtud a sus mujeres, De su patria y del mundo olvidado ...
salud a dulces seres Descanse tranquilo, tras tanto penar !
que el paternal sagrado hogar ncierra... Yle envidian al triste viajero
Cuando cruza la tierra veloz...
Cuando toquéis la playa, Ay! no saben que dentro del alma
el beso que os imprimo Existe un vacio de falta el amor!
depositadlo en alas de la brisa, Volvera el peregrino a su patria
porque con ella vaya, Ya sus lares tal vez volvera,
y bese cuando adoro, amo y estimo. Y hallara por doquier nieve y ruina
Amores perdidos, sepulcros, no mas.
Mas jay! llegaréis, flores, Ve, Viajero, prosigue tu senda,
conservaréis, quizás, vuestros colores; Extrangero en tu propio pais;
pero lejos del patrio, heroico suelo, Deja a otros que canten amores,
Los otros que gocen; tu vuelve a partir.
a quién debeis la vida
Ve, viajero, no vuelvas el rostro,
perderéis los olores;
Que no hay llanto que siga al adios;
que aroma es alma, y no abandona el Ve, viajero, y ahoga tu penas;
cielo Que el mundo se burla de ajeno dolor.
cuya luz viera en su nacer, ni olvida.
Himno Al Trabajo
El Canto De María Clara
(CORO)
¡Dulces las horas en la propia patria ¡Por la patria en la Guerra,
donde es amigo cuanto alumbra el sol, por la patria en la paz,
vida es la brisa que en sus campos Jose Rizal : LIFE,velará
WORKS el AND
Filipino,
WRITINGS | 62
vuela, vivirá y morirá
grata la muerte y más tierno amor!
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HOMBRES: En campos de batalla, luchando con

Ya el Oriente de luz se colora, delirio
iSusl Al campo, la tierra á labrar, Otros te dan sus vidas sin dudas, sin
que el trabajo del hombre sostiene pesar;
á la patria, familia y hogar. El sitio nada importa, ciprés, laurel ó
Dura puede mostrarse la tierra; lirio,
implacables, los rayos del sol. Cadalso ó campo abierto, combate ó
iPor la patria, la esposa y los hijos cruel martirio,
todo fácl será á nuestro amor! Lo mismo es si lo piden la patria y el
[Coro] hogar.
ESPOSAS: Yo muero cuando veo que el cielo se

Animosos partid al trabajo colora
que la esposa el hogar vela fiel, Y al fin anuncia el día trás lóbrego
inculcando el amor á los hijos capuz;
por la patria, virtud y saber. Si grana necesitas para teñir tu aurora,
Cuando traiga la noche el descanso, Vierte la sangre mía, derrámala en buen
la ventura os aguarda al entrar; hora
y si el hado es adverso, la esposa Y dórela un reflejo de su naciente luz.
la tarea sabrá continuar.
[Coro] Mis sueños cuando apenas muchacho
adolescente,
DONCELLAS: Mis sueños cuando joven ya lleno de
iSalve! iSalve! iLoor la Trabajo, vigor,
de la partia riquezay vigorl Fueron el verte un día, joya del mar de
Por él yergue la frente serena, oriente
es su sangre, su vida y su ardor. Secos los negros ojos, alta la tersa
Si algún joven pregona su afecto, frente,
el trabajo su fé probará; Sin ceño, sin arrugas, sin manchas de
jsolo el hombre que lucha y se fana, rubor.
sOstenerá su prole sabrá!
[Coro] Ensueño de mi vida, mi ardiente vivo
anhelo,
NIÑOS: Salud te grita el alma que pronto vaá
Enseñadnos las dunas; partir!
vuestra huellas queremos seguir, Salud! ah que es hermoso caer por darte
que mañana, al llamarnos la patria, vuelo,
vuestra empresa podamos cocluir. Morir por darte vida, morir bajo tu
Y dirá los ancianos al vernos: cielo,
--De sus padres, mirad, dignos son! Y en tu encantada tierra la eternidad
Á los muertos no honra incienso como dormir.
un hijo de Gloria y honor...
Si sobre mi sepulcro vieres brotar un
Mi Ultimo Adios Adios dia
Patria adorada, region del sol querida, Entre la espesa yerba sencila, humilde
Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro flor,
perdido Eden! Acércala a tus labios y besa al alma
A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, mia,
Y sienta
Jose Rizal yo WORKS
: LIFE, en mi frente bajo la tumba
AND WRITINGS | 63
Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más
fria
florida,
De tu ternura el soplo, de tu hálito el
Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu calor.
bien.
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Deja a la luna verme con luz tranquila y

Suave;
Deja que el alba envíe su resplandor
fugaz,
Deja gemir al viento con su murmullo
grave,
Ysi desciende y posa sobre mi cruz un
ave,
Deja que el ave entone su cantico de
paz.
Deja que el sol ardiendo las lluvias

evapore
Yal cielo tornen puras con mi clamor en
pos,
Deja que un sér amigo mi fin temprano
llore
Yen las serenas tardes cuando por mi
alguien ore
Ora tambien, oh Patria, por mi descanso
á Dios!
Entonces nada importa me pongas en
Ora por todos cuantos murieron sin
olvido,
ventura,
Tu atmósfera, tu espacio, tus valles
Por cuantos padecieron tormentos sin
cruzaré,
igual,
Vibrantey limpia nota seré para tu oido,
Por nuestras pobres madres que gimen
Aroma, luz, colores, rumor, canto,
su amargura;
gemido
Por huérfanos y viudas, por presos en
Constante repitiendo la esencia de mi fé
tortura
Y ora por tí que veas tu redencion final.
Mi patria idolatrada, dolor.de mis
dolores,
Y cuando en noche oscura se envuelva
Querida Flipinas, oye el postrer adios.
el cementerio
Ahi te dejo todo, mis padres, mis
Y solos sólo muertos queden velando
amores.
alli,
Voy donde no hay esclavos, verdugos
No turbes su reposo, no turbes el
ni opresores,
misterio
Donde la fé no mata, donde el que
Tal vez acordes oigas de citara ó
reyna es Dios.
salterio,
Soy yo, querida Patria, yo que te canto
Adios, padres y hermanos, trozos del
á ti.
alma mía,
Ycủando ya mi tumba de todos Amigos de la infancia en el perdido
olvidada hogar,
No tenga cruz ni piedra que marquen su Dad gracias que descanso del fatigoso
lugar, día;
Deja que la are el hombre, la esparza Adios, dulce extrangera, mi amiga, mi
con la azada, alegría,
Y mis cenizas antes que vuelvan á la Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS ANDséres
Adios, queridos morir|es 64
WRITINGS
nada, descansar.
El polvo de tu alfombra que vayan á
formar.
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6.2 LETTERS
Two of the most remembered letters written by Dr. Jose Rizal were those he wrote in Hong
Kong before he returned in the Philippines on 1892. The first letter was addressed to his family and
the was to his fellow countrymen. His instruction was to open it after his death.
Hong Kong, June 20, 1892
To beloved parents, brother, and sisters:
The love which I have always borne for you is what impels me to take this step, which wether
or not wise, only future can tell. The success of an act is judged step, according to its consequences.
Whether this step 'ends up favorably or unfavorably it shall be said that I was dictated by my sense of
duty, and if l perish in fulfilling it, it does not matter. I know that I have caused you much suffering;
but I am sorry for what I have done, and if I had to begin all over again, I would do that same thing
because it is my duty. Gladly, I go to expose myself to danger not to expiate my faults (for up to this
point I do not believed I have committed any) but to crown and to attest with my example what I have
always taught: Man should be willing to die for his duty and for his convictions. To this moment I
hold on to all the ideas have expressed relative to the state and the future of my country, and I shall
gladly die for her and, more than that, to obtain justice and peace for you. Gladly, I risk my life in
order to save many innocent people, so many nephews and children of friends (and strangers) who
suffer because of me. What am I? A man alone, almost without family, quite frustrated in life. I have

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been disillusioned, and the future faces me is, and will be, a dark future if it is not illuminated bathe
lighted the dawn of country. Since there are many persons, full of hopes and dreams, who will
perhaps; rejoice at my demise, I hope that my enemies will be satisfied and ease to persecute so many
innocent ones. Their hatred to me is to a certain pointjustified, but not with respect to my parents and
relatives. If my fate is adverse then let it be known by all that I shall die happy in thought that with
my death I have gained for them the end of all sorrows, Go back to our country, and may you be
happy in her bosom. Up to the last minute of my life I shall think of you and shall wish you all
happiness.
Jose Rizal
The second letter reads:
Hong Kong, June 20, 1892
To the Filipinos:
The step I have taken, or which I am about to take, is, without doubt, very risky and, needless to say, I
have given it much thought. I know that almost everybody is against but I also know that very few are
conscious of what lies in heart. I cannot live on knowing that because of me, many are suffering
persecution, I cannot live to seeing my brothers and their numerous families persecuted like
criminals. I prefer to face death and gladly many will triumph and that therefore, many are wishing
for my perdition. But what can one l have duties of conscience, first of all with my families that suffer
with my aged parents, whose sighs reach my innermost heart; I know that I alone can make them
happy, even with my death, in order that they may return to their native land and to the peace of their
homes. I have no one but my parents, but my country has many more sons who can take my place and
who are now taking my place to advantage. Furthermore, I want to show those who deny us
patriotism that we know how to die for our duties and for our convictions. What matters death if one
dies for what one holds dearest, for one's country and for the people one loves? If I were sure that am
only the support of the political situation in the Philippines, if I were sure that the Filipinos would
utilize my services, I would hesitate in taking this step. These are some who consider me unnecessary,
and who think that my services are not needed, hence, they have rendered me inactive... I have always
loved my unfortunate motherland...Whatever be my fate, I shall die blessing her and wishing for the
dawn of her redemption. Let these letters be published after my death.
Jose Rizal
6.3 NOVELS
English Version
Synopsis of the Noli Me Tangere
The story started with the perception or supper given in honor of a well-todo and young
Filipino Crisostomo Ibarra, Don Rafael Ibarra's son, who had just returned after studying for several
years in Europe, by his prospective father-in-law, Kapitan Tobago (Santiago Delos Santos) in the
residence of the latter.
In this part, there were many guests which included Padre Damaso, a Franciscan friar who is
fat, who had been the parish priest for 20 years at San Diego (Calamba); a young Dominican parish
priest at Binondo by the name of Padre Sybila, Senor Guevarra, kind and elderly Lieutenant of
Guardia Civil, Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, a Spanish physician who is fake, the crippled and
henpecked husband of Victorina; and others.

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The talents of young Ibarra impressed the guests at the reception, except Padre Damaso the
fat priest, who was rude especially in the middle of their discussion with lbarra. The fat priest got a
bony neck and a hard wing of the chicken tinola, so he was in a good mood. Irritating lbarra was
enjoyed by Padre Damaso.
On the way to his hotel, in the company of Lieutenant Guevarra, he learned the sad story of
his father's tragic death in San Diego. Don Rafael, was a kind and noble man, defended helpless boy
from the brutality of an- illiterate Spanish tax collector who was accidentally killed by him. Don
Rafael was imprisoned, and there, he died an unhappy man. He was not buried in the local cemetery,
being accused as heretic. Ibarra thanked the Lieutenant for his information and vowed to investigate
and find the truth.
He visited Maria Clara the following morning, his childhood sweetheart, who teased him
about a beautiful woman in Germany. It was All Saint's Day, when he visited his father's grave only to
find out that the corpse had been removed by the order of the town priest and to be buried in the
Chinese cemetery. The grave digger simply threw the body into the lake since it was dark and rainy.
He left the cemetery angrily, and on the way, he met Padre Salvi and poured on the priest,
seeking justice for the desecration of the mortal remains of his Father. But the priest professed
innocence since he was not the town priest at the time.
He met many interesting people in the town like:
1. Tasio - the philosopher

2. Don Filipe Lino - the teniente-mayor and the leader of the liberal in town
3. Don Melchor - the Capitan of the town Police
4. Don Basilio and Don Valentin- other prominent persons in the community
In the party at the lake, the following were Present: .Capitan Tiago; Maria Clara; Isabel,
cousin of Capitan Tiago who took care of Maria Clara’s friends, the lively Siniang; the serious
Victoria, the beautiful lady, and the thoughtful Neneng; Capitana Tika, Siniang’s mother; Andeng,
foster sister of Maria Clara; Albino, the ex-theological studet who was in love with Siniang; and
lbarra and his friends. Elias, who was a strong and silent youth, was with them, who was one of the
boatmen. lbarra saved the life of Elias during crocodile caught in the fish coral. Elias found it hard to
subdue. lbarra jumped intol the water and killed the crocodile.
Maria Clara rendered a song by a harp accompaniment during the party that preceded the
above mentioned tragedy. Afterwards, they went ashore and had- ashore in the cool meadow.
Gathered were the town officials who joined the picnic. Everybody was happy and satisfied as the
picnic ended.
Ibarra and Capitan Basilio played chess after the meal. Maria Clara and her friends played the
"wheel of chance," a game based on telling fortunes. Padre Salvi who came and tore the book into
pieces, saying that was the work of the devil marred the happy events.
Elias was suspected of (1) assaulting Padre Damaso and (2) throwing the Alferez into the mud
hole. Elias had disappeared unfortunately. The incident was match by the arrival of the telegram from
the Spanish Government accepting lbarra's offer of donation for the school building for the children of
San Diego.
He immediately went to Tasio about the project. Tasio, wise as he, was pessimistic about the
project. Under the supervision of an architect, the construction of the building started.
A mass was given with Padre Salvi and Padre Damaso giving the sermon during the
preparation of the celebration in honor of the patron saint of San Diego de Alcala. Elias moved to the
side of Ibarra after the mass, which was praying together with Maria Clara and warned him a plot to
kill him and to be careful during the laying of the cornerstone of the school building. Proved true for
when lbarra went down into the bench to cement the cornerstone, the derrick collapsed. Elias saved
lbarra by pushing him suddenly aside, and instead killed the suspected plotter.

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That night at the dinner, occurred a sad incident in the presence of many guests. Padre
Damaso, who had a personal dislike for lbarra, insulted the memory of Ibarra's father. lbarra, being
sensitive jumped on Padre Damaso with a sharp knife and would have killed the priests not the
intervention of Maria Clara which is so timely. This incident resulted in the (1) cancellation of his
engagement to Maria Clara and (2) his excommunication from the church. The liberal Governor-
General at that time, however provided to help him and persuaded Capitan Tiago to accept Ibarra as
his son-in-law and promised likewise to solve the problem of excommunication.
After the fiesta, Maria Clara became ill and was treated by Don Tiburcio de Espadaña a
Spanish physician. Maria Clara was introduce to the latter's wife to a young Spaniard by the name of
Linares de Espadaña who was hunting for wife for a rich heiress in the country, and who was
happened to be a good son of Padre Damaso’s broter-in-law. Maria Clara refuse the young Spaniard,
despite the endorsement of Padre Damaso, because she loved Ibarra.
There was a tragic story found in the novel. It is about Sisa, a former rich girl who married a
man who is gambler. She had two sons, Basilio and Crispin whom she loved very dearly. To support
their mother, these two sons served as sacristan in the church. The chief sacristan accused Crispin of
stealing the money of the priest and for this; he was tortured till he died in the convent. However,
Basilio escaped. Sisa looking for his two sons, loss her mind.
Another tragic story was about Elias. His grandmother, who was then a young bookkeeper in
the Spanish commercial firm, was accused of burning the firms warehouse and as a punishment she
was flogged in public, was crippled and almost died. His pregnant wife begged for alms to support his
sick husband and later their first son and became a prostitute eventually.
Balat, the younger brother, was the reverse of the older brother, he was kind hearted, fled also
and became a trusted laborer in a house of a rich man in the province of Tayabas. He fell in love with
his master's daughter, but was not liked by the girl's father. The latter had his past investigated and his
past was discovered. He was sent to But the girl gave birth to a twin, one of which was Elias and a
girl. The rich grandfather took care of them and kept secret their father's past. The grandfather reared
them as rich children. In Jesuit College in Manila, Elias was educated.
The girl studied at La Concordia College. Their origin was not have been divulged if not of a
relative who owing certain dispute over money matters exposed the truth assisted by an old male
servant, whom they treated badly and who testified in court the regarding their father's past. In order
to hide the shame, the twins left the palace. The girl disappeared, while Elias roamed from one place
to another looking for her who was found dead on the beach of San Diego. After that Elias life
became a wanderer until he met lbarra.
The enemies of lbarra tried every mean to ruin him, and planned an attack on the barracks of
the Guardia Civil and maneuvered the incident so that Ibarra would get the blame. Ibarra was arrested
but elias came to rescue him by burning all the papers that might incriminate him and likewise
Ibarra’s house. Elias went to the prison and helped Ibarra escaped, together he stopped in a banca. But
before he finally escaped he stopped at Capitan Tiago's house to say good bye to Maria Clara. Ibarra
told that Maria Clara that he forgives her for giving up his letters which used as evidence against him.
Maria Clara revealed that the letters were in exchange with a letter from her mother Pia Alba, which
Padre Salvi in return gave her. Her real father's identity was revealed from the letter. Padre Damaso
was her real father.
A police boat with the Guardia Civil on board, saw Ibarra retuen to the banca. The Guardia
Civil on board a police boat overtake them. Elias jumped into the river do that the pursuer will be
mislead. The soldiers fired at Elias and the water in the river turned red indicating that Elias was hit.
But he was able to reach the shore and into the forest, he staggered. There he met Basilio, crying over
his mother's dead body.
Elias requested Basilio to build a pyre for him and his mother’s body, to which Basilio did
and prepared the funeral pyre. Sisa and Elias were burned to ashes during the Christmas Eve. As Elias
laid dying in the pyre, he softly murmured the words, “I died without seeing the dawn brighten over

Module
my native land. You, who have it to see, welcome it and forget not those who have fallen during the
night”.
lbarra was able to escape with the help of Elias. Contained in the novel is a comedy, with
two señoras:
1. Doña Consolacion, the mistress of the Spanish Alferes
2. Doña Victorina de Espadaña, the dressy wife of a henpecked Spanish quack doctor, as
protagonist.
They insulted each other in the language of the slim and not contended with their verbal
insults came to physical blows. The battle ended, however, when Padre Salvi arrived very timely and
stopped the fight.
The novel ends with Maria Clara entering the nunnery to show her loyalty and love for Ibarra;
Padre Salvi left the San Diego parish; Padre Damaso transferred to a far province, but found dead the
next morning; Capitan Tiago, a respected man, with power and wealth ended up opium addict; Doña
Victorina, the dressy wife of Don Tiburcio, eneded up with a poor eyesight; and Linares, the hunter of
an heiress who failed to win Maria Clara’s hand, died of dysentery and was buried in Paco cemetery.
Synopsis of El Filibusterismo
The hero of this novel was a well-to-do jeweler, Simoun, who is actually Ibarra. It is
remembered that in the last part of the novel, he was able to escape with the help of Elias. He dug up
his buried treasure and went to Cuba. There he became rich and influential person with many Spanish
officials as friends. After many years, he went back to the Philippines, where he was a powerful
person. He lived freely around for he was a rich man. He often referred to as the "Brown Cardinal" or
the "Black Eminence" because of his close association with the Governor General.
However, he wanted to rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery and to revolt against the hated
Spanish authorities. He bought arms from the Chinese merchant using his wealth. He became ill for a
long time because of his loss of Maria Clara. He made a perfect plan of revenge with the help of
Basilio to occur to the wedding of Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez. Simoun gave Paulita a lamp as
wedding gift, which actually would explode when the wick of the lamp would burn lower with
nitroglycerin hidden in the compartment. The wedding guest including the Governor-General, the
friars and other government officials would be killed, and it would be followed by the explosions of
other buildings in Manila by Simoun's followers.
However, the plot was discovered. On the wedding night, the rejected lover of Paulita named
lsagani was roaming around the building, as he was watching sadly the merriment. He was warned by
Basilio, his friend to go away since the lighted lamp would explode. Thinking only of Paulita, his
loved one, lsagani rushed into the house and threw the lamp into the river, and it exploded.
The Spanish soldiers cornered Simoun, but he escaped mortally wounded. He sought refuge
in the house of Padre Florentino by the sea as he carries his treasure chest. Lieutenant Perez of the
Guardia Civil knew his presence in the house of Padre Florentino. Lieutenant Perez informed the
priest by letter that they were coming at eight in the evening to get Simoun.
Before the arrival of the Spanish soldiers, Simoun took poison as he laid dying, he confessed
to Padre Florentino his true feelings and identity, how he had used his riches to avenge himself and
his desire to foment a revolution against Spain. Simoun's confession is "long and painful." When
Padre Florentino rose and began to meditate, he comforts the dying man saying: Señor Simon, God
will forgive you. God knows that we are falliable, and in ordaining that the chastisements for your
faults should come as death from the very one you have instigated. He has frustrated your plans one
by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria Clara, then by a lack of preparation, then in
some mysterious ways. Let us bow to his will and give him thanks.

Module
As Simoun laid dying, Padre Florentino spoke one of the beautiful passage found in the novel.
We are reminded of Simon through these words:
“We are the youth who will consecrate their golden hours, their illusions, and their
enthusiasm to the welfare of their native land. Where are the youth who will generously pour out their
blood to wash away much shame, so much crime, and so much abomination? Pure and spotless must
the victim be that sacrifice must be acceptable! Where are you youth, who will embody in yourselves
the vigor of life that has left our veins, in the purity of ideas that had been contaminated in our brains,
the fire of enthusiasm that has been quenched in our hearts! We await you, O youth! Come for we
await you.”
Filipino Version
Buod ng Noli Me Tangere
Si Crisostomo Ibarra ay isang binatang Pilipino na pinag-aral ng kanyang ama sa Europa.

Pagkatapos ng pitong taong pamamalagi roon ay nagbalik ito sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa kanyang pagdating
ay naghandog si Kapitan Tiyago ng isang salo-salo kung saan ito ay dinaluhan nina Padre Damaso,
Padre Sibyla, Tinyente Guevarra, Donya Victorina at ilang matataas na tao, sa lipunan Kastila. Sa
hapunang iyon ay hiniya ni Padre Damaso na siyang dating kura ng San Diego, ang binata ngunit ito'y
hindi na lamang niya pinansin at magalang na nagpaalam at nagdahilang may mahalagang lalakarin.
Si lbarra ay kasintahan ni Maria Clara. Siya kilala bilang anak-anakan ni Kapitan Tyago,
isang mayamang taga-Binundok. Ang binata ay dumalaw sa dalaga kinabukasan at sa kanilang pag-
uulayaw ay di nakaligtaang gunitain ang kanilang pagmamahalan simula pa sa kanilang pagkabata. Di
nakaligtaang basahing muli ni Maria Clara ang mga liham ng binata sa kanya bago pa man ito mag-
aral sa Europa. Bago tumungo si lbarra sa San Diego ay ipinagtapat sa kanya ni Tinyente Guevarra ng
Guardia Sibil ang tungkol sa pagkamatay nga kanyang amang si Don Rafael, ang mayamang asendero
sa bayang yaon.
Ayon sa Tinyente, si Don Rafael ay pinaratangan ni Padre Damaso, na Erehe at Pilibustero,
gawa ng di nito pagsisimba at pangungumpisal. Nadagdagan pa ng isang pangyayari ang paratang na
ito. Minsan ay may isang maniningil ng buwis na nakaaway ng isang batang mag-aaral, nakita ito ni
Don Rafael at tinulungan ang bata, nagalit ang kubrador at sila ang nagpanlaban, sa kasamaang palad
ay tumama ang ulo ng kastila sa isang bato na kanyang ikinamatay. Ibinintang ang pagkamatay na ito
ng kubrador kay Don Rafael, pinag-usig siya, nagsulputan ang kanyang mga lihim na kaaway at
nagharap ng iba-ibang sakdal. Siya ay nabilanggo at ng malapit nang malutas ang usapin ay
nagkasakit ang matanda at namatay sa bilangguan. Di pa rin nasiyahan si Padre Damaso sa
pangyayaring iyon. Inutusan niya ng tagapaglibing
na hukayin ang bangkay ni Don Rafael sa kinalilibingan nitong sementeryo para sa katoliko at ibaon
sa libingan ng mga Intsik at dahil umuulan noon at sa kabigatan ng bangkay ay ipinasya ng
tagapaglibing na itapon na lamang ito sa lawa.
Hindi binalak ni Ibarra ang maghiganti sa ginawang kabuktutang ito ni Padre Damaso at sa
halip ay ipinagpatuloy ang balak ng kanyang ama na magpatayo ng paaralan. Sa pagdiriwang ng
paglalagay ng unang bato ng paaralan ay kamuntik nang mapatay si lbarra kung hindi siya nailigtas ni
Elias. Sa paglagpak ng bato habang ito'y inihuhugos ay hindi si lbarra ang nasawi kundi ang taong
binayaran ng lihim na kaaway ng binata. Sa pananghaliang inihandog ni lbarra pagkatapos ng
pagbabasbas ay muling pinasaringan ni Padre Damaso ang binata, hindi na lamang niya sana ito
papansinin subalit nang hamakin ang alaala ng kanyang ama ay hindi na siya nakapagpigil at
tinangkang saksakin ang pari, salamat na lamang at napigilan ito ni Maria Clara.
Dahil sa pangyayaring ito ay itiniwalag o ineskomonyon si lbarra ng Arsobispo ng simbahang
Katoliko Romano. Sinamantala ito ni Padre Damaso upang utusan si Kapitan Tiyago na sirain ang
kasunduan sa pagpapakasal nina lbarra at Maria Clara. Nais ng pari na ang mapangasawa ng dalaga ay
si Linares na isang binatang kastila na bagong dating sa Pilipinas. Dahil sa pagkasindak sa gumuhong
bato noong araw ng pagdiriwang si Maria Clara'y nagkasakit at naglubha, Dahil sa ipinadalang gamot
ni lbarra na siya namang ipinainom ni Sinang gumaling agad ang dalaga, Sa tulong ng Kapitan
Module
Heneral ay napawalang-bisa ang pagkakaeskomulgado ni Ibarra at ipinasya ng arsobispo na muli

siyang tanggapin sa simbahang Katoliko. Ngunit, nagkataon noong sinalakay ng mga taong pinag-
uusig ang kwartel ng sibil at ang napagbintangang may kagagawan ay si Ibarra kaya siya ay dinakip at
ibinilanggo. Wala talagang kinalaman dito ang binata sapagkat nang kausapin siya ni Elias upang
pamunuan ang mga pinag-uusig ay tahasan siyang tumanggi at sinabing kailanman ay hindi siya
maaring mamuno sa mga taong kumakatawan sa bayan.
Napawalang-bisa ang bintang kay Ibarra sapagkat sa paglilitis na ginawa ay walang sino
mang makapagsabi na siya'y kasabwat sa kaguluhang naganap. Subalit ang sulat niya kay Marja Clara
na napasakamay ng hukuman ang siyang ginawang sangkapan upang siya'y mapahamak.
Nagkaroon ng handaan sa bahay nina Kapitan Tiyago upang ipahayag ang kasunduan sa
pagpapakasal ni Maria Clara kay Linares at samantalang nagaganap ito ay nakatakas si lbarra sa
bilangguan sa tulong ni Elias. Bago tuluyang tumakas ay nagkaroong ng pagkakataon si Ibarrang
magkausap sila ng lihim ni Maria Clara.. Anya'y ipinagkaloob na niya rito ang kalayaan at sana'y
lumigaya siya at matahimik na ang kalooban. Ipinaliwanag ni Maria Clara na ang liham na kanyang
iniingatan at siyang ginamit sa hukuman ay nakuha sa kanya sa pamamagitan ng pagbabanta at
pananakot. Ipinalit sa mga liham na ito ang dalawang liham na isinulat ng kanyang ina bago siya
ipanganak na nakuha ni Padre Salvi sa kumbento at dito nasasaad na ang tunay niyang ama ay si
Padre Damaso. Sinabi niya kay Ibarra na kaya siya pakakasal kay Linares ay upang ipagtanggol ang
karangalan ng kanyang ina subalit ang pag-ibig niya sa binata ay di magbabago kailanman.
Samantala, tumakas na si lbarra sa tulong ni Elias. Sumakay sila ng bangka, pinahiga si lbarra
at tinabunan ng damo at pagkatapos ay tihunton ang ilog Pasig hanggang makarating sa Lawa ng Bay.
Ngunit naabutan sila ng mga tumutugis sa kanila. Inisip ni Elias na iligaw ang mga ito kaya naisipan
niyang lumundag sa tubig kung saan inakalang si lbarra ang tumalon kaya hinabol at pinaputukan siya
ng mga sibil hanggang mahawi ang bakas ng pagkakalangoy at magkulay-dugo ang tubig.
Nakarating sa kaalaman ni Maria Clara na si lbarra'y napatay ng mga Sibil sa kanyang
pagtakas. Ang dalaga'y nalungkot at nawalan ng pag-asa kaya't hiniling niya kay Padre Damaso na
siya'y ipasok sa kumbento ng Santa Clara upang magmadre. Napilitang pumayag ang pare sapagkat
tiyakang sinabi ng dalaga na siya'y magpapakamatay kapag hindi pinagmadre.
Noche Buena nang makarating si Elias sa maalamat na gubat ng mga lbarra, sugatan at
nanghihina na doon niya nakatagpo si Basilio at ina nitong wala nang buhay. Bago siya nalagutan ng
hininga ay sinabing, namatay siyang hindi nakikita ang pagbubukang-liwayway ng kanyang bayan at
makakikita ay huwag sanang kalilimutan ang mga nangamatay dahil sa pagtatanggol sa bayan.
Buod ng EI Filibusterismo
Nagsimula ito sa isang paglalakbay ng bapor sa pagitan ng Maynila at Laguna. Kabilang sa

mga pasahero ang mag-aalahas na si Simoun, si Isagani, at si Basilio. Labintatlong taon na ang
nakalipas mula nang mamatay si Elias at si Sisa.
Nakarating si Basilio sa San Diego at sa isang makasaysayang pagtatagpo ay nakita niya si
Simoun na pagdalaw sa libingan ng kanyang ina sa loob ng libingan ng mga lbarra. Nakilala niyang si
Simoun ay si lbarra na nagbabalatkayo; Upang maitago ang ganitong lihim, ay tinangka ni Simoun na
patayin si Basilio. Nang hindi ito naituloy ay hinikayat niya ang binata na makiisa sa kanyang
layuning maghiganti sa Pamahalaang Kastila. Si Basilio ay tumanggi dahil gusto niyang matapos ang
kanyang pag-aaral.
Habang ang Kapitan Heneral ay nagliliwaliw sa Los Baños, ang mga estudyanteng Pilipino ay
naghain ng isang kahilingan sa kanya upang magtatag ng isang Akademya ng Wikang Kastila. Ang
kahilingang ito ay di napagtibay sapagka't napag-alamang ang mamamahala sa akademyang ito ay
mga prayle. Sa gayon, sila'y di magkakaroon ng karapatang makapangyari sa anupamang pamalakad
ng nasabing akademya.
Samantala, si Simuon ay nakipagkita kay Basilio at muling hinikayat ang binatang umanib sa
binabalak niyang paghihimagsik at mangulo sa isang pulutong na sapilitang magbubukas sa kumbento
ng Sta. Clara upang agawin si Maria Clara. Subali't hindi naibunsod ang ganitong gawain dahil sa si
Maria Clara'y namatay na nang hapong yaon.

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Ang mga estudyante naman, upang makapaglubag ang kanilang sama ng loob ukol sa
kabiguang natamo, ay nagdaos ng isang salu-salo sa Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto. Sa mga
talumpating binigkas habang sila'y nagsisikain ay tahasang tinuligsa nila ang mga prayle. Ang
pagtuligsang ito ay nalaman ng mga Prayle kaya ganito ang nangyari; Kinabukasan ay natagpuan na
lamang sa mga pinto ng unibersidad ang mga paskin na ang nilalaman ay mga pagbabala, pagtuligsa,
at paghihimagsik. Ang pagdidikit ng mga pasking ito ay ibinintang sa mga kasapi ng kapisanan ng
mga estudyante. Dahil dito ay ipinadakip sila at naparamay si Basilio, bagay na ipinagdamdam nang
malabis ni Juli na kanyang kasintahan.
Ang mga estudyanteng ito ay may mga kamag-anak na lumakad sa kanila upang
mapawalang-sala sila, si Basilio ay naiwang nakakulong dahil wala siyang tagapagmagitan. Sa isang
dako naman ay ipinamanhik ni Juli kay Pari Camorra na tulungan siya upang mapalaya nguni't sa
halip na makatulong ang paring ito ay siya pang nagging dahilan ng pagkamatay ni Juli, gawa ng
pagkalundag nito sa durungawan ng kumbento.
Upang maisagawa ni Simoun ang kanyang balak na paghihiganti, ay nakipagsama siya sa
negosyo kay Don Timoteo Pelaez, ang ama ni Juanito. Sa ganitong paraan ay nagawa niyang
maipagkasundo ang kasal nina Juanito at Paulita Gomez. Ang magiging ninong sa kasal ay ang
Kapitan Heneral. Naanyayahan din niya upang dumalo sa piging na idaraos, ang mga may matatas na
katungkulan sa Pamahalaan at mga litaw na tao sa lünsod.
Pagkaraan ng dalawang buwang pagkapiit ay nakalaya rin si Basilio sa tulong ni Simoun.
Kaagad siyang nagtungo kay Simoun upang umanib sa paghihimagsik. Sinamantala ni Simoun ang
ganitong pagkakataon upang ipakita sa binata ang bomba na kanyang ginawa. Ito ay isang lampara na
may hugis Granada at kasinalaki ng ulo ng tao. Ang magarang ilawang ito ay siya niyang handog sa
mga ikakasal na sina Juanito at Paulita. Ipalalagay ni Simoun ang lamparang ito sa gitna ng isang
kiyoskong kakanan na ipasasadya niya ang pagkakayari. Ang ilawan ay magbibigay ng isang
maningning na liwanag at pagkaraan ng dalawampung minuto ay manlalabo. Kapag hinagad na itaas
ang mitsa upang paliwanagin, ay puputok ang isang kapsulang fulminato de mercurio, ang Granada ay
sasabog at kasabay nito ay ang pagkawasak at pagkatugnaw ng kiyoskong kakanan --- at walang
sinumang maliligtas sa mga naroroon. Sa isang dako naman, ay malakas na pagsabog ng dinamita sa
lampara ay siyang magiging hudyat upang simulan ang paghihimagsik na pangungunahan ni Simoun.
Mag-iikapito pa lamang ng gabi ng araw ng kasal, at si Basilio ay palakad-lakad sa tapat ng
bahay ng pinagdarausan ng handaan. Di-kawasa'y nanaog si Simoun upang lisanin niya ang bahay na
yaong di malulutawan ng pagsabog. Ang nanlulumong si Basilio ay sisinod sana ngunit namalas
niyang dumatng si lsagani, ang naging katipan at iniirogni Paulita. Pinagsabihan niya itong tumakas
nguni't di siya pinansin kaya't napilitan si Basilio na ipagtapat kay Isagani ang lihim na pakana subali't
hindi rin napatinag ang binatang ito. "Nanlalamlam ang lampara, ang pansin na di mapalagay na
Kapitan Heneral. "Utang na loob, ipakitaas ninyo, Pari Irene, ang mitsa.
Kinuha ni Isagani ang lampara, tumakbo sa azotea at inihagis ito sa ilog. Sa gayon ay nawalan
ng bisa ang pakana ni Simoun para sa isang paghihimagsik sa sandatahan. Tumakas sya sa bahay ni
Pari Florentino, sa baybayin ng karagatang Pasipiko: Nang malapit nang mapagabot ng mga alagad ng
batas ang mag-aalahas, uminom Siya ng lason upang huwag pahuli nang buhay. Ipinagtapat niya sa
pari ang tunay nilyang pagkatao at isinalaysay niya sa dito ang malungkot na kasaysayan ng kanyang
bunay mula nang siya ay bumalik sa Pilipinas buhat sa Europa, labintatlong taon na ang nakalipas,
ang pag-iibigan nila ni Maria Clara at pagbabalatkayo niya na mag-aalahas sa pakay na maiguho ang
pamahalaan at makipaghiganti sa pamamagitan ng isang paghihimagsik. Pagkatapos na
mangungumpisal ay namatay si Simoun.
Sa nais na maiwaksi ang napakalaking kayamanang naiwan ng mag-aalahas, kayamanang
naging kasangkapan nito sa pagtatanim ng mga bukto't na Gawain ay itinapon ni Pari Florentino sa
karagatan ang kahong asero na kinatataguan ng di- matatayang kayamanan ni Simoun.

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CHAPTER 7
THE LOVE OF HIS LIFE
Aside from his mother, Jose Rizal's life would not be fascinating without his romantic affairs
to several women where he met from different places he visited.
7.1 SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
Segunda was a pretty fourteen-year-old lady from Lipa, Batangas whom he met during one of
his visits to his maternal grandmother in Trozo, Manila. His old grandmother was a friend of the
Katigbak family from Lipa. When he reached his grandmother's house, he saw other guests.
One of them was an attractive young lady who made his heart. He came to know her because
of her sister Olimpia who happened to be a close friend of hers. Jose Rizal considered this feeling a
love at first sight. But their relationship did not last because she (Segunda) was their love was already
engaged to her townmate, Manuel Luz.
7.2 JACINTA IBARDO (MISS L)
Shortly after his relationship with Segunda Katigbak, he met another whom he called as Miss
L. Jose Rizal described her as "fair with seductive and attractive eyes." But like Segunda, the

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relationship did not last because of his unforgeable memory with his first love, Segunda and the
disapproval from his, father.
7.3 LEONOR VALENZUELA
When he (Jose) was a sophomore in his medical studies at the University of Santo Tomas, he
met this charming lady named Leonor She was the daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday.
Jose Rizal was a frequent visitor especially during special occasions because of his ability to do tricks.
Using his knowledge in chemistry, he courted Leonor Valenzuela by sending love notes in invisible
ink which could only be read when heated candle. But strangely, their romance ended without
proposing over a marriage to Orang.
7.4 LEONOR RIVERA
His next romance was with Leonor Rivera, a cousin from Camiling. Jose Rizal described
Leonor as "tender as budding flower with kinds wistful eyes." To hide their relationship from their
parents and friends, Leonor used a pen name "Taimis".
The mother of Leonor dosen't like Jose Rizal as her son-in-law since there was a tradition that
time that marriage must be arranged first by both parents of the bride and the groom. While Jose Rizal
was in Madrid in 1890), he received a letter from Leonor Rivera telling him of her future marriage to
an Englishman and asked her forgiveness. He confided his agony to his best friend, Blumentritt who
consoled him and said, "Your last letter filled us with sadness; after all the misfortunes that have
befallen you, now your beloved has abandoned you.I am grieved with all my heart that you have lost
the girl whom you were engaged; but if she was able to renounce you then she did not possess the
nobility of your spirit. She is like child who cast away a diamond to seize a pebble... In other words,
she is not the right woman for you."
7.5 CONSUELO ORTEGA Y PEREZ
In 1882, Jose Rizal met Consuelo Ortega Y Perez where he has attracted to her, a daughter of
the former mayor of Manila, Don Pablo Ortigas Y Perez. In his poem entitled "La Senorita C.O.Y.P.
(To Miss C.O.Y.P) he expressed his love and admiration for heRr Although he found little comfort
and joy in her company, his love with Consuelo did not blossom into a serious affair because he was
still engaged to Leonor Rivera and he doesn't want his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was
deeply in love with Consuelo, to break their friendship over a girl.
7.6 O-SEI-SAN
When he went to Japan, he met this young lady named O-Sei~San. He saw in her the qualities
of an ideal woman, "beautiful, charming, modest, and intelligent." Everything in their relationship
seemed perfect and he was almost tempted to settle down in Japan, but he loved his country more than
anything else and his strong desire to help his people was stronger so he bade farewell to lovely
O~Sel-San.
He paid tribute about his stay in Japan and to 0-Sei-San by writing in his diary as one of the
happiest interlude he had in his life.
Japan has enchanted me. The beautiful scenery, the flowers, the trees; and the inhabitants so
peaceful, so courteous, and so pleasant. 0-Sei-San Sayonara, Sayonaral! I have spent a happy golden
month: I do not know if I can have another one like that in all my Love, money friendship,
appreciation, honors - these have not been wanting...
To you I dedicated the final chapter of these memoirs of my youth. No woman, like you has
ever loved me. No woman like you has ever sacrificed for me. Like the flower of the chodji that falls
from the stem fresh and whole without falling leaves or without withering with poetry still despite its

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fall thus you fell. Neither have you lost your purity nor have the delicate petals of your innocence
faded Sayonara, Sayonara!
7.7 GERTRUDE BECKET
After his visit in the United States, Jose Rizal had lived in London. He stayed with the Becket
family where he met Gertrude, the oldest of the four sisters. The Becket children were composed of
two sons, and four daughters. Gertie or Tottie to her friends was described as a buxom girl with brown
eyes and rosy cheeks" who fell in love with Jose Rizal. Gertie tried her best to make Jose happy and
comfortable with hen showering him all her attention and care. Like any other men, Jose Rizal was
happy in her company and their had almost blossomed into more serious relationship but for the same
reason that he gave up as the other women who had loved and admired before, he did not marry her
for he had a mission to fulfill.
7.8 NELLY BOUSTED
Although Madrid maybe considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world, Jose Rizal
had so many disappointments and sad experiences in the city. To find comfort and a little solace for
all his frustrations, he decided to take a vacation in the resort of Biarritz on the French Riviera, an
ideal setting for romance. He became a guest of the rich Boosted family and befriended Eduardo
Bousted, his wife, and two charming daughters Adelina and Nelly.
He found relief for his grieving heart with the Bousted family who warmly welcomed and
admired him because of his talent. In the romantic gardens and panoramic beauties of Biarittz which
was an excellent setting for romance, Jose Rizal was entertained by Nelly's affection and charming
beauty. He found her to be a real "Filipina, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and morally
upright."
This time he proposed marriage to Nelly. However, his marrage proposal did not materialized
for two reasons: (1) he refused to give up his Catholic faith and to be converted to Protestantism and
(2) Nelly’s mother disapproved Jose Rizal as his son-in-law. Although Jose and Nelly could not get
married, they parted as friends.
7.9 SUZANNE JACOBY
In 1890, because of the high cost of living in Paris, Jose Rizal moved to Brussels. He stayed
in the house of the two Jacoby sisters where he met Suzanne Jacoby. She was a lovely young lady
niece of the Jacoby sisters. After several meetings, Jose and Suzanne had fallen deeply in love with
each other. It was a short sojourn in Brussels so he had to leave the place. Suzanne grieved and cried
so much when Jose Rizal left the place. When he was already in Madrid, Suzanne wrote him a letter
stating:
“I feel very unhappy thinking that perhaps I might never see you again."
7.10 JOSEPHINE BRACKEN

When Jose Rizal was depressed because of the many events happened to him in Dapitan and
most especially the death of Leonor Rivera, came Josephine Bracken who accompanied his foster
father Mr. George Taufer bto seek his services. Josephine Bracken was described as "slender, a
chestnut blonde, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity with an atmosphere of light gaiety"
came into his life when he needed somebody to cheer him up in his lonely exile in Dapitan.

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She was born in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876, fifteen years after Jose Rizal was born. Her
parents were Irish; her father was a corporal in a British garrison, and her mother Elizabeth Jane
MacBride died in childbirth. Josephine was later adopted by George who later became blind.
Jose Rizal and Josephine fell in love and after a whirlwind engagement, the two decided to
get married. However, Father Obach, priest of Dapitan, refused to solemnize their marriage without
the permission from the Bishop of Cebu.
When Mr. Taufer heard this he flared up violently and attempted to commit suicide by cutting
off his throat with a razor.
Jose Rizal, however, was able to prevent this in time. To avoid further injury, Josephine and Mr.
Taufer went to Manila without being cured for his illment.
Since there was no priest to marry them, they married themselves before the eyes of God.
Jose Rizal and Josephine had lived happily in Dapitan despite the ire of Father Obach.
Rizal found his life complete with Josephine. In fact, he wrote a poem dedicated to her:
Josephine, Josephine
Who to these shores have come

Looking for a nest, a home,
Like a wandering swallow,
If your fate is taking you
To Japan, China, or Shanghai.
Don't forget on these shores
A heart for you beats high.
Reference:
Saidamin P. Bagolong, Victoria O. Ligan, Leah C. Apsay, Leah Baclaan, Ernie D. De La
Salde. Jose Rizal Life, Works and Writings. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. 105 Engineering
Road, Araneta University Village, Potrero, Malabon City. Tel. Nos.: (02) 365.3405. 365.
3239 / Fax No. : (02) 448. 1114. www.mutyapublishinghouse.com

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JOSE RIZAL

Life, Works and Writings

PAULINE JOY L. AMO, LPT

Total Learning Time: 3 units (3 hours lecture/week)

CHAPTER 1: BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD

2.2 Private Tutor

CHAPTER 3: JOSE RIZAL’S TRAVELS

CHAPTER 5: TRIAL AND EXECUTION

5.2 The Trial

CHAPTER 6: POEMS, LETTERS AND NOVELS

CHAPTER 7: THE LOVE OF HIS LIFE

Jose Rizal : LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS | 3

BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD

1.1 REPUBLT@ACT 1425 (ITS PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE)

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2.1 FIRST TEACHER

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2.2 PRIVATE TUTOR

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2.3 FIRST FORMAL SCHOOLINGBINAN, LAGUNA (1870-1871 )

2.4 AFTER BIÑAN

2.5 THE IMPRISONMENT OF TEODORA

2.6 THE DEATH OF GOMBURZA

2.7 MANILA EXPERIENCE (1872-18_77)

2.8 ATENEO DE MUNICIPAL EXPERIENCE

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2.9 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS EXPERIENCE

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3.1 FIRST TRAVEL ABROAD (1882-1887)

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4.1 ARRESTAND THE DECREE OF DEPORTATION

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4.2 BOUND TO DAPITAN

4.3 LIFE IN DAPITAN

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4.4 REVAMP IN LEADERSHIP

4.5 PLAN AS MILITARY DOCTDR IN CUBA

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4.6 DEPARTURE FROM DAPITAN TO MANILA

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4.7 VOYAGE TO CUBA

4.8 ARRIVAL IN SPAIN

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5.1 BACK IN FORT SANTIAGO AND THE INITIAL INVESTIGATION