Colegio San Agustin - Bacolod

COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025

Human Reproduction (GEE 301)
Mrs. MA. Cristina Velez
ADAPTED FROM: HANDOUTS/LECTURE

COURSE OUTLINE: MIDTERM and sperms from the couple or from donors, embryo
culture, selectively harvesting timely embryos for
1. From Egg and Sperm to Newborn
implantation/embryonic transfer and embryo
2. Parenthood
cryopreservation for future use.
3. Preventing Pregnancy
● THE MAIN DETRIMENTS TO ART ARE
4. Facilitating Reproduction
RELIGIOUS REASONS AND COST.
5. Fertilization to Birth
○ For Catholics - human beings can only be
6. The Infant and the Child
conceived through sexual intercourse
between married couples.
- Reproduction can be facilitated by
CHAPTER 8: FACILITATING guidance, regulation of the menstrual
REPRODUCTION cycle, and correction of underlying
disorders, but the role of parents can not
INFERTILITY be susbstituted and the sexual act can not
➢ 80-85% of normal couples will conceive after one be replaced.
year of frequent intercourse. - As such, ART is not recommended by the
➢ The absence of conception after a year of regular Catholic Church.
unprotected intercourse is referred to as infertility. - The storage of cryopreserved embryos is
➢ 1 in 10 couples has infertility problems. It is equally an additional issue.
frequent in both males and females and is often - These embryos are human beings
permanent. manipulated and used as a means to
➢ The most common female causes are unovulatory increase implantation or for research, and
disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, and aging. it violates respect for them.
➢ The male causes include poor or absent sperms, - The Protestant and Anglican churches do
and less commonly, impotence or inability to not allow IVF with gamete donation and
ejaculate normally surrogacy (embryo implanted in a woman
➢ The most modifiable risk factors for infertility are who is not the biological mother).
diet, lifestyle habits (smoking or alcohol), STD, ● Likewise, the costs run to hundreds of
drugs, exposure to environmental contaminants thousands of pesos. ART is not cheap.
(chemicals, radiation, air pollution, and heavy
metals), and disease. ➢ The success of ART depends on the cause of
➢ Less common causes include genetic infertility, drugs administered, ART techniques
malformations of the reproductive tract and employed , age of patient and source of eggs.
endocrine disorders. ➢ Its risks include multiple births, premature
deliveries, adverse effects of hormones, stress, and
Many infertile couples only need proper timing and anxiety of couples which may threaten the stability
counseling. Some need correction of lifestyle habits and of their marriage.
treatment of health disorders. Others resort to modern
assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). The FERTILITY PRESERVATION - refers to saving or protecting
adoption of a child born to different parents is always a an individual’s reproductive tissues or cells for procreation
purposes.
generous option for the infertile couple.
- Men can freeze sperm samples for thawing out at
later dates and for use in IVF. Women can likewise
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES freeze eggs or embryos for future use
(ARTs)
➢ All fertility treatments that use drugs to stimulate
ovulation or involve handling of the egg, the sperm
or both are classified as ARTs.
➢ Majority of the babies born by ART are healthy and
without complications.
○ Health problems if present are
multifactorial.

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) - is the best known method

of ART.
- It involves aggressive ovarian stimulation,
engineering fertilization in the laboratory with eggs

1 I PATRISHA ISABELLE D. DUMARAN

 Colegio San Agustin - Bacolod
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
Human Reproduction (GEE 301)
Mrs. MA. Cristina Velez
ADAPTED FROM: HANDOUTS/LECTURE
Unit III:
STAGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE LIFE
➢ A general pattern evolves as an individual
advances from being an egg and sperm to a
fertilized egg, to a child, and to an adult, and then to
➢
an older person.
This development may not follow the same exact
dates and pattern for everyone. Variations may
result from the effect of genes, environment and
culture.
CHAPTER 9: FERTILIZATION TO
BIRTH
FERTILIZATION
➢ Humans have approximately 23,000 genes in 23
paired chromosomes. The genes determine the
characteristics that define the species as human
and the traits inherited from his/her parents
➢ Upon fertilization, the newly conceived zygote
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes-one of each pair
coming from each parent. Twenty two pairs are
matching chromosomes and the remaining pair is
the sex chromosome.
➢ If the sex pair is XX, the individual is genetically
female; if the pair is XY, the individual is genetically
male. The Y chromosome contains the
testis-determining gene. Under its influence, male
development occurs. In its absence, female
development is established.
GONADS
- Although the sex of the person is determined genetically at
fertilization, gonads or genitals do not immediately develop.
- During the first six weeks of development, the
genital systems in both male and female embryos
are similar and potentially bisexual with two pairs of
genital ducts. Primordial germ cells originating from
the epiblast migrate to invade the urogenital ridge at
the sixth week and induce the development of the
gonads.
- The presence of the Y chromosome dictates
developmental changes of the gonad to form the
testes.
- The testosterone produced by the testes influences
the development of the male ductal system and
external genitalia. On the other hand, the absence
of the Y chromosome results in the formation of the
ovaries.
- The absence of testosterone and the presence of
estrogen from the placenta influence the
development of the female internal reproductive
organs and external genitalia.
- The germ cells increase in number as the fetus
develops until the infant is born.
CHAPTER 10: THE INFANT AND THE
CHILD
INFANCY (0-1 YEAR OLD)
- For the infant, breastfeeding is beneficial.
- Through the mother’s milk, nutrients and
immunity are provided to the baby.
- Through her touch, the infant derives warmth and
security, leading to a better mother-infant bonding.
- No particular sexual behavior is manifest at this
stage.
CHILDHOOD (1-13 YEARS OLD)
● During early childhood, the children’s sexual
behavior relates to pleasure and comfort.
- What starts as accidental self-discovery at two
years of age progresses to a curious
self-exploration in the pursuit of pleasure in a
three-year old.
- Adults in the child’s life, especially the parents, mold
the child’s acceptance of and comfort with his/her
gender identity.
● At three to five years of age, the child begins to
develop his/her own gender identity.
- Curiosity spreads to others, and the child learns
about the opposite sex.
- Children also play “doctor,” a phrase used to
describe children examining each other’s genitals.
- Adults, especially parents, continue to mold
children’s acceptance of and comfort with their
identity establishing the capacity for healthy sexual
and emotional relationships in adulthood.
● During school age, children develop an intuition
about appropriate sexual behavior and express
preference for the same sex over the opposite sex.
- Emotional and physical closeness between the
children and their parents transfers to friends whom
they may hug and hold hands with.
● Towards the end of childhood, the hypothalamus
directs the development of the secondary sex
characteristics through the hormones secreted by
the ovaries and the testes. As secondary sex
characteristics begin to develop, the child becomes
2 I PATRISHA ISABELLE D. DUMARAN
 Colegio San Agustin - Bacolod
COLLEGE OF NURSING BATCH 2025
Human Reproduction (GEE 301)
Mrs. MA. Cristina Velez
ADAPTED FROM: HANDOUTS/LECTURE

more aware of his/her sex and learns to behave as

expected.

3 I PATRISHA ISABELLE D. DUMARAN