أساليب البحث العلمي والإحصاء كيف تكتب بحثا علميا

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4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 3 ………KKKKKK……………………………………‫א‬‫א‬
 9 …………KKKKK……………………………‫א‬‫א‬
 10 K…………K……………………………‫א‬
 17 ………KKK………………………………‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 21
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 25
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 29 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 30 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 31 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 32 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 35 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 37 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 40 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 47 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 51 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 53 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 56 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 95
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 62 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 66 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 76 KKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 68 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 71 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 74 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 75 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 76 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 77 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 77 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 78 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 81 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 83
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 85 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 86 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 87 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 88 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 92 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 97 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 101 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 103
 ‫א‬
 106 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 107 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 108 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 122 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 131 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 135 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 143
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 147
 ‫א‬
 
 149 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 149 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 149 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 149 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 151 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 155 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 159 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 163
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 165 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 176 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 197
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 199 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 205 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 225  ‫א‬‫א‬
Spss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 229 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 229 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 233 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 246 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 287
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 189
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 293 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 293 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 294 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 295 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 337
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 340 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 343 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 346 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 350 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 355 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1F
 355 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE2F
 391 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 399 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 399 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 403 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬ E3 J1F
 91  K٪5
 105   ‫א‬‫א‬  E5 J1F
EG. MF‫א‬‫א‬
 151  E5 J2F
 E2011–2010F
 152  ES.HF‫א‬‫א‬  E5 J3F
EN. MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E5 J4F
 154  ‫א‬‫א‬
–2010‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬
 E5 J5F
 156  E‫א‬F2011
 178  EYFEXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E6 J1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6 J2F
 186  ‫א‬
 201  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ E7 J1F
‫א‬EZF‫א‬‫א‬
 E7 J2F
 203  ‫א‬
 
 
 
 
11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 38  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E1 J1F
 87  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E3 J1F
152  ‫א‬EG-MF‫א‬‫א‬ E5 J1F
153  ES. HF‫א‬ E5 J2F
155  ‫א‬‫א‬EN. MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E5 J3F
156  2010 J2011‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬ E5 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬ E5 J5F
158  2011L2010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
172  ‫א‬‫א‬ E6 J1F
177  EYF‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E6 J2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E6 J3F
187  ‫א‬
191  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E6 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E6 J5F
191  KE6 J14F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7 J1F
202  E
202  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7 J2F
204  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7 J3F
205  ‫א‬ E7 J4F
209  v = 24t E7 J5F
 
 
 
12
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
1. Sekran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business, 4th ed, New York:
John Wiley.
2. Zikmund, William G. (2000). Business Research Methods, Sixth
Edition, Harcourt College Publisher.
،،،‫א‬،‫א‬،، K3
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬K4
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F،‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F‫א‬،‫ א‬K6
K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،
،،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،،،‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2010F،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F،‫א‬‫א‬، K8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
KE2010F‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،‫ א‬K9
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F،‫ א‬K10
K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
14
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K3
SPSS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 
 
 
15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
16
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
17
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(spss)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬19‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
’ßÖ]<ÜÃÞæ<±ç¹]<ÜÃÞ<äÞc<H]‚ŠÖ]æ<ÐéÊçjÖ]<]<Ù`ŠÞæ
 
 
 
< <ÐéÊçjÖ]<êÖæ<]æ
< <áçËÖö¹]
 
19
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
20
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
<<
< <Ùæù]<h^fÖ]
< <ovfÖ]<íérãßÚ
21
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
22
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
< <Ùæù]<h^fÖ]
< <ovfÖ]<íérãßÚ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
23
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
24
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
< <Ùæù]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <êÛ×ÃÖ]<ovfÖ]<±c<Ø}‚Ú
Introduction to Scientific Research
 
 
 Performance Objectives‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 
 
 
 
 
 
25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F‫א‬
Chunk 2001‫א‬‫א‬
،14‫א‬‫א‬Orlando
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K16.75‫א‬75،٪75‫א‬
206‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،40 J25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
26
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٪1IBM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IBM‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
27
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬
W K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Introduction to Scientific Research
 
Introduction‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
29
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 Historical Development of Scientific Research
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WChance‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬WTrial and Error‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WAuthority and Tradition‫א‬‫ א‬K3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WSpeculation, Argumentation and Dialogue‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WScientific Method‫א‬‫ א‬K5
،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
30
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Definition of Scientific Research ‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   WE1989FK
WE46W1996F‫א‬K‫ א‬  ،
 K   ‫ א‬‫ א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬WE8W2000F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E36W2006F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E27W2009F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
31
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Systematic Approach  K1
   Objectivity   ‫ א‬K2
Information ‫ א‬K3
Decision Making ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
W‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 Infrastructure of Scientific Research 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬W‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
32
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2009L2008‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K K
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K
33
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K
،،،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K6
 K،‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K9
W‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 The Hallmarks of Scientific Research
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫ א‬K6
K‫א‬ K7
K‫א‬‫ א‬K8
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Purposiveness ‫א‬‫ א‬K1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  Rigor ‫ א‬K2

،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
35
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Testability ‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Replicability  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Precision and Confidence ‫א‬‫ א‬K5

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٪95،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Objectivity ‫ א‬K6

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Generalizability ‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 Parsimony ‫א‬‫ א‬K8

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 Scientific Research Rules ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Deduction‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Induction‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
37
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1F‫א‬
(1)  
‫المالحظة‬
 
(11) (2)
‫التعميم‬ ‫تحديد المشكلة‬  
 
(10)
(3)
‫استنتاج النظرية‬
‫تكوين الفروض‬  
‫قواعد البحث العلمي‬  
(9)
‫شرح النتائج‬  
(4)
 
‫تكوين التعاريف اإلجرائية‬
(8)
‫تحليل البيانات‬  
(5)
 
(7)
‫تجميع البيانات‬
‫تكوين اإلطار النظري‬  
(6)  
‫تصميم البحث‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬،‫؟‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
38
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬،
 Observation‫א‬W1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Preliminary Data Gathering‫א‬‫א‬W2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Theory Formulation‫א‬W3
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Hypothesizing‫א‬W4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 Further Scientific Data collection‫א‬‫א‬W5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
39
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Data Analysis‫א‬W6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Deduction‫א‬W7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Scientific Researches Types‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬
،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬ WQuantitative Research‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
WSurvey ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
41
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
WExperimental Research‫א‬‫ א‬E2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Independent Variables)‫א‬
( Dependant Variable) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WComparative Research‫א‬‫ א‬E3
‫א‬،،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WQualitative Research‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
42
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WCase Study‫א‬‫א‬ E1

K‫א‬‫א‬،،
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬WAnalytical‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
43
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? WEthnography‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E3

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
WPhenomenologyE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E4
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAction Research‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E5
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E6
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬
 .‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
44
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KApplied Research
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،Basic ResearchE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
45
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Oxford Health Planning ‫א‬WE1F

‫א‬،‫א‬Inc.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
٪85‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،WE2F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪4،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
46
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
  Research Ethics ‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،?‫א‬??‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫ א‬K2
‫ א‬K3
‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫ א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
‫א‬‫ א‬K9
‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K11
 ‫א‬ K12
 Truthfulness‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬
 Expertise‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
48
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Safety‫ א‬K3
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، 
 K
 Trust‫ א‬K4
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬،،
 K‫א‬
 Consent‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Withdrawal‫ א‬K6
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
،‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
49
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Digital Recording‫א‬‫ א‬K7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Feedback‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 False Hope‫א‬L‫א‬‫ א‬K9
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Vulnerability‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Exploitation‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K11
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
50
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Anonymity‫א‬ K12
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Researcher Adjectives‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
51
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
52
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
53
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
54
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
55
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K3
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫؟‬،‫א‬ K11
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
56
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K18
‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K20
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
57
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
58
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
< <êÞ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <êÛ×ÃÖ]<ovfÖ]<l]çŞ}
Scientific Research Process
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K5
 ‫א‬ K6
 ‫א‬ K7
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 ‫א‬ K9
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K10
 
59
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
60
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Methodology
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
61
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Research Problem‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
62
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K5
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W،‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
63
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
W، K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫؟‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3

 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
64
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬WE1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
،‫א‬،‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬   K1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬WE2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
65
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FW ‫א‬‫א‬  K3
‫؟‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬WE3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Research Title‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
66
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 Literature Review
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
67
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K1
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
68
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬،EKKKF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
69
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫ א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬،E،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 .
70
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E2011،F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E4F‫א‬،E10F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Research Hypotheses‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
71
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EH0FNull Hypotheses‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EH1FAlternative Hypotheses‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  WH0 J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WH1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KIndependent Variable‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
Dependent Variable‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Moderating ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Variable
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
72
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
73
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Proposal Design‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Proposal‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬ K5
 ‫א‬ K6
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 ‫א‬ K8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
 ‫א‬ K10
‫א‬ K11
 
74
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W 
Research Population‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Research Sample ‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
75
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F K3
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WObservation‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WInterview‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
76
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WQuestionnaire‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
77
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
79
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
80
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬،‫א‬ K10
‫؟‬Proposal‫א‬‫א‬ K11
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
K‫א‬‫א‬ K13
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K14
81
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K18
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K20
‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
82
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
< <oÖ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <^â…^éj}]<Ñ†æ<l^ßéÃÖ]
Samples and its Choosing Methods
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 
 
 
 
83
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
84
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Samples and its Choosing Methods
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
85
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬W  ‫א‬W

 ‫א‬
Different Between: Population, Element, Population Frame, Sample
and Subject
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPopulation‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E1800F،‫א‬‫א‬WElemen‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
WPopulation Frame‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WSample‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E200F،
 K‫א‬‫א‬E200F‫א‬‫؛‬E1800F‫א‬
86
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSampling‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WSubject ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J1F‫א‬
  K‫א‬
 
 
** *  
***
‫א‬ * *  
‫اﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬ **  
* ** * * *  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3 J1F‫א‬W
 
 Reasons for Sampling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
87
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Sample Size‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
88
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، K6
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
  ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٪20F‫א‬‫א‬
،E1000 J500F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Nσ 2
 nZ
( N − 1) D + σ 2
89
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬Wn
 ‫א‬WN
 ‫א‬W σ 2
B2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BW،D =
4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Krejcie & F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EMorgan, 1970
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٪5
90
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
n‫א‬  n‫א‬ N‫א‬  n‫א‬ N‫א‬
N
 291  1200  140  220  10  10
 297  1300  144  230  14  15
 302  1400  148  240  19  20
 306  1500  152  250  24  25
 310  1600  155  260  28  30
 313  1700  159  270  32  35
 317  1800  162  280  36  40
 320  1900  165  290  40  45
 322  2000  169  300  44  50
 327  2200  175  320  48  55
 331  2400  181  340  52  60
 335  2600  186  360  56  65
 338  2800  191  380  59  70
 341  3000  196  400  63  75
 346  3500  201  420  66  80
 351  4000  205  440  70  85
 354  4500  210  460  73  90
 357  5000  214  480  76  95
 361  6000  217  500  80  100
 364  7000  226  550  86  110
 367  8000  234  600  92  120
 368  9000  242  650  97  130
 370  10000  248  700  103  140
 375  15000  254  650  108  150
 377  20000  260  800  113  160
 379  30000  265  850  118  170
 380  40000  269  900  123  180
 381  50000  274  950  127  190
 382  75000  278  1000  132 200
 384 100000  285  1100  136  210
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3 J1F
 K٪5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
91
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E500–30F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Types of Sampling‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 Probability Sample‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ESimple Random SampleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
92
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EN=500F500‫א‬W
،En=50F‫א‬‫א‬50‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE500L1F
‫א‬EStratified Random SampleF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
1000‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬W،،EN=1000F
،150‫א‬،500‫א‬،200‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K150‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEn=200F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
93
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF50Z4L200،E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬FZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬GE‫א‬
 200GE1000L200FZ
 40Z
GE‫א‬L‫א‬FZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 200GE1000L500FZ
 100Z
GE‫א‬L‫א‬FZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 200GE1000L150FZ
 30Z
L ‫א‬FZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬GE‫א‬
 200GE1000L150FZ
 30Z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Systematic Sample‫א‬‫ א‬K3

،EF،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
94
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،4،3،2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،E160F‫א‬،
 K E20F
 K160‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
E8Z20L160F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8‫א‬،8 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E5F‫א‬
W،E8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫• א‬
 13Z8H5Z
‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫• א‬
 21Z8H13Z
،13،5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،141 ،133 ،125 ،117 ،109 ،101 ،93 ،85 ،77 ،69 ،61 ،53 ،45 ،37 ،29 ،21
 KE157،149
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cluster Sample‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
95
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Non Probability Sample‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WPurposive Sample ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAvailable Sample ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WQuota Sample‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،،٪60‫א‬٪40
K‫א‬
96
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WSnowball Sample ‫א‬   K4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬
‫א‬،
،‫א‬
K
 Samples Errors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K2
W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
97
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
98
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
99
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EF،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
100
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬،
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K12
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬ K14
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K15
101
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
102
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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< <l^Þ^éfÖ]<Ä¶<Øñ^‰ææ<Ñ†
Data Collection Methods
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬،‫א‬ K2
 ‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 
103
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
104
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Data Collection Methods
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 
 
105
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Sources of Data‫א‬W
 
‫א‬W،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Secondery Data Sources‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Primary Data Sources‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
106
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPersons‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬WFocus Groups‫א‬ •
،‫א‬،،10 J8‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬WPanels‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Methods of Data Collecting‫א‬W 

‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
107
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Questionaires‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K1
،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫؟‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
108
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫• א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،،K
109
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫ א‬
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬EXFW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
  ،‫א‬‫א‬K
 K ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫؟‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
110
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 
 W‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬EXFW
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WEF‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
111
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 K‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
 K
112
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

 W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ K2
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
113
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
114
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KKKKKKKKKKK?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKL‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKL
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬
115
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K7
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K10
،
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
116
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K12
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Nominal Scales‫א‬‫א‬K K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E2F‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬،‫א‬E1F‫א‬،E‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E3F‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
117
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EXFW1
W‫ א‬K1
  
 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 
 
 Ordinal Scales‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬5‫א‬E5 J1F،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2
،‫א‬1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬2
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
118
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Interval Scales‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
‫א‬‫א‬EXF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K1
 ‫א‬
           ‫א‬   K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬   K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬   K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
           ‫א‬   K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2‫א‬،3‫א‬،‫א‬4‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬1‫א‬،
119
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ratio Scales‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EXFW4
W‫א‬‫א‬ K1
2020 J10‫א‬10
W‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 10001000 J500500
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K7
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬،
 
120
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
121
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Interview‫א‬W 
 Definition of Interview‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
122
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 Types of Interviews‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 
123
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬، K
‫א‬، ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  J J‫؟‬GW
 ‫؟‬‫א‬G 
 ‫א‬ J J J J
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،
 K 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
124
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
،Survey E‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،Diagnostic‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Therapeutic‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
125
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Counseling‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
126
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
127
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
128
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
  K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
129
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
K‫א‬‫א‬
130
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Observation‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬K 
،
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
131
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
132
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬
133
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
134
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Projective Methods‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Rorschsch‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،Thematic Apperception‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
135
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Word Association‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،
‫א‬،
،
K‫א‬
‫א‬،Sentence Completion‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬،Story Completion‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K
136
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
137
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W  ،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
138
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3F،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
139
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬ K1
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫؟‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17
140
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K18
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K20
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K21
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K22
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K23
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K24
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K25
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
141
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
142
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
<<
<<
< <êÞ^nÖ]<h^fÖ]
< <êñ^’uý]<Øé×vjÖ]
143
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
144
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
< <êÞ^nÖ]<h^fÖ]
êñ^’uý]<Øé×vjÖ]
 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
145
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
146
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <‹Ú^¤]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <l^Þ^éfÖ]<š†Â<Ñ†
Methods of Displaying Data
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
147
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
148
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Methods of Displaying Data
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Frequency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Distribution Tables
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Method of Displaying Data‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E75F‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E50F،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
149
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EX, YF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KClass‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E5–1F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F  
 4  IIII  1–200
 10 IIII IIII  200–500
 12  II IIII IIII  500–700
 7 II IIII  700–900
 15  IIII IIII IIII  900–1100
 11 I IIII IIII  1100–1300
 17 II IIII IIII IIII  1300 J1500
 
 
150
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EF‫א‬
،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKEF‫א‬‫א‬
 Bar Charts‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬KKK،،،F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬KKK،‫א‬،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E5–2F
–2010FEG.MF‫א‬
W‫א‬E2011
 
 E5–2F‫א‬
 E2011–2010FEG. MF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 2011  2010
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q2 Q1 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1
 J J J  1.3  1  0.5  0.9  1.5
 
151
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EG-MF‫א‬‫א‬WE5–1F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
1.5  
1.2  
0.9  
 
0.6
 
0.3
‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 1Q  
2010 2011  
 Pie ChartsE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،
 KE٪100F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5–3F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 E5–3F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 20  18  6  23  33 ‫א‬

 
 
152
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E360F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬
   33  0.33 0.33 (360) = 118.8
‫א‬  23  0.23 0.23 (360) = 82.8
   6  0.06 0.06 (360) = 21.6
   18  0.18 0.18 (360) = 64.8
  20  0.2  0.2 (36%) = 72
 
 E5–2F‫א‬
 ES. HF‫א‬
 

 
 
 
20%
 
33%
 
18% 
 
 
6%
23%  

 
 ‫א‬  
 
153
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Frequency Polygon‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE5–4F
EN.MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E5–4F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EN. MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 10  0.20  6–14
 18.5  0.30  15–22
 26.5  0.25  23–30
 34.5  0.15  31–38
 42.5  0.07  39–46
 50.5  0.03  47 J54
 
154
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E3–5F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EN. MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
0.4  
0.3  
 
0.2
 
0.1
 
0.0 ‫א‬
0 6 14 22 30 38 46 54
 
 
 Pictograms‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Time Plots‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDow-Jones‫א‬
 E5–5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
155
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E5–5F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F2011–2010‫א‬
 
 
 2011  2010

    
 
650  540  250  550  500  190
 
 
 E5–4F‫א‬
 2010 J2011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
2010
  
2011
 

 
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 100 200 300 400 500 600  ‫א‬
E‫א‬F  
 
 
156
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E5–6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E100F‫א‬2010–2011‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
   2010  2011 
Jan  115  109
Feb  116  107
Mar  116  106
Apr  101  108
May  112  108
Jun  119  108
 Jul  110  106
Aug  115  107
Sep  118  109
Oct  114  109
Nov  115  109
Dec  110  109
 
157
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E5–5F‫א‬
 
 2011L2010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
 
125 2010
 
120 2011
 
115
 
110
 
105
 
100
 
95
 
90 ‫א‬
 
Aug
Mar
Dec
Apr
Feb
Sep
Oct
Jun
Jan
May
Jul
Nov
 
158
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
159
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F
 A  3–4
 B  2–5
C  1–9
 D  1–7
 E  1–4
 F  1–3
G  1–1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
3.45, 4.52, 5.41, 6.00, 5.97, 7.18, 1.12, 5.39, 7.03, 10.25, 11.45, 13.21,
12.00, 14.05, 2.99, 3.28, 17.10, 19.28, 21.09, 12.11, 5.88, 4.65, 3.99, 10.10,
23.00, 15.16, 20.16
160
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 10–20  10
 20–30  16
 30–40  5
 40–50  6
 50–60  4
 60–70  1
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬E10F
 ‫א‬  1‫א‬  2‫א‬

 10–20  10  3
 20–30  16  6
 30–40 5  7
 40–50 6  10
 50–60 4  13
 60 J70 1  3
 
161
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 1  ٪30
 2  ٪29
 3   ٪8
 4  ٪25
 5   ٪8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
،E120F‫א‬،2010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Jan  115
 Feb  116
 Mar  116
 Apr  101
 May  112
 Jun  119
 Jul  110
 Aug  115
 Sep  118
 Oct  114
 Nov  115
 Dec  110
162
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
<<
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Analysing Statistic Data
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
163
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
164
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Analysing Statistic Data
 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 Descriptive Statistics‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
165
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Measures of Central Tendency‫א‬‫א‬ K

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Arithmetic Mean‫א‬‫ א‬K1
E ∑ X i F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W،EnF
 
∑ Xi
i =1
 X=
n
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E X = 89 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E6–1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K82،85،95،92،91W
 
166
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
82 + 85 + 95 + 92 + 91 445
 X = = = 89
5 5  
 The Weighted MeanE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EWeightsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∑ W. X
  XW = i =1
∑W
i =1
‫א‬EWFEnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ E٪F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Weight  Rate of Return  Market Value  Security
 0.220  18.5  100.000  
 0.033  14.9  15.000  
 0.495  11.2  225.000 E٪9F‫א‬
 0.253  11.2  115.000 E٪8.5F‫א‬
     455.000  ‫א‬
167
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E0.220C18.5FHE0.033C14.9FHE0.495C11.2FHE0.253C11.2FZ12.94
 The Median‫ א‬K3

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE 
 E6–3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 52،80،79،81،90،76،67،82،58،75،74،85،80،62،60
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،81،80،80،79،76،75،74،67،62،60،58،52W ‫א‬
 90،85،82
 (1 + n)/2ZMedian Rank‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8Z (1 + 15)/2 =
 76Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
168
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–4F
،14،18،21W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15،27،12
 W‫א‬
 12،14،15،18،21،27W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
nL2، (n/2)+1‫א‬
،3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K16.5،2LE15H18F،4
 The Mode‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE25F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E25F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E6–5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
169
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 57 A
 38  B
 86  C
 45  D
 119  E
 42  F
 387  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
EEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE119F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–6F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6،9،6،10،8،5،7،11،3،2،4،1WEG1F‫א‬‫א‬
 6،6،6،8،5،6،7،5،7،4،7،5WEG2F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
G1
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 
6
 
170
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 6Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 
 
4 5 7 8  G2
6
 
 
 
 6Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
Measures of Dispersion‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE9F
 7, 8, 9, 10, 11WEG1F‫א‬‫א‬
 3, 6, 9, 11, 15WEG2F‫א‬‫א‬
 1, 5, 9, 13, 17WEG2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
171
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–1F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
 
 G 1
 
G2
 
 G 3
 
X  
 K‫א‬
 
 Standard Deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EσF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EЅF‫א‬EnF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE X F‫א‬EXF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
∑ (X )
n
2
i −X
  S = ς s2 = i =1
n −1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫– א‬
n
∑ (X − μ)
2
i
 σ = σ 2
= i =1
N
 
 
172
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EnFEn – 1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،En < 30F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E X F‫א‬
28F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E X Z85F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ESZ
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 The Variance‫ א‬K2
EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE X F‫א‬
‫א‬E σ 2 FE S2 F،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ •
∑ (X )
n
2
i −X
  S2 = i =1
n −1
 W‫א‬ •
n
∑ (X − μ)
2
i
 σ 2 = i =1
N
 W
 ‫א‬Z μ
 
 
173
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  S 2 = 10 , S = 10 = 3.16 W‫א‬‫א‬
  S 2 = 1.27 , S = 1.27 = 1.13 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–7F
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬
 KEXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 X  XX -  2
XX -
 8  -1.5  2.25
 11  1.5  2.25
 7  -2.5  6.25
 13  3.5  12.25
 10  0.5  0.25
 11  1.5  2.25
 7  -2.5  6.25
 9  -0.5  0.25
 76 ∑  0.0  32.00
 
32.00
ς=
 
= 4.57 = 2.14
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8-7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ς = 2.14 = 1.46
 
 
 
 
 Coefficient of Variation‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
174
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Coefficient of  ‫א‬EC.VF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،Variation
S
  C.V = • 100
X
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FE X ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬EC.VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ES‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EC.V = 0F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–8F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E23F‫א‬E6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE35F‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬C.V = 6/23 = 0.261 26.1%
 K‫א‬C.V = 7/35 = 0.200 20.0%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
175
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Inferential Statistics‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 Correlation Analysis‫א‬ K
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Correlation Coefficient
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 Simple Correlation‫א‬‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EKarl Pearson – 1900F‫א‬
‫א‬،EYF‫א‬EXF
،‫א‬،‫א‬Person
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ErF
(X ) (yi − y)
n
∑
λ
i −X
S xy
r= =1
=
(n − 1) Sx Sy S xy − S yy
176
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 r = ∑ XY − (∑ X )(∑ Y ) n
[∑ X − (∑ X) n] [∑ Y − (∑ Y)
2 2 2 2
n ]
 
 ، − 1 ≤ r ≤ + 1  ‫א‬‫א‬
(Perfect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E -1 H 1F‫א‬
EH1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E-1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E-1H1F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EYFEXF‫א‬
 
 E6–2F‫א‬
 EYF‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
Y ‫א‬
 
Y ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  
r = +1
 
r = –1  
‫א‬
 
 
X X 
177
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Er = 0F‫א‬
Y y, x ‫א‬F  
 
 
 
 
 
X  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 E6–1F‫א‬
 EYFEXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
   

 
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
      
     
 
-1 -0.5 0 0.5  
+1
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
178
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬EF
‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEYF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–9F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE11F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 2
   XY  X  
Y2
(X) (Y)
   5  85  425  25  7225
   4  103  412  16 10609
   6  70  420  36  4900
   5  82  410  25  6724
   5  89  445  25  7921
   5  98  490  25  9604
   6  66  396  36  4356
   6  95  570  36  9025
   2  169  338  4 28561
  7  70  490  49  4900
  7 48  336  49  2304
‫א‬  58  975  4732  326 96129
 
179
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
4732 − (58)(975) 11
 r =
[326 − (58) 11] [96129 − (975) 11]
2 2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 Rank Correlation‫א‬‫ א‬K2
Spearman's Rank Correlation ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬Coefficient
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE،‫א‬
‫א‬Er2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Ex, yF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEnF‫א‬،EdF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6 (∑ d 2 )
  rs = 1 −
n (n 2 − 1)
 E6–10F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
180
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EXF  EYF‫א‬
 9  56
 5  44
 11  79
 13  72
 10  70
 5  54
 18  94
 15  85
 2  33
 8  65
 
 W‫א‬
،EX, YF‫א‬
 W
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 2
 d  d
(X) (Y)
 5  4  1.0  1.00
 2.5  2  0.5  0.25
 7  8  -1.0  1.00
 8  7  1.0  1.00
 6  6  0.0  0.00
 2.5  3  -0.5  0.25
 10  10  0.0  0.00
 9  9  0.0  0.00
 1  1  0.0  0.00
4  5  -1.0  1.00
   4.50
 
6 (4.50)
  rs = 1 − ≅ 0.97
(
n 10 2 − 1 )  
181
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 Partial Correlation Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EX2F،EX1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬KEX2FEX1FEX3F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
r12 − r13 r23
r12.3 =
2 2
1 − r13 1 − r23
 E6 J11F
EX2F‫א‬EX1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EX3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E J0.30F
KE0.80F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E J0.70F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WEr12.3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
r12,3 =
(− 0.30) − (− 0.70 )(0.80 ) ≅ 0.607
1 − (− 0.70 ) 1 − (0.80 )
2 2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
182
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Multiple Correlation Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬ K4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
ER F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KCoefficient of Determination‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
r122 + r132 − 2r12 r13 r23
  R 1.23 =
1 − r232
 E6 J12F
‫א‬EX2F‫א‬EX1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬EX3F
 W‫א‬E40F‫א‬
 r12 = 0.40 , r13 = 0.90 , r23 = 0.39
 W‫א‬
 
r122 + r132 − 2r12 • r13 • r23
R 1.23 =
1 − r232
  =
(0.40)2 + (0.90)2 − 2 (0.40)(0.90)(0.39)
1 − (0.39 )
2
0.6892
= = 0.902
0.8479
 K‫א‬
183
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Regression Analysis‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 Linear Regression Analysis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEYF‫א‬EXF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFrancis Galton, 1822–1911F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ea, bF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Scattor ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∑ (y − ŷ )2 Ex, yF‫א‬Plat
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Least Squares
  ŷ = α + bx
 E ŷ FZ EXFEyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
184
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EyF α Z‫א‬‫א‬،EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،Ex =0F‫א‬
  α = y − bx
 W
E ŷ FbZ‫א‬،ExFEyF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ExF
n ∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
 b =
n ∑ x 2 − (∑ x )
 
 E6 J13F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE10F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E20F‫א‬
 
185
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–2F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ X2 Y2 xy
 ExF‫א‬  EyF
 1  20  30 400 900 600
 2  40  60 1,600 3,600 2,400
 3  20  40 400 1,600 800
 4  30  60 900 3,600 1,800
 5  10  30 100 900 300
 6  10  40 100 1,600 400
 7  20  40 400 1,600 800
 8  20  50 400 2,500 1,000
 9  20  30 400 900 600
 10  30  70 900 4,900 2,100
 ∑  220  450 5,600 22,100 10,800
 
 W‫א‬
n (∑ xy ) − (∑ x )(∑ y ) 10 (10,800) − (220)(450)
 b = = = 1.1842
n ∑ x 2 − (∑ x ) 10 (5,600) − (220)
2 2
 α = ∑ − b ∑ =
y x 450 220
− (1.1842) = 18.9476
n n 10 10
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ŷ = 18.94776 + 1.1842x ‫א‬‫א‬
،E20F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬xy‫א‬‫א‬
ŷ = 18.9476 + 1.1842 (20)
 
= 42.6316
،‫א‬E43F
ExF‫א‬‫א‬ ŷ = α + bx ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
186
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ExF‫א‬ E ŷ F‫א‬‫א‬

 1  20  42.6316
 2  40  66.3156
 3  20  42.6316
 4  30  54.4736
 5  10  30.7896
 6  10  30.7896
 7  20  42.6316
 8  20  42.6316
 9  20  42.6316
 10  30  54.4736
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ex, yF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6 J3F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
80 (x = 40, ŷ = 66.3156)
 
70
 
60
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
50 (x = 20, ŷ = 42.6316)
40  
30  
20  
10
 
‫א‬
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
 
 
 
 
187
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Multiple Regression‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
‫א‬EGFER F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ∈Y = B0 + B1 X1 + B2 X2 +
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZY
 EX2F،EX1F‫א‬‫א‬ZX1, X2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZB0
 B2, B1ZX2،X1LEyF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z ∈
 K‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R2‫א‬
R2 =1− = =
(
SSE SSR ∑ ŷ − y )2
SST SST ∑ y − y( )2
 SSRZ‫א‬‫א‬W
SSTZ‫א‬‫א‬
188
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6 J14F
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬EYFW 72 76 78 70 68 80 82 65 62 90
 ‫א‬‫ א‬EX1FW 12 11 15 10 11 16 14 8 8 18
‫א‬‫א‬
EX2FW 5 8 6 5 3 9 12 4 3 10
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Y X1   X2 X1 X2 2 2  X1 Y  X2 Y
 X1  X2
 72  12  5  60  144  25 864 360
 76  11  8  88  121  64 836 608
 78  15  6  90  225  36 1170 468
 70  10  5  50  100  25 700 350
 68  11  3  33  121  9 748 204
 80  16  9  144  256  81 1,280 720
 82  14  12  168  196  144 1,148 984
 65  8  4  32  64  16 520 260
 62  8  3  24  64  9 496 186
 90  18  10  180  324  100 1,620 900
 743  123  65  869 1,615  509 9,382 5,040
 
 
 
189
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EX2FEX1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
∑ y = nb + b ∑ x + b ∑ x
0 1 1 2 2
∑x y = b ∑x + b ∑x + b ∑x x
1 0 1 1
2
1 2 1 2
∑x y = b ∑x + b ∑x x + b ∑x
2 0 2 1 1 2 2
2
2
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
743 = 10b0 + 123b1 + 65b2
9,382 = 123b0 + 1,615b1 + 869b2
5,040 = 65b0 + 869b1 + 509b2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 b0 = 47.164942 b1 = 1.5990404 b2 = 1.1487479
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ŷ = 47.164942 + 1.5990404X1 + 1.1487479X2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ Eb0, b1, b2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 
 
190
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E6–4F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A B  C  D  E F G H I J K L
     
1
 Multiple Regression Results  
2  0  1  2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3 Intercept Advt. Promo       
4   47.165 1.599 1.1487       
5 2.4704 0.281 0.3052       
6             
 
 E6–5F‫א‬
 KE6 J14F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Y  
 
X2
 
 
b2 =1.149  
b0 =
 
 
b1 =1.599
 
X1
 
 
191
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
W‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
192
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
E17F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
WE‫א‬F
 
 23, 14, 26, 22, 28, 21, 34, 25, 32, 32, 24, 34, 22, 25, 22, 17, 20
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
W‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬W  1  2  3 4 5  6  7
EF‫א‬W 170 260 100 90 340 120 130
‫א‬‫א‬W
17 17 21 14 13 24 17
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
3.00%, 4.50%, 4.90%, 3.50%, 4.75%, 3.50%, 3.50%, 4.25%, 3.75%, 4.00%
،EYFEXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
W
 
X : 12 11 9 13 10 11 12 14 10 9 11 12

Y : 14 11 14 11 12 15 12 13 16 10 10 14
 
193
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 W
  ∑ (ŷ − y )2 = 45,225
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∑ (y − y ) 
2
= 136,210
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
  r12 = 0.80, r13 = − 0.70, r23 = 0.90
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬،ExF‫א‬EyF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10F
EyFExF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
X: 18 25 19 12 12 27 15  9 12 18

Y: 7 5  1  5 10  2  3 9 8 4
 
EyF‫א‬‫א‬ExF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
 KE15F‫א‬
 
X : 0.252 0.305 0.299 0.303 0.285 0.191 0.283 0.272 0.310 0.266 0.215 0.211 0.272 0.244 0.32
Y : 12 6 4 15 2 2 16 6 8 10 0 3 14 6 7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
 WEyF‫א‬‫א‬Ex1, x2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∑ y = 852 , ∑x 1 = 155 , ∑x 2 = 88 , ∑ x y = 11,423 , ∑ x
1 2 y = 8,320
∑x x1 2 = 1,055 , ∑x 2
1 = 2,125 , ∑x 2
2 = 768 , n = 100
 
194
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Ex2F‫א‬،Ex1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
W‫א‬‫א‬EyF
 
 
X1 : 3 2  4  2  3  2  5  4
X2 : 2 1  3  1  2  2  3  2
Y : 143,800 109,300 158,800 109,200 154,700 114,900 188,400 142,900
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
195
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
196
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
< <Äe^ŠÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <l^é•†ËÖ]<…^fj}]
 Hypotheses Testing
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEH1F‫א‬‫א‬EH0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬EH1F‫א‬‫א‬EH0F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF, t, x F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
2
 KEYF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
197
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
198
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Hypothesis Testing
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬A،H0،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،@‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K H 0 : μ = μ 0
،H1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K@‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K H1 : μ ≠ μ0 , H1 : μ > μ 0 , H1 : μ < μ 0
، H1 : μ < μ0 , H1 : μ > μ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KOne-Tailed Test‫א‬‫א‬
199
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Left – Tailed –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، H1 : μ < μ 0 ‫א‬

‫א‬، H1 : μ > μ0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Test
Two-Tailed ‫א‬KRight-Tailed Test‫א‬‫א‬
 K H1 : μ ≠ μ0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Test
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E100F‫א‬E100F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، H 0 : μ = 100 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
، H1 : μ ≠ 100 ‫א‬‫א‬،E100F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE100F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،E100FE μ F
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Level of Significance‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،H0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE α F‫א‬‫א‬،Type One Error‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٪10،٪5،٪1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٪5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٪1F‫א‬،E α F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
200
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E α F
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٪5F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E٪5FEH0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪95F‫א‬،E٪100–5Z٪95F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Confrednce‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E α F‫א‬
KE1 J α F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E α F
‫א‬‫א‬Type Two Error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E β F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7–1F
،E1– β F‫א‬‫א‬،
KEH0F
 
 E7–1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H0  H0
 H0    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬E7–1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Critical Region‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EZF‫א‬،Critical Value‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
201
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E α F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
⎛α ⎞ ⎛α ⎞
 ⎜ ⎟ ‫א‬ ⎜ ⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E7–1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7–2F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E7–1F‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  
E1– α F‫א‬
1–α
α ‫א‬
α 
Z  
‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬
 (Z) ‫א‬
H0 (Z)  

 H0
H1 : μ < μ 0 H1 : μ > μ 0
 E7–2F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
α α
E1– α F
2   2
α  
0
‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
H1 : μ ≠ μ 0
‫א‬
  
 (Z) (Z)
 
202
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E7–2F‫א‬EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E7–2F‫א‬
 EZF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
E α F‫א‬  0.10  0.05  0.01 0.005  0.002
‫א‬EZF
 J1.28  J1.645  J2.33  J2.58   J2.88
‫א‬
         
  Z = X − μ ‫א‬  1.28  1.645  2.33 2.58 2.88
σ n
 J1.645  J1.96  J2.58  J2.81   J3.08
‫א‬EZF
 
         
1.645  1.96  2.58 2.81 3.08
 E7–1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،E٪80F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKE0.05F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H0: P = 0.80
H1: P < 0.80
 
 
203
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E7–3F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
H0‫א‬
H0‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Z = 1.645
X −μ
  ≥ Zα H0‫א‬‫א‬
σ n
 
 E7–2F
E100F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E120F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E1570F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E μ F
، μ ≠ 1600 ‫א‬‫א‬ μ = 100 ‫א‬
 KE0.05F
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H 0 : μ = 1600 H 0 : μ = 1600 H 0 : μ = 1600
   
H1 : μ ≠ 1600 H1 : μ < 1600 H1 : μ > 1600
 
 
204
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ μ ≠ 1600 ‫א‬

 K1600‫א‬‫א‬
E7–4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J1.96‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EZF،H0،E0.05F
 K1.96
 E7–4F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
0.05
 
= 0.025  ‫א‬
2
‫א‬ Z = -2.50
0.05
2
= 0.025  
α  
 
–1.96 1.96


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Chi – Square Distribution‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
205
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E χ 2 F‫א‬KE‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬K1
 A Chi – Square Test for Variance population of Normal
E σ 2 FEnF‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E S2 FK
 W‫א‬‫א‬
χ2 =
(n − 1) S 2
σ2  
 E7–3F
E225FE51F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E160F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE0.05F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
= 160σ H0: M
2
= 160σ 2 H1: M#>

 W
 χ2 =
(51)(225) = 70.31
160
K χ 20.05,50 = 67.5 
‫א‬H067.5‫א‬
 K0.05‫א‬160
206
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 AChi – Square Test for Goodness of Fit
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Actual Counts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
KEH0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Expected Counts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K
(O i − E i )2
 χ =∑
2
x =1 Ei
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZOi
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZEi
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPiF‫א‬‫א‬EnF،E E i = npi F
 E7–4F
‫א‬‫א‬ER & WF
،F‫א‬E4FEWatchbandF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E80F‫א‬E،‫א‬،
Ep = 0.25F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E7 J3F‫א‬0.01
 K‫א‬
 E7–3F
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  

 80  12  40  8  20
 
207
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H1 = P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = 0.25
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  H 0 ≠ P1 ≠ P2 ≠ P3 ≠ P4 ≠ 0.25
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E i = np i
E1 = E2 = E3 = E4 = (80) (0.25) = 20
χ =∑
2
K
(O i − E i )2 = (12 − 20)2 + (40 − 20)2 + (8 − 20)2 + (20 − 20)2
i =1 Ei 20 20 20 20
64 400 144
= + + +0
20 20 20
= 3.2 + 20 + 7.2 + 0
χ 2 = 30.4
 
‫א‬E χ = 30.4 F‫א‬∴

2
E α = 0.01 FK – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،E χ (20.01,3) = 11.3 F
‫א‬‫א‬EH0F،E0.01F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE7–5F
208
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–5F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  A B  C  D E F G H I J K L
1
Chi-square Test for Goodness-of-fit Watchband Color 
Frequency data
2   White Brown Maroon Black         
3 Actual 12 40  8 20         
4 Expected 20 20  20 20         
5  K 4        
6  df 3  Test Statistic 30.4 χ 2
 p-value=0.000
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 A chi-square Test for Independence Contingency Table Analysis
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E50F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E Oi j ≥ 5 F‫א‬
1, 2, 3, ،‫א‬1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
‫א‬،‫א‬4, 5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
209
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬ 1  2  3  4  5  6  
 1  O11 O12 O13 O14 O15 O16   R1
 2 O21 O22 O23 O24 O25 O26   R2
 3 O31 O32 O33 O34 O35 O36   R3
 4 O41 O42 O43 O44 O45 O46   R4
 5 O51 O52 O53 O54 O55 O56   R5
 ‫ א‬ C1  C2  C3 C4  C5  C6  n
 
،ErF،ECFE7–4F‫א‬
،j = 1, 2, …, c،i = 1, 2, …, rEi, jFEOijF
EiF‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I, F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EjF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WEj
R i Ci
  E ij =
n
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 χ2 = ∑
r c (O − E ij )
2
i =1
∑
j =1
ij
E ij
 WE χ 2 F‫א‬‫א‬
 df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
210
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E100F‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
     ‫א‬
   42  18  60
   6  34  40
 ‫א‬  48  52  100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E0.01F،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 H0W‫א‬‫א‬
 H1W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EEijF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E11 = R1 C1/n = (60) (48)/100 = 28.8
E12 = R1 C2/n = (60) (52)/100 = 31.2
E21 = R2 C1/n = (40) (48)/100 = 19.2
E22 = R2 C2/n = (40) (52)/100 = 20.8
211
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E7–5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE χ 2 F‫א‬
 E7–5F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  
 
 28.8  31.2
 
 E42F  E18F
 19.2  20.8
 
 E6F  E34F
 
χ =
2 (42 − 28.8)
2
+
(18 − 31.2)
2
+
(6 − 19.2)
2
+
(34 − 20.8)
2
  28.8 31.2 19.2 20.8

= 29.09
‫א‬E χ 2 F
(r – 1) (c – 1) = (2 – 1) (2 – 1) = 1،6.63Z‫א‬‫א‬،E0.01F
EH0F‫א‬،‫א‬E χ 2 F
EF‫א‬،EH1F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
En = 100F‫א‬Edf = 1F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،E α = 0.01 F
E χ 2 FYates Corrected‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
212
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
r c ( O ij − E ij − 0.5)
  yates − Corrected χ 2 = ∑ ∑
i =1 j=1 E ij
 W‫א‬E χ 2 F
 
χ2 =
(13.2 − 0.5)2
+
(13.2 − 0.5) 2
+
(13.2 − 0.5)
2
+
(13.2 − 0.5)
2
  28.8 31.2 19.2 20.8

χ = 26.92
2
 
‫א‬‫א‬EH0F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ET-testFT‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬EW.S. GossetF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،1908EStudentF
X −μ
 KEn < 30F‫א‬‫א‬ Z = ‫א‬‫א‬
S n
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EtFKETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EtF
En – 1FEVF‫א‬،ESF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E X , μ 0 F
‫א‬‫א‬KDegrees of Freedom (D.F)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETF‫א‬،‫א‬
X −μ
 T =
S n
213
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–6F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E500F
E25F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE45F‫א‬E485F‫א‬‫א‬
E500F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E0.05F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= 500 μ H0:
< 500 μ H1:
 ETF
X − μ 485 − 500 15  
T= = = = −1.667
S n 45 25 9  
E25 – 1 = 24F‫א‬EtFEtF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J1.711F،E0.05F
‫א‬‫א‬،E500F‫א‬
EtF‫א‬
‫א‬EtFH0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ETFE‫א‬F‫א‬
214
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E8–5F‫א‬
v = 24t
T = -1.667  
 
0.05  
–2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
–1.711
 ‫א‬
(F-Test) F‫ א‬K

،EFF‫א‬ERonald. A. Fisher, 1962F
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Analysis of Variance‫א‬‫א‬
E12FKEANOVAF
‫א‬En1, n2F
En1 – 1FEfFE S12 S 22 F‫א‬،E S12 , S 22 F
EFF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬En2 – 1F،‫א‬
 W
2
S
F(n1 − 1, n 2 − 1) = 1
2
S
2
MSTR
ANOVA Test = F(r − 1, n − 1) =
MSE
 W
SSTR
 Mean SquareTreatment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MSTR =
r −1
 Sum of Squares for Treatment‫א‬‫א‬ZSSTR
215
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESSTRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zr
SSE
 Mean Square Error‫א‬‫ א‬MSE = 
n−r
 W
 Sum of Squares for Error‫א‬ZSSE
‫א‬‫א‬SST‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zn
 Sum of Squared Deviations‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E25F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 12  13  EnF‫א‬
 62.1  69.3 E X F‫א‬‫א‬
 12.3  15.2  ESF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E0.05F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E S12 F‫א‬
  n1 = 13, S12 = (15.2) = 231.04
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬E S 22 F‫א‬
  n2 = 12, S 22 = (12.3) = 151.29
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  H 0 : S12 = S 22
 
216
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  S12 > S12 

WF‫א‬‫א‬
231.04 
F= = 1.527
151.29
 
،E11F،E12FF‫א‬
EFFE2.79F‫א‬EFF،E0.05F
،H0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E S12 , S 22 F
 KE0.05F
 
 E7–8F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E5F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E200F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،E0.01F‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ E x i F‫א‬
 1  89
 2  75
 3  73
 4  91
 5  85
 
 
 
 
217
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
H 0 = μ 1 = μ 2 = μ 3 = μ 4 = μ 5 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W،
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
  H1 ≠ μ1 ≠ μ2 ≠ μ3 ≠ μ 4 ≠ μ5
‫א‬EFF‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬EANOVAF
 

 F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Ratio F  ‫ א‬Degrees of Freedom Sum of Squares Source of Variation
Mean Squares
MSTR MSTR = 3,552 r–1=4 SSTR = 14,208  ‫א‬
F=
MSE Treatment
 7,04 MSE = 504,4  n – r = 195 SSE = 98,356  Error‫א‬
     n – 1 = 199 SST = 112,564 Total‫א‬
 
،E0.01FE4,195FEFF
‫א‬KEF = 7.04F‫א‬،EC = 3.41F‫א‬EFF
 K‫א‬،EH0F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
218
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–6F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Criterion Variables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   ‫ א‬     ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬-
2‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ U‫ א‬-
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
 

        
‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬
Criterion Variables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬F  
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬

           
 
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
219
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E7–7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J 2‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K
  J Q‫א‬
‫ א‬  
   ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬t   μ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  J ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  
  ‫ א‬،‫א‬ J –
2
  μ ‫ א‬  

 K‫א‬
220
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEH0F‫א‬
،EFF‫א‬،EtF‫א‬Chi-Square‫א‬EH0F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،ANOVA‫א‬
221
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E8F‫א‬‫א‬٪90
‫א‬‫א‬،E200F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE160F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬EH0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
  μ ≥ 10 K
  P ≤ 0.5 K
  μ p 100 K
  μ f 50 K
  P = 0.22 K
  σ 2 = 140 K
  μ ≤ − 20 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬EZF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
  σ = 5 , α = 5% , n = 100 , X = 999 , μ = 100
EH0F‫א‬‫א‬EIIF‫א‬EIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
  WEH1F‫א‬‫א‬
  H 0 : P ≤ 0.25
  H1 : P > 0.25
222
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 W
 ‫א‬W ED  C  B A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W1% 9% 14% 26% 0.5% 4,5%
E100F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬،E2008F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E1032F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬   
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 825  325  290  210
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 207  80  95  32
 ‫א‬
 10,32  405  385  242  ‫א‬
 
223
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EANOVAF‫א‬‫ א‬K9
WE0.01F‫א‬‫א‬ESailF
 
 A  42  37  41  39  43  41
‫א‬‫א‬  B  37  40  39  38  41  39
 C  32  28  34  32  30  33
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25F،E0.05F
 E24F،‫א‬E S12 = 9.3 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E S2 = 9.3 F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
224
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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< <íéñ^’uý]<íÚˆ£]<Ý]‚~j‰ê<êñ^’uý]<Øé×vjÖ]
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESPSSF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬19‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cancel
‫א‬Data‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSPSS
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ SPSS‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDataF‫א‬ K1
EOutputF‫א‬ K2
ESyntaxFSPSS‫א‬ K3
 EScriptsF‫א‬ K4
– File    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬OpenNew
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
،SPSS‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬SPSS
Data viewEStatus BarF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Variable view
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 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
15‫א‬K‫א‬
15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EcaseF
231
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬Data view‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Variable view‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   
 
232
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،variable view
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬name‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬Name‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
233
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF NumericG
 ‫א‬K
 
234
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FCommaG
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬
 
 
 
EKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFDotG
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FScientific notationG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
235
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F Date G

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Date‫א‬
 - -‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬Dollar‫א‬EFDollarG
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
236
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FCustom currencyG
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
237
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬optionedit
 
   
238
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ Currency
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
239
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
 
 OkApply
 
‫א‬custom currency‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫كتابة العملة‬
‫كتابة العملة‬ ‫بعد الرقم‬
‫قبل الرقم‬
  J
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WString
 W‫א‬‫א‬،string
 
 
240
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬widthWWidth
 W8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WDecimals
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
241
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WLabels
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
242
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WValues
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫؛‬
E2F‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
values‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WMissing
،EKF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
243
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،ok
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WAlignment
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMeasure
E‫א‬FNominalE2FE1F
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E5F،‫א‬E1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ordinal
E10،30،25،15F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
244
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬scale
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Data view‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
245
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
. 
 
 ‫א‬W1
 ‫ם‬  ‫ם‬
 
 ‫א‬W2
 40 J30‫ם‬  30‫ם‬ 
 50‫ם‬ 5040‫ם‬ 
 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬W3
 
 W‫א‬W4
 3000–1000   1000 
 6000  6000–3000 
246
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .3
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .4
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .6

‫א‬‫א‬ .7
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .8
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .10
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .14
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
247
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .16
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .17
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .18
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .19
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .20
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .21
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .22
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .23
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .24
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ep4FEp1F
248
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EserF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Eq1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eq24F
 
249
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬29‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
24،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬29‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
  E100F ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬
[
250
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Untitled‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ Save File‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
251
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬save‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Test‫א‬File name‫א‬‫א‬?SPSS?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬Save
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
252
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Label‫א‬‫א‬K1
K‫א‬  ‫א‬        
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Label‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬copy
 
253
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Paste
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SPSS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Analyze،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
SPSS‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
254
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Analyze‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  Reports
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Descriptive Statistics
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Tables
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  Compare means
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ General linear model
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Generalized Linear Models
   Mixed models
 ‫א‬  Correlate
‫א‬‫א‬ Regression
   Loglinear
 ‫א‬‫א‬  Neural Networks
   Classify
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Dimension reduction
 ‫א‬ Scale
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Nonparametric tests
 
255
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EOutput windowF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Descriptive Analyze‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Frequenciesstatistics
 
256
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
variables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
257
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ok‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E2F‫א‬،EE2F،E1FF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E4F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E3F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E5F‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
258
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EData viewF‫א‬
‫א‬WFind،‫א‬‫א‬Edit،
W‫א‬
 
 
p1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Find NextFind
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
259
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،E‫א‬Fp1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
260
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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261
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wvariables‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬statistics
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262
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Continue،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Display Frequency Tables
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
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 [
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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263
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Toolbar view
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
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264
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Variables
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Statistics 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Statistics‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Sariables‫א‬
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closeFile،‫א‬x
W‫א‬
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265
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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266
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
Descriptive StatisticsAnalyze‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Descriptive
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ok
 W‫א‬
267
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ExploreDescriptive StatisticsAnalyze
 
268
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
269
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬
 
270
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
FE‫א‬F‫א‬
AnalyzeKcrosstabs‫א‬E‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬CrosstabsDescriptive Statistics
 
 
271
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬Rows‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬columns
 W‫א‬‫א‬cells،‫א‬‫א‬
272
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬Percentages‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬row،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬rows٪100‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬column
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬total
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ok،continue
273
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 Compare means‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
Compare Analyze،1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WMeansmeans
274
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Options،‫א‬q1‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
275
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬OkContinue
276
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬q1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Independent-Samples t test
،q1‫א‬‫א‬
Independent-Compare MeansAnalyze‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Samples t test
277
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬Grouping Variable
‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Define Groups
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278
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1Group1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2‫א‬Group2‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬OkContinue،‫א‬
W‫א‬
 
 
279
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.031Sig‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E0.05ZαF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p4‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،One-Way ANOVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،q1
E‫א‬F
Compare Analyze‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،q1
W‫א‬‫א‬One-Way ANOVAmeans
 
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W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

280
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬Ok‫א‬
 

E0.05ZαF0.604Sig‫א‬‫א‬
 Kq1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Analyze،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬bivariatecorrelate
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281
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
Ok‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
282
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EGF،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EGGF،‫א‬
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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬q2q1‫א‬
LinearRegressionAnalyze‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
283
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
284
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
‫اختبار النموذج‬ 
 
285
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Spss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
286
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
< <Äe]†Ö]<h^fÖ]
< <ovfÖ]<†è†Ïi<íe^jÒ
287
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
288
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <Äe]†Ö]<h^fÖ]
ovfÖ]<†è†Ïi<íe^jÒ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
289
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
290
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
< <àÚ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
ovfÖ]<†è†Ïi<ð]ˆq_
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
291
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
292
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
293
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫• א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 
294
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ -
 ‫ א‬-
‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
295
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬ K6
‫א‬ K7
‫א‬ K8
W،‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
296
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K1
 ‫ א‬K2
‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫ א‬K2
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬W
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
297
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 2011
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
298
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
299
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKK  
300
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬K3
‫א‬E‫א‬KKKKK،،،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،4،3،2،1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬KKKKKKK
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 1KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 15KKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 36KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 49KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 61KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 68KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 71KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
301
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1
   ‫א‬  2
   ‫א‬‫א‬  3
   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 6
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  R2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  9
  ‫א‬‫א‬EtF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬EtF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬EtF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
302
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬ K5
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  1
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  3
 
303
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬K6
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E200F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
304
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 
The Impact of Employee Empowerment on Achievement of Excellence of
Jordanian Organizations Participating in The King Abdullah II ward for Excellence
By
……………………..
Supervisor
……………………
ABSTRACT
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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 
305
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WW‫א‬W 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K1
‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
306
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   
  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬--‫؛‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬
W
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
307
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Brown and Harvey,  Empowerment

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬2006, p. 241)
‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K5
 W،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Research Problem‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E2F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
308
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫؛‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
، ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،
 Research Hypotheses ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
309
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Research Model‫א‬‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬E1F‫א‬
 
310
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E1-1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  J    
‫א‬  ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  -
   J  ‫א‬‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬-
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
311
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
Theoretical and Operational Definition of Terms 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Liden & Arad, 1996, pp: 205-252)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kanter‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   
  ،    
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W(TQM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K(Brown & Harvey, 2006, p. 374)
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
312
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W ‫• א‬
،E2008‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K6
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Process Approach‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
313
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
314
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K1
KE2006 J2005F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K6
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
315
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E4F
K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫א‬‫א‬
Review of Related Literature 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Method and Procedure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
316
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،
‫א‬ K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E2006L2005F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E76F‫א‬،E2006L2005F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E52F،
،‫א‬‫א‬E24F،E E41F‫א‬E11FF
،E3F،E6F 
‫א‬E9F،E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 
 
 
317
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
E2F‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
 KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،  ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
318
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F
Face ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Validity
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EKKKF
319
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Cronbaches Alpha)–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Sekaran, 1992, F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪60
 KEp.174
 
 WEKKKF
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 0.955  ‫א‬
 0.912  ‫א‬
 0.957  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E2F‫א‬،،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
320
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Research Results‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
321
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬EKKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪31.6‫א‬،٪68.4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
34 J25‫א‬‫א‬،٪44.0 E44 J35F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،54 J45‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪32.6‫א‬
٪1.055‫א‬‫א‬K25
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪20.7‫א‬،‫א‬٪60.6
‫א‬‫א‬،٪11.4،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٪3.1٪4.1،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٪84.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٪57.211
،E٪17.1F‫א‬10 J7
K‫א‬٪15.5‫א‬6 J3
322
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪9.8‫א‬3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKKF‫א‬
٪32.9،‫א‬٪K67.1،76‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٪14.4‫א‬11‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪55.242‫א‬
٪41.710‫א‬‫א‬
14‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪58.3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬٪55.2،٪67.1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K3
WE‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
323
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
324
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EKKKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E0.01>αF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E0.01>αF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Discussion and Recommendations
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W
 W،‫א‬‫ א‬K1
،٪67.1، E76F‫א‬‫א‬
K٪55.2‫א‬‫א‬،٪14.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
14،٪41.710٪32.9‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٪58.3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
326
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E3.82F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.60F
KE3.74F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.77F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E3.44F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.33F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ Lin (2002F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬BodnerE2005F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬John & Lucy (2006F‫א‬
‫א‬،
327
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬
328
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬E،F‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬
329
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W 
330
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
References and Appendices‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
331
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
332
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1FW
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬E2F
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3FK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
333
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬،
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
‫؟‬‫א‬
334
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K18
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K20
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
335
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
336
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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<<
< <Ä‰^jÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <ÐémçjÖ]æ<íe^jÓÖ]<l^Ûé×Ãi
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
337
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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338
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Introduction‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
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 
339
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Documentation Methods‫א‬W
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫؛‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Insert‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،Insert،Footnote‫א‬،Reference‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬EIbidemF‫א‬Ibid.،‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
340
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،، 
(1)
 K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 2)
 K 
 ?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
( 3)
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. (44)

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬ K1
 K22K،2002،‫א‬‫א‬
 K38K،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K{ K3
 K56،2006
 K61K،2002،K،‫א‬ K4
341
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1F‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
 K2002،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Harvard System‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬-   -‫א‬‫א‬?W
‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫?א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬?KE2002‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEBurnes 2008F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 American Psychological Association (APA)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
342
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE15،‫א‬FW
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE2،‫א‬FW
 ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE2006،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(Dimitriades, 2001, pp: 19-28F
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE67،2007،‫א‬FW،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
&‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬FW،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE54،2011
et al ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE87،2011،‫א‬‫א‬FW،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FW،‫א‬‫א‬،et al.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E344،2006،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ESpreitzeretal., 1997FK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
344
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬FW،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE234،2009L2006
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
KE2011،‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬?
 W‫א‬
EF،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬En.d.F
،E78،،‫א‬FW
KERauch, n.d., 56F
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،2006،FW‫א‬،
KE78،2009،‫א‬‫؛‬2010،‫א‬‫؛‬56
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،2011،‫א‬‫א‬FW،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWE98
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
345
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEAPAF‫א‬‫א‬
346
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬، ،
W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K2،‫א‬، J
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬،  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2005F، •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،E1F
W‫א‬‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 WK 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،E1F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F
 K‫א‬
347
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W K5
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE2004F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W K6
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬KE1992F، •
 K74 J61،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
W K7
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬14 J13،2011F،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
348
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2005F‫א‬، •
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K9
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
WFK‫א‬‫א‬KE1995F،،‫א‬
‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬KE‫א‬
 KE1990‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K10
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE15،2011F،
 K8،14560،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
• Brown, D.R. & Harvey, D.F. (2006). An External Approach to
Organizational Development. New Jersey: Person Prentice Hall.
 
349
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WAvailable،On-Line‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
• Abou-Zeid, E. Models of Knowledge Creation. Chapters 2 (on Line).
Available: http://www.Googel.Com. 17/7/2006
 
 
 ‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
350
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Simplified Arabic14‫א‬ K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Times New Romans،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2.5،‫א‬3.5‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬2.5،‫א‬3،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،18‫א‬‫א‬ K5
K1416
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K6
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
351
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E1FW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
352
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫؟‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬
353
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K7
 ‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K8
‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
354
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 E1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 K2011E‫א‬
 
 E2F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
355
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
E48F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
356
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Impact of Must on Islamic Leadership Pattern on Performance

Effectiveness
Case Study: Islamic Banks Works at Jordan
Abstract
This Study aimed to identifying the impact of using the Islamic leadership
style on the performance effectiveness on Islamic banks operating in
Jordan, the study examined the Islamic leadership style through: Shura,
justice, and freedom of thought, and examined performance effective
through: survival, growth, employees satisfaction, and customer
satisfaction. The study Included (48) branch represents a stratified sample/
random that selected from Islamic banks branches operating in Amman
city. Questionnaire using as a tool to collect data from the executive
managers in those branches.
The study found a set of results, notably: the existence of a limited
impact of the leadership style of the Islamic practiced by Islamic banks
operating in Jordan on the effectiveness of the performance of those banks,
and formed a Shura source to the application of the pattern of the Islamic
leadership, its importance in shaping the vision of a leading Islamic actors
are still limited . The results also show a lack of understanding of the
meaning of justice, and therefore the effectiveness of the performance of
Islamic banks, which results showed that the advantage of reason and
acceptance, is not a direct result of the application of the pattern of the
Islamic leadership in those banks, but there are other reasons not
addressed by the study behind the effectiveness of the performance of
those.
The study found a set of recommendations to Islamic banks,
including: the need commitment of Islamic banks to develop leadership
skills among workers in those banks, in accordance with the Islamic
principles law, particularly with regard to the exercise of the Shura, as one
357
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
of the faces of satisfaction among workers, and their sense of the

importance of their participation in decision-making, as well as Justice in
dealing with everyone, and to give workers full freedom to express their
opinions without being subjected to any kind of punishment. The study
also recommended the need for the commitment of Islamic banks to
develop and maintain the leadership trait that should be provided in
employee of leadership developed level in those banks, the importance of
this dimension to improving the community outlook for those banks.
358
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K،،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
359
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬W،‫א‬
،2011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪11 ‫א‬E2010F‫א‬،‫א‬
٪14‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٪7‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٪12‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪11 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 .‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
360
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬
361
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫ א‬K1 ‫א‬ K1  
‫ א‬K2 ‫א‬‫ א‬K2  
‫א‬ K3 ‫א‬ K3
 
 K4
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
362
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
363
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 ‫א‬ K1
،E2007F‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2007،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
 
364
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K2
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
WELikert, 1961: 3F،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE1983: 302FFlumerK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE191W2008F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE456،2008F
‫א‬‫א‬WE2009FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
WSchermerhorn (2008: 320)E215W2011F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬
365
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K4
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫?א‬W‫א‬،
KE41،‫א‬F? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬،،،‫א‬
 WE216W2011F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
366
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
‫א‬WE38W2009F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
367
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Bratton et al. (2005: 11)

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W 
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E2000F‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ E2004F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ KE2004F  ‫א‬ K3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
368
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬KE2004F‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬،2009‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E1F‫א‬K E96FE
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 72  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1
 23 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2
 1  ‫א‬  3
 ‫ א‬K2
‫א‬،E12F‫א‬L ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(48)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
369
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E40F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪83
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E465W2005FRobbins & Coulter،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ K3
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E148W2005F W‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬FW‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K5
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
370
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K6
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٪87.5F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،35 J25‫א‬E٪60F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E٪87.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٪29.6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪K12F
E٪K67.5F‫א‬10‫א‬K‫א‬
371
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬E٪4F20 J10،‫א‬
K‫א‬E٪22.5F‫א‬20
 KE٪52.5F،E٪47.5F
‫א‬‫א‬،E2F‫א‬
،35 J25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬10‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 WE2F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٪87.5  35    ‫א‬
 ٪12.5  5  
  ٪5  2  25  
 ٪60  24  35 J25  ‫א‬
 ٪12.5  5  45 J36
 ٪22.5  9  45
 0  0    
 ٪87.5  35    ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪12.5  5  ‫א‬
 ٪67.5  27  ‫א‬10  
 ٪10  4  20 J10 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪22.5  9  20
 ٪47.5  19   ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪52.5  21    ‫א‬
 
 
372
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E3F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
373
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE3F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬
 
‫א‬ t ‫א‬‫א‬K K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
.000 31.997 0.662 3.35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2
.000 49.000 0.474 3.68
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3
.000 32.916 0.620 3.23
 ‫א‬
.000 43.308 0.504 3.45 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K4
.000 27.085 0.736 3.15  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K5
.000 72.144 0.295 3.37  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K6
.000 13.636 0.904 1.95
 
‫א‬‫א‬  K7
.000 18.449 0.787 2.33
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K8
.000 56.456 0.423 3.78
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K9
.000 15.887 0.955 2.40
 ‫א‬
.000 14.850 1.171 2.75  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K10
.000 28.596 0.583 2.64  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K11
.000 27.928 0.904 3.03
 
،‫א‬‫א‬  K12
.000 19.051 0.797 2.93
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K13
.000 32.363 0.640 3.28
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K14
.000 32.605 0.630 3.85
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K15
.000 32.373 0.679 3.48
 ‫א‬‫א‬
.000 34.684 0.581 3.19  ‫א‬
.000 44.248 0.438 3.06  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
374
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬??،E3.37F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬?‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.68F?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.15F?‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬??،E2.64F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.78F‫א‬
?‫א‬?،?‫?א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??،E3.19F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
375
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.85F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،E3.06F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
376
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E4F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 t ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
     
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  K1
.000 65.572 .405 4.20
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K2
.000 56.456 .423 3.78
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K3
.000 49.000 .474 3.68
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K4
.000 43.862 .483 3.35
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K5
.000 73.172 .335 3.88
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.000 84.209 .283 3.77  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K6
.000 73.172 .335 3.88
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K7
.000 73.172 .335 3.88 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K8
.000 56.456 .423 3.78
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K9
.000 41.769 .591 3.90
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K10
.000 53.365 .480 4.03
 ‫א‬
.000 69.015 .356 3.89  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K11
.000 31.431 .714 3.55
 
‫א‬‫א‬  K12
.000 24.861 .687 2.70
 
.000 23.064 .864 3.15 ‫א‬  K13
377
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K14
.000 16.458 .749 1.95 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K15
.000 13.010 1.349 2.78
 ‫א‬
.000 28.530 .626 2.82  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  K16
.000 81.185 .304 3.90
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K17
.000 43.536 .490 3.38 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K18
.000 24.898 .749 2.95 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K19
.000 47.790 .483 3.65
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K20
.000 47.790 .483 3.65 
 ‫א‬
.000 90.908 .243 3.50  ‫א‬
.000 81.607 .271 3.50  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E3.77F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E4.20F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.88F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.78F،‫א‬
378
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،E3.68F،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.35F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬FW 
‫א‬E4F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E3.89F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
،E3.90F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E4.03F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E3.88F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،KE3.78F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬،E2.82F
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 ،?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،E3.55F
 KE1.95F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
379
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E3.50F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.90F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،E3.50F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E5F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
380
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E2.69F‫א‬F،E17.313F
 K0.05،E0.000F
E6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBetaF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E1.141F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E0.667F‫א‬،E0.962F
E14.598F‫א‬tKE J0.052F‫א‬
t،E000F‫א‬E6.782F‫א‬،E000F‫א‬
t،E0.228F‫א‬E J1.120F‫א‬
‫א‬t‫א‬،E0.000F‫א‬،E14.598F‫א‬
‫א‬t‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EN = 39FEα =0.05F‫א‬E1.645F
W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E1.645F‫א‬tE1.120 JF‫א‬t‫א‬
 KEN = 39FEα =0.05F‫א‬
381
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE6F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،0.658ZER 2 F‫א‬،0.811ZERF‫א‬
 0.649ZER 2 Adj F
 EANOVAF‫א‬
Sig‫א‬‫א‬ EFF     ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 0.000  17.313  0.898  1  0.898 ‫א‬‫א‬
     0,052  38  1.970 ‫א‬
‫א‬
       39  2.867 ‫א‬
Coefficients‫א‬
Sig‫א‬‫א‬ EtF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Beta
 0.442  0.771   J  0.576  ‫א‬‫א‬
 0.000  6.782  0.962  0.017  ‫א‬
 0.000  14.598  1.141  0.010  ‫א‬
 0.228  J1.120  J0.052  0.141  ‫א‬
 0.000  16.021  0.667  0.066  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،40‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،35 J25‫א‬
 K‫א‬10‫א‬
382
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE3.06F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E3.37F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،E3.19F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،،E2.64F،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E3.5F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E2.82F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
٪90‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
383
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
384
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 
385
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫ א‬K1
  
W‫ א‬K2
 45 J3635 J2525  
 45
 
W‫א‬‫ א‬K3
 ‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 20‫א‬20 J10‫א‬10
 
386
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EXF،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K1
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K2
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
  K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
  K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
  K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K6
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  K7
 ‫א‬
387
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
‫א‬
 K8
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K9
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K10
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K11
 
          ‫א‬‫א‬
،  K12
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K13
 
          ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K14
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  K15
 ‫א‬‫א‬
388
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
EXF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 K1
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K3
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K6
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K7
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 K10
 ‫א‬
389
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K11
 
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K12
 
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K13
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K14
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K15
 W‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 K16
 
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K17
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K18
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K19
 ‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬
 K20
‫א‬
 
390
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E2F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
? The Impact of Employee Empowerment on Achievement of Excellence

Of Jordanian Organizations Participating in The King Abdullah II Award
for Excellence "
 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬
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391
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ -
EE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
392
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
< <Ùæù]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <Ý^ÃÖ]<…^ý]

 ‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
‫א‬‫א‬ K6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
 

 
 
 
393
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
<<
<<
< <êÞ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
í×’Ö]<l]ƒ<l^‰]…‚Ö]æ<ë†¿ßÖ]<…^ý]
 
 ‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 
 
 
 
394
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
<<
oÖ^nÖ]<Ø’ËÖ]
l]ð]†qý]æ<íÏè†ŞÖ]
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
395
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
< <Äe]†Ö]<Ø’ËÖ]
í‰]…‚Ö]<sñ^jÞ
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
396
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
< <‹Ú^¤]<Ø’ËÖ]
< <l^é‘çjÖ]æ<sñ^jßÖ]<íÎ^ßÚ
 
 ‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬ K3
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K4
397
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬WE1F‫א‬
 ‫א‬WE2F
‫א‬‫א‬WE3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE6F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
398
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
،،،‫א‬،‫א‬،، K1
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬KE2000F،،،‫ א‬K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1995F،‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2005F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،SPSS‫א‬
W،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2000F، K5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2000F،‫א‬‫ א‬K6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F‫א‬،‫ א‬K7
 K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE2004F، K8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
399
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1990F، K9
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2007F،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K10
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،E2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE1969F‫א‬،،، K11
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2001F،‫א‬،، K12
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KE1963F‫א‬، K13
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬K14
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
،،،،،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬K15
W، ‫א‬‫א‬KE2005F،،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬KE2007F‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K16
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬KE2000F،‫ א‬K17
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F،‫א‬ K18
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،W،‫א‬
،‫א‬WKE1978F‫א‬، K19
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
400
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬KE2004F‫א‬، K20
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
W،‫א‬،spss‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F‫א‬، K21
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F‫א‬،‫ א‬K22
K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F،‫ א‬K23
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1984F، K24
 K‫א‬
‫א‬KE2000F،،،‫א‬ K25
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1989F،‫ א‬K26
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،1K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1996F،‫ א‬K27
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
 JW‫א‬‫א‬KEF، K28
 K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F،،، K29
‫א‬W،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬KE1988F،‫א‬،‫א‬، K30
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE1992F ،،، K31
 K‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬
401
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،،،‫א‬ K32
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2010F،،
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،،،‫א‬ K33
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2002F،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،E3F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬، ،‫א‬،،،،‫א‬ K34
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،E4F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2007F، K35
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2009F،‫א‬‫א‬، K36
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
،‫א‬،E2F‫א‬‫א‬KE2005F، K37
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬KE2001F،EF، K38
KW‫א‬
،1K‫א‬KE1989F،،‫א‬‫ א‬K39
K‫א‬W‫א‬
،E4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F، K40
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬،،‫ א‬K41
W،‫א‬‫א‬، J‫א‬‫א‬KE2010F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
402
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2007F،‫ א‬K42
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2008F،‫ א‬K43
‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2006F‫א‬،‫ א‬K44
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬، K45
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
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أساليب البحث العلمي والإحصاء كيف تكتب بحثا علميا

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Definition of Scientific Research ‫א‬‫א‬W 

Purposiveness ‫א‬‫ א‬K1

  Rigor ‫ א‬K2

 Precision and Confidence ‫א‬‫ א‬K5

Objectivity ‫ א‬K6

 Parsimony ‫א‬‫ א‬K8

 Scientific Research Rules ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 WCase Study‫א‬‫א‬ E1

،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? WEthnography‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E3

Oxford Health Planning ‫א‬WE1F

 Digital Recording‫א‬‫ א‬K7

Researcher Adjectives‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

Research Title‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 Proposal Design‫א‬W 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬W  ‫א‬W

 Reasons for Sampling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

Sample Size‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Systematic Sample‫א‬‫ א‬K3

 Non Probability Sample‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬WSnowball Sample ‫א‬   K4

 Samples Errors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

Methods of Data Collecting‫א‬W 

،‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬

 W‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Projective Methods‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬،Word Association‫א‬‫א‬ K

Method of Displaying Data‫א‬

 Pie ChartsE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

     ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 20  18  6  23  33 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  1‫א‬  2‫א‬

 Measures of Central Tendency‫א‬‫א‬ K

 The Weighted MeanE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

 ‫א‬ E٪F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 The Median‫ א‬K3

 Standard Deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1

 Inferential Statistics‫א‬‫א‬W 

Multiple Correlation Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬ K4

 Regression Analysis‫א‬‫א‬ K

 Linear Regression Analysis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1

‫א‬  ExF‫א‬ E ŷ F‫א‬‫א‬

Multiple Regression‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

X : 12 11 9 13 10 11 12 14 10 9 11 12

X: 18 25 19 12 12 27 15  9 12 18

Left – Tailed –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، H1 : μ < μ 0 ‫א‬

‫א‬ μ ≠ 1600 ‫א‬

= 160σ 2 H1: M#>

 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  

‫א‬E χ = 30.4 F‫א‬∴

E α = 0.01 FK – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3‫א‬

6  df 3  Test Statistic 30.4 χ 2

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  28.8 31.2 19.2 20.8

  28.8 31.2 19.2 20.8

(F-Test) F‫ א‬K

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

  S12 > S12 

Criterion Variables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬