Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 1. For questions 1-5, listen to the recording and complete the form below.
Write ONE WORD AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided. (10 pts)
Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a talk about a chance to rethink the world and
decide whether these statements are True (T) or False (F). Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided. (10pts)
6. Visitors can use pushchairs free of charge.
7. Visitors can buy refreshments at the shop.
8. The Grand Opening of the baths occurred in 1897.
9. The Romans built on the site at the same time as the Celts.
10. In Roman times, the Sacred Spring was well-known for its healing powers.
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Your answer:
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to the recording and choose the answer (А, В, C or D)
which fits best according to what you hear. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided. (10pts)
11. Julian links his teenage archaeology interest to
A. a desire to please his father.
B. his natural sense of curiosity.
C. a need to make some spare money.
D. his unhappiness with farm life.
12. What aspect of archaeology still excites Julian today?
A. the methodical nature of much of the work
B. the pleasure of solving ancient mysteries
C. the chance to accurately assess the age of objects with precise tools
D. the process of theorizing with little information available
13. Julian believes that the way people see archaeology
A. fails to acknowledge its scientific value.
B. has been given a negative image by popular media.
C. doesn’t show the gradual nature of the research process.
D. has tended to concentrate on the physical hardships involved.
14. How does Julian feel about his current research post?
A. He regrets having relatively few opportunities to travel.
B. He wishes his colleagues would take it more seriously.
C. He admits that the problems can get him down.
D. He suggests that it is relatively cost effective.
15. Julian’s project on humour in archaeology aims to
A. celebrate an otherwise unrecorded aspect of archaeologists’ lives.
B. compare archaeological findings with anecdotal evidence.
C. compile a list of jokes about archaeology.
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D. make archaeological reports more accessible to non-specialists.
Your answer:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 4. For questions from 16-25, you will hear a radio news item about a manufacturer
of hot-air balloons and complete the notes below which summarize what the speaker
says. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each gap.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (20pts)
Douglas Finch award
Douglas Finch is going to be given the Honorary Degree of Doctor of (16) _________.
Douglas Finch was born just outside of Glasgow and went to Allan Glen’s School before
reading (17) _________ at Glasgow University.
The Bristol Belle was the first hot air balloon in (18) _________.
In 1968 he was issued with the first ever (19) _________ for Hot Air Balloons.
The Golden Falcon was designed specifically to fly (20) _________ .
In 1973 he was awarded the Royal Aeronautical Club Silver Medal for the first balloon flight
(21) _________.
In 1978 he attempted to cross the Atlantic in a balloon called (22) _________.
Bristol is considered the undisputed (23) _________ of the world.
Doug Finch has advanced the science, technology and art of balloon flight to (24)
_________.
Doug Finch will receive his Honorary (25) _________ at Bristol Business School.
Your answers:
16. 21.
17. 22.
18. 23.
19. 24.
20. 25.
Part 2. For questions 46-55, complete each of the following sentences with suitable
preposition(s) or particle(s). Write your answer in the boxes provided. (10 pts)
46. You must take his educational background _____________ account when deciding what
work to give him.
47. Ben’s dreams of a university education went_____________ the board when his father
died and he was forced to earn a living.
48. I realized something was _________ of the ordinary when Ann didn’t show up for work
today.
49. The rioting was brought _____________ by a huge increase in the price of bread.
50. He will carry his plan _________despite all your objections.
51. You have to take _________these curtains. They look very dirty.
52. Her father has made __________all his property to her as she is his only child.
53. Looking _________ on my life, I realize I’ve been very fortunate.
54. The prime minister should stand _________ and let a new leader head the party.
55. Most patients find that the numbness from the injection wears _______ after about an
hour.
Your answers:
46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
Part 3. For questions 56-65, fill each gap with the correct form of the words in brackets.
Write your answer in the boxes provided. (10 pts)
The joys and tribulations of being a pet owner! During our lifetime most of us have some
experience of either owning a pet or being in (66) _______ contact with someone who does.
Is there such a thing as “the ideal pet”? If so, what characterizes the ideal pet? Various (67)
_______ influence one’s choice of pet, from your reasons for getting a pet to your lifestyle.
For example, although quite a few pets are relatively cheap to buy, the cost of (68) _______
can be considerable. Everything must be (69) _______ into account, from food and bedding,
to vaccinations and veterinary bills. You must be prepared to (70) _______ time on your pet,
which involves shopping for it, cleaning and feeding it. Pets can be demanding and a big
responsibility. Are you prepared to exercise and (71) _______ an animal or do you prefer a
more independent pet? How much spare room do you have? Is it right to lock an energetic
animal into a (72) _______ space? Do you live near a busy road which may threaten the life
of your pet? Pets (73) _______ as turtles and goldfish can be cheap and convenient, but if
you prefer affectionate pets, a friendly cat or dog would be more (74) _______. People get
pets for a number of reasons, for company, security or to teach responsibility to children.
Pets can be affectionate and loyal and an excellent source of company as long as you know
what pet (75) _______ you and your lifestyle.
66. A. near B. close C. narrow D. tight
67. A. facets B. elements C. factors D. points
68. A. upkeep B. maintenance C. upbringing D. raising
69. A. considering B. held C. taken D. kept
70. A. take B. waste C. occupy D. spend
71. A. household B. housetrain C. housekeep D. housework
72. A. confined B. detained C. reduced D. closed
73. A. so B. for C. much D. such
74. A. suited B. appropriate C. likely D. good
75. A. fits B. matches C. suits D. goes with
Part 2. For questions 76-85, fill each gap in the passage below with ONE appropriate
word. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (15 pts)
The word “computer” is a misleading name (76) _______________the ubiquitous
machine that sits on our desks. If we go (77) _______________ to the Victorian period, or
even the World War II era, the word (78) _______________ an occupation, defined in the
Oxford English Dictionary as "one who computes; a calculator, reckoner; specifically a
person employed to make calculations in an observatory, in surveying, etc."
In (79) _______________, although modern computer can work with numbers, (80)
_______________ main use is for storing and manipulating information, (81)
_______________ is, for doing the kinds of jobs performed by a clerk--defined in the
Oxford English Dictionary (82) _______________ "one employed in a subordinate position
in a public or (83) _______________ office, shop, warehouse, etc., to make written entries,
(84) _______________ accounts, make fair copies of documents, do the mechanical work of
correspondence and similar 'clerkly' work." The electronic computer (85) _______________
be said to combine the roles of the human computer and the human clerk.
Your answers:
76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
81. 82. 83. 84. 85.
Part 3. For questions 86-95, read the following passage and choose the best answer to
each question. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
(15pts)
1. No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing
word sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to
communicate tiny variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state
whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word
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tricks to convey subtle differences in meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the
English language. All languages, even those of so-called 'primitive' tribes have clever
grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can distinguish
between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English,
all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and
plays a part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has
baffled many linguists is - who created grammar?
2. At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how
grammar is created, someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation,
documenting its emergence. Many historical linguists are able to trace modern complex
languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex
languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started
from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
3. Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time,
slaves from a number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's
rule. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-
shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the
landowner. They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a
listener to deduce when an event happened, and who did what to whom. [A] Speakers need
to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning understood. [B] Interestingly, however,
all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be
exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. [C] Slave children did not
simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a
new, expressive language. [D] It included standardized word orders and grammatical
markers that existed in neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.
Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and they are
invented by children.
4. Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign
languages are not simply a series of gestures; they utilize the same grammatical machinery
that is found in spoken languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used
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worldwide. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua.
Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in 1979 a new government
introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading in the
classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures
that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs differently, and
there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when this
inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language.
Although it was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was
more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of grammatical devices to clarify
meaning. What is more, all the children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was
born.
5. Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at
first. The English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may
once have been 'It end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread
languages were partly created by children. Children appear to have innate grammatical
machinery in their brains, which springs to life when they are first trying to make sense of
the world around them. Their minds can serve to create logical, complex structures, even
when there is no grammar present for them to copy.
86. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include information about the Cherokee language?
A. To show how simple, traditional cultures can have complicated grammar structures
B. To show how English grammar differs from Cherokee grammar
C. To prove that complex grammar structures were invented by the Cherokees.
D. To demonstrate how difficult it is to learn the Cherokee language
87. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin language?
A. It contained complex grammar.
B. It was based on many different languages.
C. It was difficult to understand, even among slaves.
D. It was created by the land-owners.
88. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan sign language are true EXCEPT:
A. The language has been created since 1979.
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B. The language is based on speech and lip reading.
C. The language incorporates signs which children used at home.
D. The language was perfected by younger children.
89. In paragraph 3, where can the following sentence be placed?
It included standardized word orders and grammatical markers that existed in
neither the pidgin language, nor the language of the colonizers.
A. A B. B C. C D. D
90. 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:
A. from the very beginning B. in simple cultures
C. by copying something else D. by using written information
91. 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:
A. complicated and expressive B. simple and temporary
C. extensive and diverse D. private and personal
92. Which sentence is closest in meaning to the bold sentence?
Grammar is universal and plays a part in every language, no matter how
widespread it is.
A. All languages, whether they are spoken by a few people or a lot of people, contain
grammar.
B. Some languages include a lot of grammar, whereas other languages contain a little.
C. Languages which contain a lot of grammar are more common that languages that
contain a little.
D. The grammar of all languages is the same, no matter where the languages evolved.
93. All of the following are features of the new Nicaraguan sign language EXCEPT:
A. All children used the same gestures to show meaning.
B. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language.
C. The hand movements were smoother and smaller.
D. New gestures were created for everyday objects and activities.
94. Which idea is presented in the final paragraph?
A. English was probably once a creole.
B. The English past tense system is inaccurate.
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C. Linguists have proven that English was created by children.
D. Children say English past tenses differently from adults.
95. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which
of the following?
A. natural B. predictable C. imaginable D. uniform
Your answer
86. 87. 88. 89. 90.
91. 92. 93. 94. 95.
Part 4. For questions 96-105, read the text and do the tasks followed. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided. (15 pts)
Section 1.
The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous
interest for people in the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the
Egyptian kings have become linked with the country even though other cultures, such as the
Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids. The evolution of the pyramid form has been written
and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as Egypt is
concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the
Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
Section 2.
Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior
to Djoser’s reign, tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which
covered underground passages where the deceased person was buried. For reasons which
remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose name was Imhotep, conceived of building a
taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another,
progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid.
Djoser is thought to have reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a
much longer time for his rule, owing to the number and size of the monuments he built.
Section 3.
List of Headings
i The areas and artefacts within the pyramid itself
ii A difficult task for those involved
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iii A king who saved his people
iv A single certainty among other less definite facts
v An overview of the external buildings and areas
vi A pyramid design that others copied
vii An idea for changing the design of burial structures
viii An incredible experience despite the few remains
ix The answers to some unexpected questions
Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each
answer.
Your answer
96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
101. 102. 103. 104. 105.
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