SỞ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO KỲ THI CHỌN HỌC SINH GIỎI DỰ THI CÁP

TỈNH PHÚ YÊN QUỐC GIA THPT 2020

ĐỀ THI CHÍNH THỨC
Môn thi: TIẾNG ANH SỐ PHÁCH
Thời gian thi: 180 phút (không kể thời gian giao đề)
Ngày thi: 04/4/2019
Đề thi có 12 trang
 Thí sinh không được sử dụng tài liệu, kể cả từ điển.
 Giám thị không giải thích gì thêm.

Điểm Số
Giám khảo 1 Giám khảo 2
Bằng số Bằng chữ phách

I. LISTENING (50 points)

HƯỚNG DẪN PHẦN THI NGHE HIỂU
 Bài nghe gồm 4 phần, mỗi phần được nghe 2 lần, mỗi lần cách nhau 30 giây, mở đầu và kết thúc mỗi
phần nghe có tín hiệu. Thí sinh có 20 giây để đọc mỗi phần câu hỏi
 Mở đầu và kết thúc bài nghe có tín hiệu nhạc. Thí sinh có 3 phút để hoàn chỉnh bài trước tín hiệu nhạc
kết thúc bài nghe.
 Mọi hướng dẫn cho thí sinh (bằng tiếng Anh) đã có trong bài nghe.

Part 1. For questions 1-5, listen to a dialogue between a man and a woman who works in the
admissions office and complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.

Subject: International Business Qualification: MIB

Entry requirements
Educational qualifications: (1) .
English language:7 in IELTS or higher

Course hours: (2) per week

Extended stay:A month at the national head office of a (3) .

Course dates: Semester 1:

Semester 2: 27th September to 22nd January
7th February to (4) .

Course content:
Study of international organizations, in particular their management and their (5) .

Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a piece of news on the failure of an Israeli spacecraft to land on the
moon and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
6. Israel is the fourth country to be able to send its spacecraft flying around the moon.
7. Israel is sanguine about the future of landing on the moon successfully
8. The failure to land successfully is caused by the profusion of fuel on the engine.
9. This spacecraft project costs at least 80 million pounds.
10. Private space missions have been a long dream of Israel.

Your answers:
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Page 1 of 14 pages
Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to part of a discussion between two language experts, George
Steadman and Angela Conti, and choose the answer A, B, C or D which fits best according to what you
hear. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
11. What point is made about the effect of the Internet on language?
A. It is making the standard written form of English obsolete.
B. It will radically alter the way grammar rules are followed.
C. It may have less serious consequences than feared.
D. It will bring about more significant changes than TV and radio have.
12. When discussing the main criticism of text messaging, George reveals .
A. his concern that there is insufficient research
B. his understanding of the annoyance some people feel
C. his certainty that the criticism is totally unfounded
D. his doubt as to how widespread the criticism is
13. What view is stated about abbreviations in texting?
A. They are mainly to be found in commercial messages.
B. Some are beginning to enter official documents.
C. Adults are just as much to blame for them as teenagers.
D. They are not as novel as many people imagine.
14. When discussing the new genre of text-poetry, both researchers agree that .
A. limiting a poem to a fixed number of letters is unhelpful
B. it will never match some of the conventional verse forms
C. it has potential if the writer is gifted
D. the means of delivery is effective
15. What final conclusion do both the researchers reach about the state of English today?
A. Language development need no longer be a concern in educational institutions.
B. The negative predictions about its decline are mistaken.
C. Children’s written style is improving in leaps and bounds.
D. The pace of change is unprecedented.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Part 4. For questions 16-25, listen to a piece of news about crime prevention in Scotland and complete
the following sentences. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER taken from the
recording for each answer in the space provided.
 Thanks to the radical approach of treating violence as a disease, homicide rates in Glasgow, the Scottish
city once dubbed “the (16) of Europe”, witnessed a significant decrease of
60%.
 In the 1980s and early 2000s, the (17) in Scotland was mainly caused by the
increase in levels of alcohol abuse, unemployment and inequality.
 By 2005, the crime situation in Glasgow was particularly grave, with police officers constantly receiving calls
informing about (18) outside premises or gang fights.
 With crime rates soaring, Glasgow’s police force established the Violence Reduction Unit, which uniquely
addressed violence not as a (19) , but a preventable disease.
 American physician Gary Slutkin, who inspired the VRU’s approach, discovered how patterns of violence
and those of contagious diseases are similar when (20) in an endeavour to
combat the issue of gun violence in the U.S.
 In 2000, Slutkin launched (21) in Chicago, with an emphasis on (22)
: pinpointing the cause and interrupting the transmission of violence,
deterring potential violent offenders, and changing existing viewpoints about violence.
 In addition to implementing Slutkin’s approach, the VRU has also supported stronger crime penalties by
means of (23) .
 Crime reductions have not only alleviated the burden on the Scottish healthcare system, but have also
resulted in (24) , with VRU’s annual operation cost significantly lower than
the cost per homicide case.
 Hoping to break the cycle of violence, London, which has recently witnessed a rise in knife crime with a
multitude of (25) towards May 2018, has publicly stated that it will be
following Scotland’s example.
Your answers:
16. 21.
17. 22.
18. 23.
19. 24.
20. 25.

Page 2 of 14 pages
II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (20 points)
Part 1. For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to each of the following questions.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
26. His English was roughly with my Greek, so communication was rather difficult!
A. levelled B. on a par C. equal D. in tune
27. , we probably would have arrived at the airport in time.
A. Had not we stopped for gas B. If we had stopped for gas
C. Had it not been for our stop for gas D. If not for having been stopped for gas
28. Prince Phillip had to choose: marry the woman he loved and his right to the throne, or marry Lady
Fiona and inherit the crown.
A. abdicate B. upbraid C. reprimand D. winnow
29. If you will not do your work of your own I have no choice but to penalize you if it is not done on time.
A. predilection B. infusion C. excursion D. volition
30. After sitting in the sink for several days, the dirty food-encrusted dishes became .
A. malodorous B. prevalent C. imposing D. perforated
31. Giulia soon discovered the source of the smell in the room: a week-old tuna sandwich that one of the
children had hidden in the closet.
A. quaint B. fastidious C. clandestine D. fetid
32. After making remarks to the President, the reporter was not invited to return to the White House
pressroom.
A. hospitable B. irreverent C. enterprising D. chivalrous
33. Candace would her little sister into an argument by teasing her and calling her names.
A. advocate B. provoke C. perforate D. expunge
34. The dress Arid wore with small, glassy beads, creating a shimmering effect.
A. titillated B. reiterated C. scintillated D. enthralled
35. Being able to afford this luxury car will getting a better- paying job.
A. maximize B. recombinant C. reiterate D. necessitate
36. Levina unknowingly the thief by holding open the elevator doors and ensuring his escape.
A. coerced B. proclaimed C. abetted D. sanctioned
37. When Tim was eating a cherry, he accidentally swallowed the .
A. nut B. stone C. seed D. core
38. A military junta has taken over power in the country after the democratic administration .
A. collapsed B. stumbled C. vanished D. abandoned
39. She was kept awake for most of the night by the of a mosquito in her car.
A. whine B. moan C. groan D. screech
40. He looks very aggressive and threatening, and so his soft, gentle voice is rather .
A. disembodied B. discordant C. dismissive D. disconcerting
Your answers:
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Part 2. For questions 41-45, write the correct form of each bracketed word in the number space
provided in the column on the right. 0 has been done as an example.
Your answers:
In 2011, Eric Leuthardt and his colleague Gerwin Schalk (0. POST) electrodes 0. positioned
over the language regions of four fully conscious people and were able to
detect the phonemes “oo”, “ah”, “eh” and “ee”. What they also discovered was
that spoken phonemes activated both the language areas and the motor
cortex, while imagined speech – that inner voice – boosted the activity of
neurons in Wernicke’s area. Leuthardt had not (41) (EFFECT) read his 41.
subjects’ minds, “I would call it brain reading.” he says. To arrive at whole
words, Leuthardt’s next step is to expand his library of sounds and to find out
how the production of phonemes translates across different languages. For
now, the research is primarily aimed at improving the lives of people with (42. 42.
LOCK) syndrome, but the ability to explore the brain’s language
centres could (43. REVOLUTION) other fields. The consequences of 43.
these findings could ripple out to more general audiences who might like to use
extreme hands-free mobile communication technologies that can be
manipulated by inner voice alone. For linguists, it could provide previously (44. 44.
OBTAIN) insight into the neural origins and structures of language.
Knowing what someone is thinking without needing words at all would be
functionally indistinguishable from (45. TELEPATHIC) . 45.

Page 3 of 14 pages
III. READING (50 points)
Part 1. For questions 46-55, read the following passage and fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
EVOLUTION AND CHILDREN
If we are asked to (46) an archetypal human being, the picture that comes into our minds may
be male or female. It may be black, white or yellow, but it will almost certainly be an adult. We take it for granted
that adulthood is the meaningful part of our existence, and everything (48) to it is merely preparation.
The old adage quoted by Samuel Butler is often cited but has not yet been fully assimilated: 'A hen is an egg's
way of making another egg.' It is very difficult for any of us to think of (49) as a baby's way of making
another baby.
So there is a tendency in discussions about human evolution to overlook the fact that at every step of
the journey there were not only males and females, but also babies, (50) and children, and natural
selection would never have favoured one age group at too (51) a cost to any of the others.
(52) children as smaller, imperfect copies of ourselves, we explain much of their behaviour in
the way we explain the rough-and-tumble play of cubs and kittens, calling it 'preparation for adult life' or
'developing the skills that they will (53) need.' That is strange, because it is one of the inviolable tenets
of (54) theory that what an animal is or does is governed by events that have happened, not events that
are going to happen. Only in describing the young is it acceptable to believe that a mammal's behaviour is
governed by the future that (55) it, rather than the history that lies behind it.
Your answers:
46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
EXAMINING THE PLACEBO EFFECT
The fact that taking a fake drug can powerfully improve some people's health - the so-called
placebo effect - was long considered an embarrassment to the serious practice of pharmacology,
but now things have changed.
Several years ago, Merck, a global pharmaceutical company, was falling behind its rivals in sales. To
make matters worse, patents on five blockbuster drugs were about to expire, which would allow cheaper
generic products to flood the market. In interviews with the press, Edward Scolnick, Merck's Research Director,
presented his plan to restore the firm to pre-eminence. Key to his strategy was expanding the company’s reach
into the anti depressant, market, where Merck had trailed behind, while competitors like Pfizer and
GlaxoSmithKline had created some of the best-selling drugs in the world. "To remain dominant in the future.” he
told one media company, "we need to dominate the central nervous system."
His plan hinged on the success of an experimental anti-depressant codenamed MK-869. Still in clinical
trials, it was a new kind of medication that exploited brain chemistry in innovative ways to promote feelings of
well-being. The drug tested extremely well early on with minimal side effects. Behind the scenes, however, MK-
869 was starting to unravel. True, many test subjects treated with the medication felt their hopelessness and
anxiety lift. But so did nearly the same number who took a placebo, a look-alike pill made of milk sugar or
another ineit substance given to groups of volunteers in subsequent clinical trials to gauge the effectiveness of
the real drug by comparison. Ultimately Merck's venture into the anti-depressant market failed. In the jargon of
the industry, the trials crossed the "futility boundary".
MK-869 has not been the only much-awaited medical breakthrough to be undone in recent years by the
placebo effect. And it's not only trials of new drugs that are crossing the futility boundary. Some products that
have been on the market for decades are faltering in more recent follow-up tests It's not that the old
medications are getting weaker, drug developers say It's as if the placebo effect is somehow getting stronger
The fact that an increasing number of medications are unable to beat sugar pills has thrown the industry into
crisis The stakes could hardly be higher. To win FDA approval, a new medication must beat placebo In at least
two authenticated trials. In today’s economy, the fate of a well-established company can hang on the outcome
of a handful of tests.
Why are fake pills suddenly overwhelming promising new drugs and established medicines alike? The
reasons are only just beginning to be understood. A network of independent researchers is doggedly
uncovering the inner workings and potential applications of the placebo effect.
A psychiatris, William Potter, who knew that some patients really do seem to get healthier for reasons
that have more to do with a doctor's empathy than with the contents of a pill, was baffled by the fact that drugs
he had been prescribing for years seemed to be struggling to prove their effectiveness Thinking that a crucial
factor may have been overlooked, Potter combed through his company’s database of published and
unpublished trials—including those that had been kept secret because of high placebo response. His team
aggregated the findings from decades of anti-depressant trials, looking for patterns and trying to see what was
changing over time. What they found challenged some of the industry’s basic assumptions about its drug-
vetting process.
Assumption number one was that if a trial were managed correctly, a medication would perform as well
or badly in a Phoenix hospital as in a Bangalore dinic. Potter discovered, however, that geographic location
alone could determine the outcome. By the late 1990s, for example, the anti-anxiety drug Diazepam was still
beating placebo in France and Belgium But when the drug was tested in the U.S. it was likely to fail.

Page 4 of 14 pages
Conversely, a similar drug, Prozac, performed better in America than it did in Western Europe and South Africa.
It was an unsettling prospect FDA approval could hinge on where the company chose to conduct a trial.
Mistaken assumption number two was that the standard tests used to gauge volunteers' improvement
in trials yielded consistent results. Potter and his colleagues discovered that ratings by trial observers varied
significantly from one testing site to another. It was like finding out that the judges in a tight race each had a
different idea about the placement of the finish line.
After some coercion by Potter and others, the National Institute of Health (NIH) focused on the issue in
2000, hosting a three-day conference in Washington, and this conference launched a new wave of placebo
research in academic laboratories in the U.S. and Italy that would make significant progress toward solving the
mystery of what was happening in clinical trials.
In one study, last year, Harvard Medical School researcher Ted Kaptchuk devised a clever strategy for
testing his volunteers’ response to varying levels of therapeutic ritual. The study focused on a common but
painful medical condition that costs more than $40 billion a year worldwide to treat. First, the volunteers were
placed randomly in one of three groups. One group was simply put on a waiting list; researchers know that
some patients get better just because they sign up for a trial. Another group received placebo treatment from a
clinician who declined to engage in small talk. Volunteers in the third group got the same fake treatment from a
clinician who asked them questions about symptoms, outlined the causes of the illness, and displayed optimism
about their condition.
Not surprisingly, the health of those in the third group improved most. In fact, just by participating in the
trial, volunteers in this high-interaction group got as much relief as did people taking the two leading prescription
drugs for the condition. And the benefits of their “bogus” treatment persisted for weeks afterward, contrary to
the belief—widespread in the pharmaceutical industry- that the placebo response is short-lived.
Studies like this open the door to hybrid treatment strategies that exploit the placebo effect to make real
drugs safer and more effective. As Potter says, “To really do the best foi your patients, you want the best
placebo response plus the best drug response''.
For questions 56-60, decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG).
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
56. Merck’s experience with MK-869 was unique.
57. These days, a small number of unsuccessful test results can ruin a well-established drugs company.
58. Some medical conditions are more easily treated by a placebo than others.
59. It was to be expected that the third group in Kaptchuk’s trial would do better than the other two groups.
60. Kaptchuk’s research highlights the fact that combined drug and placebo treatments should be avoided.
Your answers:
56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
For questions 61-65, complete the summary below using the bracketed words marked A-I. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
MERCK AND MK-869
As a result of concerns about increasing (61) in the drugs industry, the pharmaceutical company Merck
decided to increase its (62) in the anti-depressant market. The development of the drug MK-869 was
seen as the way forward.
Initially, MK-869 had some (63) , but later trials revealed a different picture. Although key (64)
could be treated with the drug, a sugar pill was proving equally effective. In the end, the (65) indicated
that it was pointless continuing with the development of the drug.
A. activity D. patients G. symptoms
B. prices E. tests H. competition
C. success F. diseases I. criticism
Your answers:
61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
For questions 66-68, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which you think fits best according to the
text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
66. Which of the following is true of William Potter’s research?
A. It was based on recently developed drugs that he had recommended.
B. It included trial results from a range of drugs companies.
C. Some of the trial results he investigated had not been made public.
D. Some of his findings were not accepted by the drugs industry.
67. What did William Potter's research reveal about the location of drugs trials?
A. The placebo effect was weakest in the US.
B. Results were not consistent around the world.
C. Results varied depending on the type of hospital.
D. The FDA preferred drugs to be tested in different countries.
68. What significant discovery was made by Ted Kaptchuk?
A. The effects of a placebo can last longer than previously thought.
B. Patients’ health can improve while waiting to undergo a trial.
C. Patients respond better to a placebo if they are treated by the same clinician throughout the trial.
D. Those conducting a placebo trial need to know the subjects’ disorder well.
Your answers:
66. 67. 68.

Page 5 of 14 pages
Part 3. For questions 69-78, read an extract on broadcasting and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D
which you think fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes provided.
BROADCASTING: THE SOCIAL SHAPING OF A TECHNOLOGY
'Broadcasting' originally meant sowing seeds broadly, by hand. It is, in other words, not only an
agricultural metaphor, it is also one of optimistic modernism. It is about line 2 planned growth in the widest
possible circles, the production, if the conditions are right, line 3 of a rich harvest. The metaphor presupposes a
bucket of seeds at the centre of the activity, line 4 i.e. the existence of centralised resources intended and
suited for spreading –and line 5 reproduction. The question to be looked into is why a new technology that
transmitted words and pictures electronically was organised in a way that made this agricultural metaphor seem
adequate.
Since television as a technology is related to various two-way forms of communication, such as the
telegraph and the telephone, it is all the more striking that, from its very early days, it was envisaged as a
centralised 'mass' medium. However, transmission to private homes from some centralised unit was simply in
keeping with both socio-economic structures and the dominant ways of life in modern and modernising
societies. Attempts or experiments with other forms of organisation in the long run remained just that - attempts
and experiments. Two little-known, distinct alternatives deserve mentioning since they highlight what television
might have been - in a different social context.
Experiments with two-way television as a possible replacement for the ordinary telephone were
followed up, so to speak, by radio amateurs in Britain in the early 1930s. Various popular science journals, such
as Radio News, had detailed articles about how to construct television transmitters and receivers and,
throughout the 1930s, experimenting amateurs were active in many parts of the country. But Big Business,
represented by the British Radio Manufacturers Association, in 1938 agreed upon standards for television
equipment and channel regulations which drove the grass-roots activists out. And so there passed, at least in
Britain, the historical 'moment' for a counter-cultural development of television as a widely diffused, grass-roots,
egalitarian form of communication.
Broadcasting in some form was, however, tied not only to strong economic interests, but also to the
deep structures of modern societies. In spite of the activities of TV amateurs, television was also primarily a
medium for theatrical exhibition in the USA in the early 1930s, and as such often thought to be a potential
competitor of the film industry. For example, in Britain, public viewing of television was the way in which most
early audiences actually experienced the medium and this was even more the case in Germany. While the
vision of grass-roots or amateur, two-way television was quite obviously doomed to a very marginal position at
the very best, television systems largely based on collective public reception were in fact operating in several
countries in the 1930s and may, with the benefit of hindsight, be seen as having presented more of a threat to
the domestication of the medium. But it was a threat that was not to materialise.
Manufacturers saw the possibilities for mass sales of domestic sets as soon as the price could be
reduced, and given the division and relation between the public and private domains fundamental to modernity,
centralised broadcasting to a dispersed domestic audience was clearly the most adequate organisation of the
medium. As working-class people achieved improved standards of living and entered 'consumer' society from
about the 1920s onwards, the dreams of the home as a fully equipped centre for entertainment and diverse
cultural experiences became realisable for the majority of inhabitants of Western nation-states. And all of this is
now also happening on a global scale.
While social and economic modernisation meant increasing centralisation and concentration of capital
and political power, the break-up of traditional communities produced new ways of life. Mobility was both social
and geographical, and both forms implied that individuals and households were, both literally and
metaphorically, 'on the move' in ways that left them relatively isolated compared to people in much more stable
early communities. Centralised broadcasting was both an answer to the need felt by central government to
reach all citizens with important information efficiently, and a highly useful instrument in the production of the
harmonising, stabilising 'imagined community' of the nation-state.
The pervasiveness of these structured processes and interests rendered broadcasting the 'naturally'
victorious organisation of both radio and television. What is left out here is the more positive view of
broadcasting as a social form suitable also for democracy. In the formation of broadcasting policies between the
World Wars, the interest in broadcasting as a means of securing equal access to resources necessary for
conscious, informed and autonomous participation in political, social and cultural life played a very important
role in many countries. Of course television is changing, and there is the risk that the very term broadcasting
becomes outmoded or at least inadequate. In which case, this metaphor will be seen only as referring to a
particular organisation of audio-visual technology during a certain centralised phase of social modernisation.
69. In the metaphor explored by the writer in the first paragraph, what does the ‘bucket of seeds’ represent?
A. planned growth В. a rich harvest
C. the centre of the activity D. centralised resources
70. In the second paragraph, what view does the writer express about the way in which television developed?
A. It confirmed the results of experiments. В. It reflected other social trends.
C. It was dominated by other technologies. D. It was limited by economic constraints.
71. The writer regards the experiments by radio amateurs in the 1930s as .
A. a missed opportunity to use television technology in a different way
В. investigations into the commercial potential of television
technology
C. a breakthrough in the development of new types of television transmitters
Page 6 of 14 pages
D. attempts to establish a more effective means of communication than the telephone

Page 7 of 14 pages
72. Looking back, what does the writer feel about public viewings of TV in the 1930s?
A. They received a lot of opposition from the film
industry. В. They were limited to small audiences outside
the USA.
C. They might have provided an alternative to the way broadcasting developed.
D. They were less significant than the experiments with two-way television.
73. Transmission to people’s homes became a dominant feature of television because .
A. changes in society had created a demand for this.
В. it became possible to manufacture televisions on a domestic scale.
C. television audiences were seen as potential consumers of advertised goods.
D. it was an effective way of delivering the programme schedules that people wanted.
74. In the sixth paragraph, the writer says that the authorities saw broadcasting as a means of .
A. controlling the information that people received. В. accelerating the process of modernisation.
C. boosting their own political influence D. counteracting social upheaval
75. In the final paragraph, what does the writer say he has omitted from his earlier analysis?
A. The factors that motivate people in the broadcasting
industry. В. The resources needed to operate a broadcasting
service.
C. The capacity of broadcasting to empower people.
D. The strength of the interests behind broadcasting.
76. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph the
sentence “There is a clear relationship between the basic processes of social modernisation and the
dominant structures of broadcasting.” can be inserted?
[A] While social and economic modernisation meant increasing centralisation and concentration of capital and
political power, the break-up of traditional communities produced new ways of life. [B] Mobility was both social
and geographical, and both forms implied that individuals and households were, both literally and
metaphorically, 'on the move' in ways that left them relatively isolated compared to people in much more stable
early communities. [C] Centralised broadcasting was both an answer to the need felt by central government to
reach all citizens with important information efficiently, and a highly useful instrument in the production of the
harmonising, stabilising 'imagined community' of the nation-state. [D]
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
77. Which of the following sentences best express the meaning of the sentence in bold in paragraph 7?
A. Centralised broadcasting is required concerning the public demand sensed by authorities for
disseminating essential information and serves to generate a harmonious and stable nation.
B. The insatiable curiosity of citizens is so strong that centralised broadcasting is not capable of supplying
information and producing a wealthy country.
C. Trying as broadcasting to be the central might, it can not live up to its people’s expections to distribute
information and generate an ‘imagined community’.
D. Centralised broadcasting makes every effort to distribute vital statistics for each inhabitant but fails to
generate ahappy and prosperous country.
78. The word ‘pervasiveness’ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to .
A. presence and noticeability B. rarity and strangeness
C. uniqueness and peculiarity D. unpopularity and privacy
Your answers:
69. 70. 71. 72. 73.
74. 75. 76. 77. 78.

Part 4. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 79-85, read the
passage and choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph
which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
HUNTER-GATHERER BLUES
These days you can be sure that, whenever a scientist discovers a new wrinkle in the way the human mind
works, some sort of Darwinian exploration will not be far behind. Research has shown that, while people find it
easy to remember of the direction of objects moving towards them or away from them, they have little recall for
the spin direction of totating objects. The reason for this is that natural selection has never had cause to equip
us with such a memory mechanism.
79.
Now don’t get me wrong. I’m not ideologically opposed to such pat evolutionary answers, unlike many social
scientists who regard culture as all-powerful in determining how we think and behave. I just wonder whether
these Darwinian explanations help or hinder further scientific investigation. Indeed as a practising psychiatrist, I
find myself wondering this more and more as I watch evolutionary thinking being repeatedly used to explain the
existence of mental illnesses and personality disorders.
80.
Thus, paranoia could be helpful because suspiciousness might be beneficial in environments that are not as
safe as they seem. Some forms of depression might exist because withdrawing from the social fray might
actually be a good thing when you’re competing with people who could injure or kill you if you tried to assert
yourself. And even severe postnatal depression could have hidden Darwinian benefits, according to some
anthropologists.
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81.

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Are such explanations useful or harmful? Paradoxically, I think they are both, for reasons that can be explained
by looking at that other all-embracing approach to understanding behaviour, freudianism. Freud, of course,
proposed that sexuality was the driving force of human behaviour. This finds more than an echo in the
evolutionary psychologists’ view that we are trapped by sexual strategies to maximise the replication of genes.
Freud had us in thrall to repressed sexual memories and psychic energies spilling out of the unconscious;
evolutionary psychology has us in thrall to genes and innate neural mechanisms adapted to suit the needs of
our hunter-gatherer ancestors.
82.
Darwinian attempts to explain depression bear this out. Evolutionary psychology predicts, for example, that
older mothers giving birth for the first time should be less prone to postnatal depression than younger first-time
mothers, as their current infant could be their only chance to reproduce. In fact, older first-time mothers are
even more prone to postnatal depression.
83.
This suggests that you don’t have to be depressed to realise that asserting yourself isn’t worth it: although their
depression had apparently lifted, the treated rats still didn’t bother, presumably because they thought they
would fail. Depressed people give up trying even when victory is clearly possible- that is precisely why
depression is so puzzling.
84.
Harmful, because, like theorizing about the unconscious, evolutionary psychology might discourage scientists
from looking for more productive explanations for mental illnesses. Useful, because we already know that many
psychiatric patients can benefit greatly from being given a comprehensible account of their otherwise frightening
and confusing symptoms. For this purpose, why shouldn’t Darwin be at least as effective as Freud?
85.
The benefit of evolutionary psychology for patients is that it could help them to stop endlessly asking why. For
scientists, that is precisely its danger.
The missing paragraphs:
A. Despite these shortcomings, evolutionary psychology, like psychoanalysis, is undeniably attractive because
of the apparent coherence and simplicity of the explanations it offers. And it’s the appeal that I think is both
potentially useful and potentially harmful.
B. There is a second echo: Freud produced ingenious explanations for behaviour, but backed away from
generating testable predictions that could confirm or falsify his hypotheses. He famously argued that, when a
patient vociferously rejected an analyst’s interpretation, this was good evidence that it was right, and if the
patient agreed with the doctor’s expositions, this also was evidence it was right. Well, evolutionary psychology
suffers from a related, albeit less extreme, form of the problem. It might seem to generate testable predictions,
but on close inspection you usually find some sort of circularity in the argument, or that the predictions either
offer no more insights than common sense or are plainly wrong. The evolution of the human mind, alas, has left
no fossils.
C. The aggressive personality would have been the ideal choice as protector of the primitive community and
not marginalised as he- or indeed she- is at present. Many “unacceptable” behaviours would have been of the
utmost value in the evolution of the human psyche. Regardless of how we view acts of aggression today, the
fact remains that they once played a vital role in our life-and-death struggle for survival.
D. Think about it. Since largely abandoning Freud, all therapists have had to offer patients seeking explanations
is a hodge-podge of one-off theories and speculations, some based on brain chemistry, some on behaviour,
and each specific to just a single condition or even symptom. At a stroke, evolutionary psychology can provide
patient and therapist with a unifying framework for thinking about all symptoms and all mental illnesses. A
woman suffering from postnatal depression might feel hugely relieved to be told that her condition has an
evolutionary explanation. Why should we deny her that relief?
E. Our ancestors would obviously have needed to know whether an animal they were hunting were
approaching or retreating, but rotating objects would have been largely absent from the rough and tumble of
their lives. Ergo, we don’t remember enough about rotation from past experiences to be able to intuitively, say,
pull a car out of a spin. We have to learn to do such things by rote.
F. And if other forms of depression really are the result of a neural adaptation designed to make some of us
keep our heads down when it would be dangerous to assert ourselves, you’d think antidepressants would
reverse this. In fact, no evidence to this effect has been found among laboratory rats given antidepressants. If
anything, the rats tried even less hard to pick fights with the dominant members of their group.
G. There is a suggestion that, since the mothers most likely to suffer are those in bad relationships or tough
circumstances, postnatal depression is evolution’s way of telling mothers not to waste valuable reproductive
effort investing in offspring who are unlikely to thrive. In other words, it’s no senseless accident that severely
depressed mothers sometimes neglect or even kill their infants. They are doing it at the behest of genes whose
silent command is “don’t bother with this one”.
H. If these conditions are so bad for us, goes the well-rehearsed logic of the Darwinian approach, why didn’t
natural selection weed out the genes that make us vulnerable? Answer: a tendency to depression and paranoia
or whatever must have conferred some subtle survival benefit on our ancestors that kept the genes in the pool.
Identify those benefits and, hey presto, you have a rationale for the condition.
Your answers:
79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.

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Part 5. The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C and D. For questions 86-95, read
the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
WHY WE STILL FOLLOW FOOTBALL
A. Like a lot of people, I still remember the first football match I ever saw. It was in The Hague in 1979, and
Den Haag beat Utrecht 3-1. That day we discovered my brother needed glasses, because he couldn't read the
scoreboard. Going to watch football is one of the comforting rituals that carry you through life. It's also one of
the few pleasures that parents and children can share: in the stadium, everyone becomes nine years old again.
To quote a poem by the Dutchman Henk Spaan, 'A stadium is a monument to the common man.' Nowadays,
the common woman goes too. Yet this ritual is poorly understood. The sports economist Stefan Szymanski and
I have just published a new version of our book Soccernomics and two questions we ask are: why exactly do
people go to watch football? And what makes them stop? The great myth is that most spectators simply have to
go; that they are helpless, lifelong fans of one club, bound to it by blood and soil. This myth was nicely worded
by Charles Burgess, journalist and Carlisle United fan, 'There never was any choice. My dad took me ... to
watch the derby match against Workington Town just after Christmas 41 years ago. I was hooked and have
been ever since. My support has been about who we are and where we are from.'

B. British fans, in particular, like to present themselves as lifelong diehards, and some are. However, as
Szymanskinand I found, while studying 61 years of English football attendances, most aren't. Indeed very few
take their seatsnyear after year at the same club. Many people chang clubs. For instance, according to surveys
earned out by the Sport+Markt consultancy, 90 percent of English fans of Chelsea in 2006 had not supported
the club in 2003. Some fans move to another town and start watching their new local club, or start following the
team their children like, or abandon football because they're too busy. The rnarketing expert Alan Tapp,
studying a club in the English Midlands, found that fans who let their season-tickets lapse often had small
children. Older people, with less complicated lives, tended to keep their seats. In other words, showing up year
in, year out isn't a great marker of loyalty; rather, it's a good marker of age. Few English fans are lifelong
diehards. But nor are most glory hunters, who only watch winning teams.

C. Rather, we found that most spectators go to watch a plausible team playing locally in a comfortable, safe
stadium–winning matters less to them than having a pleasant experience. Arsenal is the perfect example: when
the club moved from Highbury to the Emirates, the larger new stadium filled, even though the team had stopped
winning trophies. We know that hooliganism deters fans from going to football. But one thing deters them even
more: match-fixing. If people think that crooked players or referees have fixed results in advance, they will stop
going. After Italy's Calciopoli bribery scandal broke in 2006, a Roman friend emailed me to say he was in a
strange mood. It was all fake! 'He'd always thought he was watching reality, but it had just been a show. The
economists Babatunde Buraimo, Giuseppe Migali and Rob Simmons showed in a recent paper that the five top-
division clubs found guilty in Calciopoli subsequently saw their attendances slump. These teams lost perhaps a
fifth more fans than 'innocent' clubs.

D. That is ominous, because match-fixing is going global. The rise in online betting, especially in Asia, has
made it more lucrative for gamblers to fix matches. Sometimes clubs secretly bet on themselves to lose. The
economist Romesh Vaitilingam found a similar phenomenon in tennis, where players often bet on themselves to
lose first-round matches, and then pull out, claiming to be injured. Match-fixing has pervaded football from Asia
to Italy. Perhaps only a handful of leagues on earth remain immune, for now. Steven de Lil, the policeman in
charge of fighting 'football fraud' in Belgium, told me it's very hard to catch match-fixers. Football is a closed
world, and clubs rarely report wrongdoing, he said. What de Lil has seen influences the way he now watches
footba ll as a fan, 'I always have my suspicions. I go to see a good match, but pretty soon I'm thinking, "How
can that be happening?" Once most of us watch football like that, we'll stop watching.

According to the passage, in which paragraph does the writer . Your answers:
seek to account for a mismatch between level of support and achievement? 86.
mention an individual who became disillusioned with football following a disclosure? 87.
give the example of an individual who appears to conform to a common misconception? 88.
point to likely explanations for changes of allegiance amongst football fans? 89.
refer to some research that confirms the extent of one factor affecting fan loyalty? 90.
suggest that there has been relatively little research into a phenomenon he outlines? 91.
find evidence of a parallel in a related activity? 92.
outline evidence that contradicts a widely held assertion? 93.
provide an example of the broadening appeal of football generally? 94.
report a reluctance within football to confront certain issues? 95.

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IV. WRITING (60 points)
Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be
between 100 and 120 words long.
With obesity having shot up across the globe to dangerously high levels in recent years, it is little
wonder that people have started to ask why. True, diets have changed; we all know that we live in a McWorld,
hunting and gathering our food from fast-food outlets and supermarket aisles, but it can’t all be down to diet,
can it?
Technology has changed modern life to such an extent that few aspects of life today bear any
resemblance to lives only a couple of generations ago. Just taking jobs as an example, how many of us today
spend twelve hours a day on our feet physically slogging ourselves into the ground? Or how many families
could you imagine living without a car? Kids walking to school, parents going half a dozen local shops, on foot,
to buy the week’s food, family holidays by bus to the nearest seaside town. Take Tina Jameson, a mother of
two who has to juggle home and a part-time job. She says ‘I haven’t got time to walk anywhere. But I’d have
even less time without a washing machine or dishwasher.’ We now have so many conveniences in our lives
that allow us such drastically better lifestyle choices that at times it can be difficult to picture these in a negative
way.
Without doubt there are positives to these changes. The number of people who suffer debilitating
injuries at work is miniscule in comparison to the past. Fewer hours working and more efficient transport are all
to our benefit in allowing us a greater amount of leisure time. At what cost though? We may save a few hours a
day travelling and enjoy less physically demanding working conditions, but is this really worth it when the cost to
our health and life expectancy is so high? Modern lifestyles have become shockingly sedentary and in
combination with the deterioration in diet this is surely creating a ticking time bomb for modern humanity.
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Part 2. The charts below give information about endangered plants around the world. Describe the
information in charts and make comparisons where relevant. You should write at least 150 words.

Endangered plant species

4.62%3.92%
6.92% Critically endangered

20.44% Endangered

Vulnerable

64.10% Safe

Insufficient data

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 Plant species at risk in different habitats
Desert0.50%

Tropical wet grassland 1.60%

Wetlands 4.30%

Tropical dry grassland 4.50%

Dry savanna 7.70%

Tropical dry forest 12.10%

Tropical wet forest 63.00%

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%

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Part 3. Write an essay of 350 words on the following topic:
It is inevitable that as modernisation is becoming more evident, traditional values seem to be lost.
Modernisation and traditions are incompatible, so one must choose between them.
To what extent do you agree with the statement? Give reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
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(You may write overleaf if you need more space)
-THE END-

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