Analytic Geometry - 2020 PDF

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CHAPTER

International Charter No. I-07
Special Professional Licensure Board

Examination (SPLBE)
ENGR. RICHARD M. MANALO, ce, rmp, pqp-pbrs, pem-asem

Lecturer

QUOTE OF THE DAY
By: Anunuzuk VI 1
YOUR ATITUDE DETERMINES

YOUR DIRECTION

MATH : ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Cartesian Coordinate System
• Functions and Relations
• Functions and their Graphs
• Straight Lines
• Conic Sections
• Polar Coordinates
• Transformation of Coordinates
• Parametric Equations
By: Anunuzuk VI 2
Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

CARTESIAN/RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM


DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINS
Distance between Two Points

The distance between two point
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is:
𝒅= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝟐
By: Anunuzuk VI 3

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the length of the line joining (1, 3) and (- 2, 6).
• Find a point 10 units distant from the point (-3, 6) and with the
abscissa 3.
• Find a point equidistant from the points (13, 8), (6, 15) and
(-4,-9).


STRAIGHT LINE
STRAIGHT LINE
a straight line is a line that does not change in direction. Thus it has a
uniform slope
The general equation of a straight line is:
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
To solve a line, either two points or one

point and a slope must be known
By: Anunuzuk VI 4

STRAIGHT LINE: Slope of the line
SLOPE OF THE LINE

The slope of the line passing
through points 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and
𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is:
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝒎 = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏


STRAIGHT LINE: Standard Equations
Two-point form Intercept form

Given two points 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and Given x-intercept a and y-
𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) intercept b:
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒙 𝒚
= + =𝟏
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒂 𝒃
Point-slope form Slope-intercept form

Given a point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and slope m Given slope m and y-intercept b
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒚 = (𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃)
10
By: Anunuzuk VI 5

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the slope of the line joining (2, 3), (3, 5).
• Find the equations of the line passing through ( 4, - 2) and having

the slope - 3.
• Find the equations of the line having the slope 2 and the x-
intercept - 5.
• Determine the value of k, given that the slope of the line 2kx - 7 y +
4 = 0 is ½.
• Determine the value of k , given that The line y - 2 = k(x - 4) has

equal intercepts.
11


STRAIGHT LINE: Angle between Two Lines
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
The angle between two lines 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 is the angle 𝜃 that 𝐿1 must
be rotated in a counter clockwise direction to make it coincide
with 𝐿2 .
𝑚2 −𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1+𝑚1 𝑚2
Lines are parallel if 𝑚2 = 𝑚1
−1
Lines are perpendicular if 𝑚2 =
𝑚1
12
By: Anunuzuk VI 6

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the equation of the line through (4, 3) and perpendicular to

the line 6 x - 4 y = 13.
• Find the angle between the lines y+4x=0 and y-6x+8 = 0
13


STRAIGHT LINE: Distance from a Point to a Line
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
The distance (nearest) from a point 𝑃1 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to a line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 is
𝑨𝒙𝟏 +𝑩𝒚1 +𝑪
𝒅=
± 𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐 Use of sign:
(+) if B is a positive number
(-) if B is a negative number
(+) if the point is above the line or to
the right of the line for vertical line
(-) if the point is below the line or to the
left of the line for vertical line
14
By: Anunuzuk VI 7

STRAIGHT LINE: Distance between Parallel Lines
DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
The distance between two parallel lines 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 and A𝑥 +
𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0 is;
𝑪𝟐 −𝑪𝟏
𝒅=
± 𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐
15


SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the distances from the Line 8 x + 6 y = 55 and the point (10, 2)
• What is the equation of the line bisecting the angle formed by the
intersection of the lines 2x – y + 2 = 0 and 2x + y - 4 =0
• Find the distance between lines 3x – y = 4 and 6 x – 2y = 9.
16
By: Anunuzuk VI 8

STRAIGHT LINE: Division of line Segment
DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT
Let 𝑟1 and 𝑟2 be the corresponding ratio of its length to the total
distance between two point.
𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝒙𝒑 =
𝒓𝟏 +𝒓𝟐
𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝒓𝟏
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒓𝟏 +𝒓𝟐
17


STRAIGHT LINE: Midpoint of line Segment
DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT
The midpoint 𝑃𝑚 (𝑥𝑚 , 𝑦𝑚 ) of a line segment through from 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐
𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
𝒚𝒎 = 𝟐
18
By: Anunuzuk VI 9

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A point P(x , y) is on the line through A(4,4) and B(5,2). Find
(a) the coordinates of P given that the segment AB is extended

through B to P so that P is twice as far from A as from B, and
(b) the coordinates of P given that AB is extended through A to P so

that P is three times as far from B as from A.
19


STRAIGHT LINE: Area by Coordinates
AREA BY COORDINATES
Consider a polygon with coordinates given as shown
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
𝐴=
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦1
𝟏
A= 𝟐
σ ↓ −σ ↑
20
By: Anunuzuk VI 10

SAMPLE PROBLEM
In a Cartesian coordinates, the vertices of a triangle are defined

by the following points: (-2,0), (4,0) and (3,3). What is the area?
21


CONIC SECTION
CONIC SECTION
Is a locus of a point (or path) which moves
so that its distance from a fixed point
(focus) is in constant ratio, e (eccentricity)
to its distance from a fixed straight line
(directrix)
The term “conic section” was due to the

fact that the section is formed by a plane
made to intersect a cone
Circle is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the base of the cone
Ellipse is produced when the cutting plane is not parallel (or inclined) to the base
of the cone
Parabola is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the element (or
generatrix) of the cone
Hyperbola is produced when the cutting plane is parallel to the axis of the cone.
22
By: Anunuzuk VI 11

CONIC SECTION: General Equation of Conics
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
If 𝐵 ≠ 0, the axis of the conic is oblique with the coordinate system (i.e. not
parallel to X or Y axes). Thus if the axis is either parallel to X and Y axes, the
equation becomes
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
From the forgoing equation: Also:

If 𝐵 2 < 4𝐴𝐶, the conic is an ellipse If A= 𝐶, the conic is a circle
If 𝐵 2 = 4𝐴𝐶, the conic is a parabola If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 but the same sign, the conic is an ellipse
If 𝐵 2 > 4𝐴𝐶, the conic is a hyperbola If 𝐴 ≠ 𝐶 but have different sign, the conic is a hyperbola
If either A or C is Zero, the conic is a parabola.
23


CONIC SECTION: Circle
CIRCLE
Is the locus of a point that moves such that it is always
equidistant from the fixed point called the center. The
constant distance id called the radius of the circle
GENERAL EQUATION
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
STANDARD EQUATION – Center at (h,k)
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
24
By: Anunuzuk VI 12

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the area of the square circumscribed about the cicle

x2 +y2+8x+6y=0.
• Find the equation of the circle with center (3, 4) and tangent to
the line 8 y = 15 - 6 x.
• Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (4, 0),
(0, - 8), and (0, 0).
25


CONIC SECTION: Circle
STANDARD EQUATION – Center at Origin
𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐
For a circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
−𝑫 −𝑬 𝑫𝟐 +𝑬𝟐 −𝟒𝑨𝑭
𝒉= 𝟐𝑨
;𝒌 = 𝟐𝑨
;𝒓 = 𝟒𝑨𝟐
26
By: Anunuzuk VI 13

CONIC SECTION: Parabola
PARABOLA
Is the locus of a point that moves such that its
distance from a fixed point called the focus is
always equal to its distance from a fixed line called
the directrix
GENERAL EQUATION – VERTICAL AXIS
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
GENERAL EQUATION – HORIZONTAL AXIS
𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
27


ELEMENTS:
a – distance from vertex to focus
LR – length of latus rectum (the chord passing through

the focus and parallel to the directric or perpendicular
to the axis. For a parabola, LR = 4a
e – eccentricity of a conic is the ratio of its distance

from the focus (d2) and the directrix (d1). For a
parabola, e = 1.
28
By: Anunuzuk VI 14

STANDARD EQUATIONS - V(0,0) STANDARD EQUATIONS - V(h,k)
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒙 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌)
𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌)
29


For a parabola 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 (axis vertical)
−𝑫 𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑭 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌= 𝒂=
𝟐𝑨 𝟒𝑨𝑬 𝟒𝑨
For a parabola 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 (axis horizontal)
−𝑬 𝑬𝟐 − 𝟒𝑪𝑭 −𝑫
𝒌= 𝒉= 𝒂=
𝟐𝑪 𝟒𝑪𝑫 𝟒𝑪
30
By: Anunuzuk VI 15

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Given the parabola x2 – 6x -12y -15 = 0. Find (a) the

coordinate of the vertex, and focus. (b) equation of the
directrix (c) length of latus rectum
• Find the equation of the parabola, given that the

vertex is (2, - 3) and the focus is (6, - 3).
31


CONIC SECTION: Ellipse
ELLIPSE
Is the locus of a point that moves such that sum of its distance from two
fixed points called the foci is constant. The constant sum is the length of
the major axis, 2a.
ELEMENTS OF ELLIPSE
Length of semi-major axis, 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2

𝑐
eccentricity, 𝑒 = , e<1
𝑎
𝑎
distance from center to directrix, 𝑑 =
𝑒
2𝑏2
length of latus rectum 𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
32
By: Anunuzuk VI 16

GENERAL EQUATION, 𝑨 ≠ 𝑪 BUT THE SAME SIGN
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
STANDARD EQUATION, C(0,0) STANDARD EQUATION, C(h,k)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
+ =𝟏 Horizontal major axis + =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
+ =𝟏 Vertical major axis + =𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
Note a>b
33


For ellipse
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
−𝑫 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌=
𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪
34
By: Anunuzuk VI 17

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the equation of the ellipse having its axes parallel

to OX ,Center ( 4, 3), eccentricity ½ , and major axis
parallel to OX, 12.
• Find the equation of the ellipse having its axes parallel

to OY Foci (6, - 2) and (- 2, - 2), and major axis equal to
twice the minor axis.
• An ellipse has the equation 16x2+9y2+32x-128=0. Find (a)

Length of major axis, (b) Length of latus rectum, (c)
eccentricity, (d) Equation of the directrix
35


CONIC SECTION: Hyperbola
ELLIPSE
Is the locus of a point that moves such that the difference of its distance
between two fixed points called the foci is constant. The constant
difference is the length of the transverse axis 2a.
ELEMENTS OF ELLIPSE
Length of semi-major axis, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

𝑐
eccentricity, 𝑒 = , e>1
𝑎
𝑎
distance from center to directrix, 𝑑 =
𝑒
2𝑏2
length of latus rectum 𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
36
By: Anunuzuk VI 18

CONIC SECTION: Hyperbola
GENERAL EQUATION, 𝑨 ≠ 𝑪, HAVE OPPOSITE SIGN
𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
STANDARD EQUATION, C(0,0) STANDARD EQUATION, C(h,k)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
− =𝟏 Horizontal transverse axis − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒚 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒌)𝟐
− =𝟏 Vertical transverse r axis − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Note “a” may be greater, equal or less than “b”
37


For hyperbola
𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
−𝑫 −𝑬
𝒉= 𝒌=
𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪
Equation of Asymptote
𝒚 − 𝒌 = ±𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒉)
m = b/a if the axis is horizontal

m = a/b if the axix is vertical
38
By: Anunuzuk VI 19

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Find the eccentricity, foci, and vertices of 4x2-9y2-16x+18y=29.
• Find the equations of the hyperbola, equation of asymptote,

length of latus rectum, given the foci are ( 4, 0) and (10, 0),
and one vertex Is (6, 0).
39


CONIC SECTION: Tangents and Normal to a Curve
CASE I – Find the equation of the tangent

through give point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )on the conic.
CASE II – Find the equation of the tangent

passes through give point 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) outside the
conic conic.
CASE II – Find the equation of the tangent

given the slope m of the tangent
40
By: Anunuzuk VI 20

SAMPLE PROBLEM
• CASE I : Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the

curve x2 + y2 + 4x + 16y – 32 = 0 through (4,0)
• CASE II : Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the

curve x2 + y2 = 41 through (5,4)
• CASE I : Find the equation of the tangent with slope 1 to the

curve x2 + y2 + 4x + 16y – 32 = 0.
41


PAST CE BOARD
CE BOARD MAY 1995
What is the equation of the normal to the curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at (4,3) ?
CE BOARD NOV 1998

Find the length of the common chord of the curves 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 64 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 =
0.
CE BOARD MAY 2001

Compute the distance from the point P(1,1) to the line 3x+y-9=0.
CE BOARD NOV 2005

The distance between the foci of an ellipse is 5. If its eccentricity is 0.50, what is the
distance between the directrix?
CE BOARD MAY 2006

Determine the length of the latus rectum of the parabola 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 51 = 0
42
By: Anunuzuk VI 21

PAST CE BOARD
CE BOARD MAY 2006
A circle has the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0.
a. Find the radius of the circle.
b. Find the center of the circle.
c. What is the difference from the center of the circle to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10.
CE BOARD NOV 2006

The equation of an ellipse is 16𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 − 128𝑥 − 150𝑦 + 381 = 0
a. Find the coordinates of the center of the ellipse.
b. Find the length of the latus rectum.
c. Find the distance between the foci
CE BOARD NOV 2007

A hyperbola has the equation 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 2 + 64𝑦 = 256, determine the following
a. Center of the hyperbola
b. Distance between foci
c. Distance between vertices
43
By: Anunuzuk VI 22

Analytic Geometry - 2020 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Analytic Geometry - 2020 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CHAPTER

Special Professional Licensure Board

ENGR. RICHARD M. MANALO, ce, rmp, pqp-pbrs, pem-asem

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

QUOTE OF THE DAY

YOUR ATITUDE DETERMINES

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

MATH : ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Distance between Two Points

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

• Find the length of the line joining (1, 3) and (- 2, 6).

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

The general equation of a straight line is:

To solve a line, either two points or one

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

SLOPE OF THE LINE

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Two-point form Intercept form

Point-slope form Slope-intercept form

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

• Find the equations of the line passing through ( 4, - 2) and having

• Determine the value of k , given that The line y - 2 = k(x - 4) has

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Lines are parallel if 𝑚2 = 𝑚1

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

• Find the equation of the line through (4, 3) and perpendicular to

• Find the angle between the lines y+4x=0 and y-6x+8 = 0

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

• Find the distance between lines 3x – y = 4 and 6 x – 2y = 9.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

A point P(x , y) is on the line through A(4,4) and B(5,2). Find

(a) the coordinates of P given that the segment AB is extended

(b) the coordinates of P given that AB is extended through A to P so

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

Civil engineering Review 2018 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

In a Cartesian coordinates, the vertices of a triangle are defined

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

The term “conic section” was due to the

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

From the forgoing equation: Also:

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, INC.

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

STANDARD EQUATION – Center at (h,k)

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

Civil engineering Review 2020 – mathematics – Analytic geometry

• Find the area of the square circumscribed about the cicle