Shanghai (/ʃæŋˈhaɪ/;[15] Chinese: 上海, Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 [zɑ̃̀ .

hɛ́] (listen), Standard Mandarin

pronunciation: [ʂâŋ.xàɪ] (listen)) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's
Republic of China (PRC).[a] The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the
Huangpu River flowing through it. The population of the city proper is the third most populous in the
world, with 24.89 million inhabitants in 2021, while the urban area is the most populous in China with
39,300,000 residents. As of 2018, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce a
gross metropolitan product (nominal) of nearly 9.1 trillion RMB ($1.33 trillion). Shanghai is one of the
world's major centers for finance, business and economics, research, science and technology,
manufacturing, transportation, tourism, and culture, and the Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest
container port.

Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to
both domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of five treaty ports
forced to open to European trade after the First Opium War. The Shanghai International Settlement
and the French Concession were subsequently established. The city then flourished, becoming a
primary commercial and financial hub of Asia in the 1930s. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the
city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai. After the war, with the CPC takeover of the mainland
in 1949, trade was limited to other socialist countries and the city's global influence declined.

By the 1990s, economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping a decade earlier resulted in an intense
redevelopment of the city, especially the Pudong New Area, aiding the return of finance and foreign
investment. The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance; it is the home
of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market
capitalization and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China. Shanghai
has been classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research
Network. As of 2022, it is home to 12 companies of the Fortune Global 500 and is ranked 4th on the
Global Financial Centres Index. The city is also a center for research and development and home to
many highly ranked Double First-Class Universities. The Shanghai Metro, first opened in 1993, is the
largest metro network in the world by route length.

Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of China. Featuring several
architectural styles such as Art Deco and shikumen, the city is renowned for its Lujiazui skyline,
museums and historic buildings including the City God Temple, Yu Garden, the China Pavilion and
buildings along the Bund, which includes Oriental Pearl TV Tower. Shanghai is also known for its
sugary cuisine, distinctive local language and vibrant international flair.