Case 1 (First Letter अ/अ )

Simple + Diphthong Simple + Simple Desc.

अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
First Letter

Similar Simple
Diphthong - Vṛddhi Diphthong -Guṇa Dissimilar Simple Vowel Second Letter
Vowel

Same as Second
Vṛddhi Substitute of Resultant vowel
Diphthongs - Vṛddhi Guṇa Substitute of Second Letter Vṛddhi letter अ
Second Letter (s)
Letter

अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ
अ/अ

First Letter

अ
अ

ए
ए
ऌ
इ/ई
अ/अ

उ/ऊ

ऋ/ॠ

Second Letter
External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

Resultant vowel

अ
अ
अ
अ

ए
ए
ए

अर्

अल्

(s)

1
One
One
One
One
One
One
One
One
One

Output Letters
 Case 2 (First Letter Simple Vowel Other than अ/अ )

Simple + (Dissimilar Simple Vowel / Diphthong) Simple + Similar Simple Desc.

ऌ
ऌ

इ/ई
इ/ई

उ/ऊ
उ/ऊ
First Letter

ऋ/ॠ
ऋ/ॠ
Dissimilar Simple Vowel / Diphthong Similar Simple Vowel Second Letter

First Simple Vowel changes to its corresponding

Semivowel and Second Letter [Dissimilar Simple / Long Form Of Simple Vowel Resultant vowel (s)
Diphthong] remains unchanged

ऌ
ऌ

इ/ई
इ/ई

First Letter

उ/ऊ
उ/ऊ

ऋ/ॠ
ऋ/ॠ

ऌ
इ/ई

उ/ऊ

Second Letter
ऋ/ॠ

अ , ए, अ
अ , ए, अ
अ , ए, अ

ए, अ , ए, अ
अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऌ, ए,
अ/अ , इ/ई, ऋ/ॠ, ऌ, ए,

अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ/ॠ ,

अ/अ , उ/ऊ, ऋ/ॠ, ऌ, ए,

अ)
External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

ॡ
ऊ

अ)
अ)
अ)

Resultant vowel (s)

ऌ + (अ/अ , इ/ई,
र् + (अ/अ , इ/ई,
व् + (अ/अ , इ/ई,
य् + (अ/अ , उ/ऊ,

उ/ऊ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए,
ऋ/ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए,
ऋ/ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए,

उ/ऊ, ऋ/ॠ, ए, अ , ए,
Output Letters
One
One
One
One

Two
Two
Two
Two

2
 Case 3 (First Letter is Diphthong) Desc.

Diphthong - Vṛddhi Diphthong -Guṇa First Letter

Any Vowel both Simple and

Diphthong including the same
Any Vowel (Simple or Diphthong including
Diphthong Vṛddhi Letter (No अ Second Letter
the same Dipthong-Guṇa) other than अ
exception for अ, unline in the case
of Diphthong - Guṇa)

The first Diphthong Letter is

The first Diphthong Letter is changed to its Diphthong -Guṇa remains
changed to its Semivowel substitute Resultant vowel
Semivowel substitute and Second Vowel unchanged and अ is
and Second Vowel remains (s)
remains unchanged represented by avagraha ऽ
unchanged

ए
ए
ए

अ
अ
अ

First Letter
अ
अ

Second Letter

ए, अ , ए, अ
ए, अ , ए, अ

ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ
ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ

अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ/ ॠ,

अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ/ ॠ,
अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ,
अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ, ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ,
External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

Resultant vowel
एऽ

अऽ

(s)
अव् + (अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ,
अय् + (अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ,

3
ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ )
ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ )
ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ )
ऋ/ ॠ, ऌ, ए, अ , ए, अ )

अ व् + (अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ,

अ य् + (अ/अ , इ/ई, उ/ऊ,

Output Letters

Two
Two
Two
Two
Two
Two
 External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

Summary of External Vowel-Sandhi Rules

First Letter Second Letter What to Expect

अ/अ अ/अ Longer अ . [Output: Single Letter]

The first letter अ/अ disappears, the

second letter, if possible, improves
All vowels except quality from simple to Guṇa, Guṇa
अ/अ
अ/अ to Vṛddhi. Vṛddhi having no further
improvement remains unchanged.
[Output: Single Letter].

Longer Verion of Simple Vowel

Similar Simple Vowel
[Output: Single Letter]
Simple
The first letter changes to its
Vowels Other
Any Other Vowel semivowel form and Second letter
Than अ/अ
Simple or Diphthong remains unchanged
[Output: Two Letters]
First letter Diphthong-Guṇa remains
unchanged and the second letter अ

अ is represented by Avagraha symbol

ऽ [Output: Two Letters]
[Note: Optional form is NOT possible with elision
Diphthong- of य्/व्, as ए/अ do not change to अय्/अव्]

Guṇa (ए/अ ) Any Vowel (Simple First letter Diphthong-Guṇa changed

or Diphthong to its corresponding semivowel and

including the same the second vowel remains

Dipthong-Guṇa) unchanged [Output: Two Letters]

[Note: Optional form is also possible with elision
other than अ
of य्/व्]

4
 External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

Any Vowel both

Simple and First letter Diphthong - Vṛddhi

Diphthong include changed to its corresponding

Diphthong - the same Diphthong semivowel and the second vowel

Vṛddhi (ए/अ ) Vṛddhi Letter (No remains unchanged

exception for अ as in [Output: Two Letters]

[Note: Optional form is also possible with elision
the case of
of य्/व्]
Diphthong - Guṇa)

5
External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

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6
 External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

External Sandhi and Internal Sandhi are differentiated with respect to

Final ए and ओ of the First Sound
VOWEL SANDHI: Final ए and अ of the First Sound:
Elision of य् and व् during sandhi from अय् and अव्,
respectively
External Sandhi Internal Sandhi
Elision of य् and व् does
NOT happen. ए and अ
refuse to become अय्
and अव्. So य् and व् DO
Initial vowel of NOT exist. Since they
second sound is do not exist, the
Elision of य् and व् is NOT
"अ" question of elision does
possible in internal Sandhi.
not arise. Hence the
Irrespective of the case
output produces only
whether the initial vowel of
one mandatory form
second sound is अ or not,
indicated by एऽ and अ ऽ.
internal Sandhi DOES NOT
Optional Elision of य्
elide य् and व् from अय् and
and व् is possible. In
अव्. Hence the output
mandatory forms, य् and
produces only one
व् of अय् and अव् are
mandatory form अय्+V,
Initial vowel of retained and in optinal
अव्+V (where V stands for
second sound is forms य् and व् of अय्
vowel).
Any vowel other and अव् elided. So
than "अ" Sandhi output will have
two forms: one
mandatory (retaining य्
and व्) and one optional
form (eliding य् and व्).

7
 External Vowel-Sandhi Rules Synopsis

Simple Vowels ओ ओ इ/ई उ /ऊ ऋ/ॠ ऌ / ॡ

Guṇa Substitute ओ ओ ए ओ ओर् ओल्

Diphthongs
Vṛddhi Substiture ओ ओ ए ओ ओ र् ओ ल्
Note: Regarding the letter "ओ", some argue that "ओ" has no Guṇa whereas others argue that Guṇa of "ओ" is
"ओ" itself. In this table, I assumed the second argument and kept "ओ" as the Guṇa of itself.

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