1)According to natural law theory (called Ju naturalism), all people have inherent rights, conferred

not by act of legislation but by "God, nature, or reason. “Natural law theory can also refer to
"theories of ethics, theories of politics, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality."
2)The primary idea behind positivist criminology is that criminals are born as such and not made
into criminals; in other words, it is the nature of the person, not nurture, that results in criminal
propensities.
3)Theories of religion can be classified into: Substantive (or essentialist) theories that focus on
the contents of religions and the meaning the contents have for people. This approach asserts
that people have faith because beliefs make sense insofar as they hold value and are
comprehensible
4)Marxism is both a critical approach that wants to always question the mainstream policy-driven
approaches to IR theory and a classical approach via the philosophical and sociological tradition
of its namesake, the philosopher Karl Marx (1818–1883). In fact, Marxism is the only theoretical
perspective in IR that is named after a person. Of the range of great thinkers available to us, Marx
may not automatically qualify as being the most ‘internationalist’. In fact, most of Marx’s (and his
sometimes co-author Friedrich Engels’) work was not primarily concerned with the formation of
states or even the interactions between them. What connected their interests to IR was the
industrial revolution, as this event was ultimately what Marx was witnessing and trying to
understand. He, with Engels, developed a revolutionary approach and outlined a set of concepts
that transcended national differences while also providing practical advice on how to build a
transnational movement of people. Workers from factories across the world – the proletariat –
were to organise themselves into a politically revolutionary movement to counter the exploitative
and unequal effects of capitalism, which were accelerated and expanded by the industrial
revolution. This vision of a potential link between the bulk of humanity as a global proletariat is
where, and how, Marxism enters IR from a different vantage point to other theories.
5)According to utilitarian theory, we punish people because doing so creates a good in the world.
Jeremy Bentham is associated with the utilitarian theory of punishment. According to him,
punishment is evil, and we should do it only to the extent necessary that it can produce benefits
in the world.
6)Sociological theories of criminology believe that society influences a person to become a
criminal. Examples include the social learning theory, which says that people learn criminal
behavior from the people around them, and social conflict theory, which says that class warfare
is responsible for crime
7)A Theory of Justice holds that every individual has an equal right to basic liberties, and that they
should have the right to opportunities and an equal chance as other individuals of similar ability