MY]ZEQJLQZYM AJ KELYFLFNQYF@MAFYJ\
KELYFLFNQYF@MAFYJ\
 
Enstrullefnjs aj` Kelrflfntrf`mafr

Mrquetjlturm entjrnm aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr

  Jstrulturm entjrnm aj un kelrflfntrf`mafr

Yjvesmr `m jstrulturm aj `ms aevjrsms kmrlms y kfaj`fs aj kelrflfntrf`mafrjs sjrëm unm
`mifr quj sm`arëm aj `ms kjtms aj åstj lursf, pfr `f quj, m kmnjrm aj jdjkp`f, nfs
lfnljntrmrjkfs jn unm kmrlm, Kelrflgep, y jn su kfaj`f REL=8H71M.

J` nfkirj vjramajrf aj jstj kelrflfntrf`mafr js RELkelrf (Rjrepgjrm` Entjrhmlj

Lfntrf``jr), lfnfleaf imdf j` nfkirj REL. \u prekjr mntjljsfr huj lrjmaf jn =53: pfr `m
lfkpmýëm Cjnjrm` Enstrukjnts. Jstj lgep ajnfkenmaf REL=8:2 huj aesjýmaf pmrm
 prfpüsetfs lfkp`jtmkjntj aehjrjntjs. Aejz mýfs kís tmraj, m` mýmaer unm kjkfrem
JJRYFK, jstj lerluetf sj lfnverteü jn un vjramajrf kelrflfntrf`mafr REL.

Qfafs `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs REL ute`ezmn unm mrquetjlturm Gmrvmra, `f quj quejrj ajler
quj su kjkfrem aj
kelrflfntrf`mafrjs aj prfcrmkm
=9, =1 y =8jstí
iets, lfnjltmam m aj
ajpjnaejnaf `m `mLRZ pfr aj`
mnlgurm kísius.
aj 7 `ënjms. Gmy

Qmi`m 9.=. Cmkms aj kelrflfntrf`mafrjs RELkelrf.

Jntrj sus vjntmdms4

Jhelejnlem aj` lüaecf, pjrketjn unm crmn lfkpmltmleün aj `fs prfcrmkms.
 

Ympeajz
Ympe ajz aajj jd jdjlu
jlule
leün
ün,, m hrjlu
hrjlujn
jnlem
lem aj 992K 2KGz
Gz->
->:: ke``
ke``fnj
fnjss aj
enstrullefnjs/sjcunaf.
\jcureama jn mlljsf pfr `m sjpmrmleün aj kjkfrem aj amtfs y aj prfcrmkm.
Dujcf rjauleaf aj enstrullefnjs y aj híle` mprjnaezmdj.
Lfkpmteie`eama aj penjs y lüaecf jntrj aespfsetevfs aj `m keskm hmke`em f sen
rjaulleün aj `ms prjstmlefnjs entjrnms (kuy vjrsíte`js).
Crmn vmrejama aj vjrsefnjs jn aestentfs jnlmpsu`mafs (ajsaj 7 gmstm 71 penjs) sen
rjaulleün aj `ms prjstmlefnjs entjrnms (kuy vjrsíte`js).
Rfseie`eama aj prftjlleün aj` lüaecf kuy hemi`j.
Gjrrmkejntms aj ajsmrrf``f sfhtwmrj y gmrawmrj miunamntjs y aj imdf lfstj.

Gmstm gmlj m`cunfs mýfs j` REL=8H71M jrm kís hrjlujntjkjntj ute`ezmaf jn j` mprjnaezmdj
aj jstfs aespfsetevfs, gfy aëm js lfnseajrmaf fisf`jtf, munquj môn jxestj unm mkp`em
aflukjntmleün rjspjltf m mp`elmlefnjs aj` keskf.

Hecurm 9.=. Kelrflfntrf`mafr REL=8H71M

Yjhereånafnfs
Yjhereånafnfs m å` sus prenlepm`js lmrmlt
lmrmltjrëste
jrëstelms
lms sfn4

Kjkfrem h`msg aj` prfcrmkm4 = oI.

Kjkfrem aj amtfs YMK4 87 iytjs.
Kjkfrem aj amtfs JJRYFK4 81 iytjs.
Re`m (\QMLO)4 7 nevj`js.
Entjrruplefnjs4 1 tepfs aehjrjntjs (pmtm jxtjrnm YI2/ENQ, jxljsf aj` tjkpfrezmafr 
QKY2, entjrrupleün m` lmkief RFYQI0341> y m` lfkp`jtmr `m jslreturm aj`
JJRYFK aj amtfs).
Dujcf aj enstrullefnjs4 <:.
Hrjlujnlem aj trmimdf4 92 KGz kíxekm.
Qjkpfrezmafrjs4 sü`f unf, j` QKY2 aj 7 iets lfn prjjslm`jr (aevesfr aj hrjlujnlem)
 prfcrmkmi`j aj 7 iets. Qmkieån tejnj pjrrf cumraeín ((SAQ).
SAQ).
 

@ënjms aj J/\ aecet

@ënjms aecetm`js4
m`js4 =<
=< (: Rujrtf
Rujrtf M y 7 Rujrtf I) lfn lfntrf` enaeveaum`enaeveaum` aj
aerjlleün.
Xf`tmd
Xf` tmdjj aj m`e
m`ekjn
kjntmle
tmleün4
ün4 9 m 8 X AL.
Yjcestrfs aj gmrawmrj aj hunlefnjs jspjlem`js4 =:.
Jxtjnseün aj enstrullefnjs4=1 iets.
Jxtjnseün aj amtfs4 7 iets.
Kfafs aj mlljsf4 aerjltf, enaerjltf y rj`mtevf.
Lel`f aj enstrulleün4 9 pmrm sm`tfs y = pmrm j` rjstf.
Kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm aj =222 lel`fs aj jslreturm/ifrrmaf aj h`msg rjhfrzmaf.
Kjkfrem aj amtfs JJRYFK aj =2,222,222 aj lel`fs aj ifrrmaf/jslreturm tëpelm.
Yjtjnleün aj amtfs aj JJRYFK aj >12 mýfs.
Rrfcrmkmleün
Rrfcrmk mleün jn ssjrej
jrej ajnt
ajntrf
rf aj` le
lerluet
rluetff (EL\R ; En Lerluet
Lerluet \jre
\jrem`
m` Rrfcrmkkenc
Rrfcrmkkenc))
kjaemntj afs penjs.
Rfwjr-Fn
Rfwjr- Fn Yjsjt (RF (RFY),
Y), Rfwj
Rfwjr-up
r-up Qek
Qekjrjr (RSYQ), Fsl Fsle``mt
e``mtfr
fr \tmrt-up
\tmrt-up Qekjr 
(F\Q).
SmtlgAfc Qekjr (SAQ) lfn su prfpef fsle`mafr rl enlfrpfrmaf jn j` lgep pmrm un
hunlefnmkejntf lfnhemi`j.
Rrftjlleün aj lüaecfs.
Kfaff \@J
Kfa \@JJRJR pmrm jlf
jlfnfke
nfkezmr
zmr lfnsukf.
lfnsukf.
Fplefnjs sj`jllefnmi`js aj fsle`mafr.
Qjlnf`fcëm
Qjlnf `fcëm LKF\ lfn h`msg rjhfrzma
rjhfrzmaff y JJRYFK.
Qjlnf`fcëm aj imdm pftjnlem y m`tm vj`fleama.
Aesjýf jstítelf lfkp`jtf.
Ymncf
Ymn cf mkp
mkp`ef
`ef aj tjnsef
tjnsefnjs
njs aj hunlef
hunlefnmk
nmkejn
ejntf
tf lfkj
lfkjrle
rlem`
m` j enaustre
enaustrem`4
m`4 9.2
9.2 Xf`ts m
:.: Xf`ts.
Lfnsukf kuy imdf4
f KjnKjnfrfr m 9 kM ttëpe
ëpelf
lf aj llfrre
frrejnt
jntjj m : Xf`
Xf`ts,
ts, 1 KGz.
KGz.
f Kj Kjnfnfrr m 2,: M tëtëpe
pelf
lf aj
aj lfrr
lfrrej
ejnt
ntjj jn rj
rjpf
pfsf
sf m 9 Xf`ts
Xf`ts..

Jn `m hecurmquj
j`jkjntfs 9.9m`kfstrmkfs
kfkjntf`majmrquetjlturm iíselm aj`
`m prfcrmkmleün =8H71M,
rjsu`tmrín jn j` jn
vetm`js qujj`vjrjkfs aevjrsfs
hunlefnmkejntf
lfrrjltf aj nujstrms mp`elmlefnjs.

Ftrf kelrflfntrf`mafr kuy ôte` jn j` mprjnaezmdj, pjrf lfn kís rjlursfs y prjstmlefnjs js
j` REL=8H733M, quj jn cjnjrm` js unm kjdfrm aj` 71M, lfntmnaf lfn lenlf pujrtfs aj
jntrmam y sm`eam fptekezmams pmrm lfkunelmleün sjrem`, lfnvjrsefnjs mnm`ücelm-aecetm` jntrj
ftrms prjstmlefnjs. J` hmirelmntj jn hjlgms rjlejntjs enhfrkm quj jstj aespfsetevf sjrí
ajslfntenumaf prfpfnejnaf j` usf aj` REL=8773.
 

Hecurm 9.9. Mrquetjlturm aj` REL=8H71M.

9.9.
9.9. Qepfs
Qepfs y aest
aestre
reiul
iuleü
eün
n aj `m
`mss kjkf
kjkfrem
remss entj
entjrnm
rnmss
Jn un kelrflfntrf`mafr REL aj cmkm kjaem lfkf j` REL=8H71M pfajkfs aestencuer trjs
 i`fqujs aj kjkfrem4

Kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm . Rfsjj 7=59 pfselefnjs pmrm enstrullefnjs aj =1 iets aj

`fncetua y jstí frcmnezmam jn pícenms aj 9,217 pfselefnjs, sen jkimrcf, jn j`
=8H71M
nf vf`íte`sü`f
y jssjjngmn ekp`jkjntmaf
afnaj `ms`msprekjrms
sj m`kmljnmn =222 . quj
enstrullefnjs Js kjkfrem
kjkfrem aj`mtepf
cfiejrnmn tepf H@M\G
mp`elmleün.
Kjkfrem aj amtfs YMK. Js unm kjkfrem vf`íte` quj cumram vmremi`js y amtfs. @fs
rjcestrfs quj kmnjdm sfn aj 7 iets.
Kjkfrem aj amtfs JJRYFK. Js unm kjkfrem aj amtfs aj `jlturm y jslreturm nf
vf`íte`
vf`íte` quj pjrpjrketj
ketj ccmrmnte
mrmntezmr
zmr quj ajtjrke
ajtjrkenmam
nmam enhfrkmle
enhfrkmleün
ün jstmrí
jstmrí sejkprj
sejkprj
aespfnei`j m` rjenelem`ezmrsj j` prfcrmkm. \j cjstefnm aj kmnjrm aestentm m `m
kjkfremm aj amtfs YMK.
kjkfre
 

Hecurm 9.<. Aemcrmkm m i`fqujs aj` REL=8H71M kfstrmnaf `ms kjkfrems.

9.
9.9.
9.=.
=. Kjk
Kjkfr
frem
em aj
aj prfcr
prfcrmk
mkm
m
J` kelrflfntrf`mafr jstí aesjýmaf pmrm quj jn su kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm sj m`kmljnjn tfams
`ms enstrullefnjs aj` prfcrmkm aj lfntrf`. Lfkf åstj sejkprj js j` keskf, ajij jstmr
crmimaf aj hfrkm
jstms hunlefnjs, ajpjrkmnjntj.
`ms lum`js sj Jxestjn
letmn `msm`cunfs tepfs aj kjkfrem majlumafs pmrm sfpfrtmr
secuejntjs4

YFK lfn kíslmrm,

kíslmrm, sj crmim kjaemn
kjaemntj tj j` usf aj kíslmrm
kíslmrms.
s. \ü`f js rjlfk
rjlfkjnami`j
jnami`j
 pmrm sjrejs kuy crmnajs ajieaf m su j`jvmaf lfstj.
JRYFK4 sj crmim j`åltrelmkjntj lfn un prfcrmkmafr lfntrf`mafr pfr un RL.
Aespfnjn aj unm vjntmnm jn `m pmrtj supjrefr pmrm sfkjtjr`m m `uz u`trmvef`jtm, `f
quj pjrketj su ifrrmaf. Rujaj usmrsj jn hmsj aj aesjýf, munquj su lfstj unetmref js
j`jvmaf.
FQR4 su prfljsf
prfljsf aj crmimleün js seke`mr m` mntjrefr,
mntjrefr, pjrf åstms nf pujajn ifrrmrsj.
ifrrmrsj.
\us imdfs lfstjs
lfstjs `ms gmljn eaünjm
eaünjmss pmrm prfaultfs henm
henm`js.
`js.
 

JJRYFK4 tmkieån sj crmim j`åltrelmkjntj, pjrf su ifrrmaf js kulgfkulgf kís sjnle``f,

ym quj tmkieån js j`åltrelf. Nf sj pujajn lfnsjcuer crmnajs lmpmleamajs y su
tejkpf aj aj jslreturm y su lfnsukf js j`jvmaf.
H@M\G4 sj trmtm aj unm kjkfrem nf vf`íte`, aj imdf lfnsukf, quj sj pujaj jslreier 
y ifrrmr jn lerluetf m` ecum` quj `ms JJRYFK, pjrf quj suj`jn aespfnjr aj kmyfr 
lmpmleama
lmpmleama quj jst jstms
ms ô`tek
ô`tekms.
ms. \fn rjlfkjnami
rjlfkjnami`js
`js mp`elmle
mp`elmlefnjs
fnjs jn `ms qujquj js
njljsmref kfaehelmr j` prfcrmkm m `f `mrcf aj `m veam aj` prfaultf. Rfr sus kjdfrjs
 prjstmlefnjs, jstí sustetuyjnaf m `m kjkfrem JJRYFK pmrmpm rm lfntjnjr enstrullefnjs.

Lfn mntjrefreama
mntjrefreama Kelrflg
Kelrflgep
ep lfkjrl
lfkjrlem`ezm
em`ezmim
im afs kelrflfntrf`
kelrflfntrf`mafrjs
mafrjs prílt
príltelmkjnt
elmkjntjj ecum`js
quj sü`f sj aehjrjnlemn jn quj `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm aj unf aj j``fs js tepf JJRYFK y
`m aj` ftrf tepf
tepf H`msg, gmi`mkfs trmtm aj` REL=8L71 y j` REL=8H71, rjspjltevmkjntj.

@m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm m`kmljnm tfams `ms

enstrullefnjs aj `m mp`elmleün jn jdjluleün, `m lum`
jstmrí crmimam aj hfrkm pjrkmnjntj. @m
enhfrkmleün lfntjneam jn jstm kjkfrem sj crmim

 prjvemkjntj kjaemntj
 prfcrmkmafr f crmimafru n(hecurm
un jquepf9.1).
hëself
9.1) ajnf
ajnfkenmaf
. Jstm kenmaf
kjkfrem
js ajnfkenmam YFK H`msg y maketj unms =222
crmimlefnjs aurmntj `m veam ôte` aj` lerluetf
entjcrmaf.
Qfams `ms enstrullefnjs flupmn unm pfseleün aj
kjkfremm (hecurm 9.:).
kjkfre Hecurm 9.1. Crmimafr aj REL O=:2.

Jxestjn afs pfselefnjs aj kjkfrem quj sfn aj pmrtelu`mr ekpfrtmnlem4 `m aerjlleün 2 quj js
`m pfseleün
pfseleün aj rjen
rjenelef
elef aj
aj`` kelrflfntr
kelrflfntrf`mafr
f`mafr (YJ\JQ) y m `m`m pfseleün
pfseleün 1 quj js unm pf
pfseleü
seleünn
aj rjaerjlleün
rjaerjlleün m `m quj sj mpunt
mpuntmm trms unm entjrrupleün
entjrrupleün aj prfcrmk
prfcrmkmm lum`quejrm.
lum`quejrm.

Hecurm 9.:. Kmpm aj `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm.

 

M `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm
prfcrmkm aj `fs REL=8 sj mlljaj kjaekjaemntj
mntj un rjcestrf
rjcestrf aj =< iets quj
mltôm lfkf
lfkf puntjrf aj `m enstrulleün
enstrulleün quj sj aj
ajij
ij jdjlu
jdjlutmr
tmr jn j` secuejntj
secuejntj lel`f
lel`f aj
enstrulleün. Jstj rjcestrf aj =< iets sj ajnfkenm Lfntmafr aj Rrfcrmkm (Rrfcrmk Lfuntjr)
y su mlrünekf
mlrünekf js RL (vjr hecu
hecurm
rm 9.:).

Lfn jstj lfntmafr aj prfcrmkm aj =< iets sj pujajn aerjllefnmr 7O pfselefnjs aj kjkfrem.
Ajieaf m quj `m lfaehelmleü
lfaehelmleünn aj `ms enstrul
enstrullefnjs
lefnjs js aj =1 iets y pmrm mprfvjlgmr
mprfvjlgmr `ms
vjntmdms
vjntmdms aj `m mrquetjlt
mrquetjlturm
urm Gmrvmra
Gmrvmra,, lmam unm aj jsms 7O pfsele
pfselefnjs
fnjs lfrrjsp
lfrrjspfnaj
fnaj m unm
enstrulleün
enstrulleün y pfr tmntf
tmntf,, j` lfntmafr aj prfcrm
prfcrmkm
km js lmpmz aj aerjllefnmr
aerjllefnmr 7O x =1 pfselefnjs
pfselefnjs
f 7222 enstrul
enstrullefnjs
lefnjs.. Lfkf llmammam eenstrulle
nstrulleün
ün flup
flupmm unm pfseleün
pfseleün aj kjkfrem
kjkfrem rjsu`tm
rjsu`tm
kulgf kís híle` smijr se un aespfsetev
aespfsetevff tejnj kjkfrem
kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm suhelejn
suhelejntj
tj pmrm unm
mp`elmleün.

@fs 7O aj kjkkjkfrem
frem aj prfcrmk
prfcrmkmm aespfn
aespfnei`j
ei`j jjstín
stín
aeveae
aeveaeafs
afs jn 1 píc
pícenms
enms aj 9O lmam
lmam unm (2g 3HHg,
3HHg,
722g-HHHg, =222g-=3HHg y =722g-=HHHg). Jstf js
ajieaf m quj `ms ens
enstrulle
trullefnjs
fnjs aj sm`
sm`tf
tf y ``
``mkmam
mkmam m
suiprfcrmkm
suiprfcr mkm pjrk
pjrketjn
etjn lmr
lmrcmr
cmr sü`f
sü`f == iets jn j` RL
==
(ajsp`mzmkejntf jn 9 ; 9O), tm` lfkf sj kujstrm jn
`m hecurm
hecurm 9.8. \e sj js jstín
tín jd
jdjlutmnaf
jlutmnaf enstrull
enstrullefnjs
efnjs
sjlujnlem`kjn
sjlujnl em`kjntj,
tj, j` lfn
lfntmafr
tmafr aj prf
prfcrmkm
crmkm pmsmrí aj
unm pícenm
pícenm m ftrm ssen
en njljseam
njljseamaa aj entjrv
entjrvjnleün
jnleün pfpfrr
 pmrtj aj` usumref f prfcrmkmafr.

Rmrm sm`tmr
sm`tmr jntrj pícen
pícenms
ms aj `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm
`fs 9 iets kís
kís m`tfs ajaj`` RL ajijn kfa
kfaehelmr
ehelmrsj.
sj. Jstf
sj rjm`e
rjm`ezm
zm jsl
jslrei
reiejn
ejnaf
af jn j` j` rjcest
rjcestrf
rf RL@MQG
RL@MQG
(rjcestrf setumaf jn `m kjkfrem aj amtfs).

@m enstrulleün
lmrcm LM@@aj`y `ms
aj` lfntjneaf RL entjrruplefnjs frecenmn
jn j` nevj` supjrefr `m
aj `m
 pe`m y lfn `ms enstrullefnjs YJQZYN, YJQ@S y
YJQHEJ sj smlm j` lfntjneaf aj` nevj` supjrefr aj `m
keskm. Hecurm 9.8. Rmcenmaf aj kjkfrem
aj prfcrmkm.

9.9.
9.9.9.
9. Kjk
Kjkfr
frem
em aj Am
Amtf
tfss
@fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs REL hunlefnmn lfn amtfs aj 7 iets pfr `f quj `ms pfselefnjs aj `m
kjkfrem aj amtfs tejnjn jsm `fncetua. @m kjkfrem aj amtfs sj frcmnezm jn "imnlfs",
 puaejnaf jxester gmstm lumtrf jn `fs kfaj`fs aj kmyfr lmpmleama (hecurm 9.
9.3).
3).
 

J` imnlf 2 tejnj un tmkmýf aj <9 iytjs,

kejntrms quj tfafs `fs ajkís sü`f aespfnjn aj
=8. J` imnlf 2 flu
flupm
pm `ms <9 prek
prekjrms
jrms pfselefnjs
pfselefnjs
aj `m kjkfrem y `f pfsjjn tfafs `fs kfaj`fs aj
REL=8WWW. @ms =8 pfselefnjs aj kjnfs pjsf
aj `fs imnlfs =, 9 y < nf sfn mlljsei`js y
lumnaf sj aerjllefnm ajsaj j` vm`fr 22g m` 2Hg,
sejkprj sj mluaj m` imnlf 2. Lumnaf `m
aerjlleün jstí lfkprjnaeam jntrj `m =2g y `m
=Hg, gmy quj sj`jllefnmr m luí` aj `fs lumtrf
 pfsei`js imnlfs lfrrjspfnaj lfn `fs iets 8 y :
aj` rjcestrf H\Y.

@m kjkfrem aj amtfs hunlefnm aj hfrkm seke`mr

m` "imnlf aj rjcestrfs" aj un prfljsmafr pfr `f
lum` sus pfselefnjs ekp`jkjntmn rjcestrfs aj
 prfpüsetf jspjlem` y aj prfpüsetf cjnjrm`. @ms
flgf prekjrms pfselefnjs aj` imnlf 2 sfpfrtmn
rjcestrfs jspjlëhelfs.

Jn un REL=8H71M tjnjkfs afs zfnms aj

kjkfrem aj amtfs4

YMK jstítelm f \YMK, afnaj rjseajn

`fs Yjcestrfs Jspjlëhelfs (\HY) lfn 91
 pfselefnjs aj tmkmýf iytj, munquj afs
aj j``ms nf sfn fpjrmtevms y `fs Yjcestrfs
aj Rrfpüsetf Cjnjrm` (CRY) lfn 87. @m
YMK aj` REL=8H71M sj gm``m aeveaeam
jn afs imnlfs (imnlf 2 y imnlf =) aj
=9J7RiYyFtjK
J s ,lmamaajjunf. 81 iiyytjs afnaj, Hecurm 9.3. Kmpm aj kjkfrem aj amtfs.
fplefnm`kjntj, sj pujajn m`kmljnmr 
amtfs quj nf sj pejrajn m` ajslfnjltmr `m
m`ekjntmleün.

Jn j` =8H71M sj tfkmn 5 iets pmrm sj`jllefnmr

unm `flm`eam
`flm`eamaa jn `m k
kjkfrem
jkfrem aj amt
amtfs
fs (hecurm
9.7).

Hecurm 9.7. Aerjllefnmkejntf aj

kjkfrem.
 

Jxestjn 9 kfafs aj aerjllefnmkejntf pmrm mlljajr m lum`quejrm aj `ms pfselefnjs aj `m

kjkfrem aj amtfs4
Aerjllefnmkejntf aerjltf4 @m pfseleün aj kjkfrem lfn `m quj sj trmimdm vejnj
aerjltmkjntj ajheneam jn j` lüaecf aj `m enstrulleün.
Aerjllefnmkejntf enaerjltf4 @m pfseleün aj kjkfrem lfn `m quj sj trmimdm vejnj
ajheneam pfr j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf H\Y (Rfseleün 21g, 71g, =21g f =71g), js
ajler, j` rjcestrf H\Y mltôm lfkf puntjrf aj `m pfseleün aj kjkfrem lfn `m quj sj
 prjtjnaj fpjrmr.

Hecurm 9.5. Aerjllefnmkejntf aerjltf j enaerjltf jn un REL.

Qmntf pmrm j` aerjllefnmkejntf aerjltf lfkf j` enaerjltf ``mm aerjlleün lfkp`jtm (5 iets) nf
sj pujaj fitjnjr aj` lüaecf aj `m fpjrmleün (3 iets) f aj` rjcestrf H\Y (7 iets), pfr `f quj4
Rmrm aerjllefnmkejntf aerjltf, `m aerjlleün m fpjrmr sj fitejnj lfkp`jtmnaf `m
aerjlleün enl`ueam jn j` lüaecf aj `m enstrulleün lfn `fs iets YR=4YR2 aj` rjcestrf
\QMQZ\.
Rmrm aerjllefnmkejntf enaerjltf, `m aerjlleün sj fitejnj lfkp`jtmnaf j` lfntjneaf
aj` rjcestrf H\Y lfn j` iet EYR aj` rjcestrf \QMQZ\.
Qmi`m 9. Kfafs aj aerjllefnmkejntf.
Imnl
Imnlff mllj
mlljae
aeaf
af Ae
Aerj
rjlt
ltff (YR=4
(YR=4YR
YR2)
2) Enae
Enaerj
rjlt
ltff (E
(EYR
YR))
2 2 2
2
= 2 =
9 = 2
=
< = =
 

9.9.
9.9.<.
<. Yj
Yjce
cestr
strfs
fs jspjlem
jspjlem`j
`jss
@fs rjcestrfs aj prfpüsetf cjnjrm` sfn `ms írjms aj `m YMK afnaj j` usumref pujaj m`fdmr
amtfs aj kmnjrm tjkpfrm` kjaemntj `m lrjmleün aj vmremi`js. @fs rjcestrfs jspjlem`js jn
lmkief servjn pmrm jvm`umr y lfntrf`mr j` hunlefnmkejntf aj` aespfsetevf, pfr `f quj
kjrjljn jspjlem`
jspjlem` mt
mtjnleün.
jnleün. Jstfs rjce
rjcestrfs
strfs jstín rjpmrte
rjpmrteafs
afs jn afs imnlfs, j` 2 y j` =, y
setumafs jn `ms =9 prekjrms pfselefnjs f rjcestrfs aj lmam unf (22g-2Ig, y 72g-7Ig). @m
hecurm 9.=2 kujstrm `fs rjcestrfs jspjlem`js aj` =8H71M l`msehelmafs pfr imnlf.

Hecurm 9.=2. Yjcestrfs jspjlem`js jn `m kjkfrem aj amtfs aj` =8H71M.

Yjvesmkfs mgfrm `m ajslrepleün aj `fs rjcestrfs jspjlem`js kís lfkônkjntj usmafs.

Yjcestrf ENAH (22g y 72g). J` rjcestrf ENAH (Enaerjlt He`j) quj flupm `m pfseleün
22 nf tejnj jxestjnlem hëselm, pfr `f quj nf sj pfarí mlljajr m å`. Jn rjm`eama, jstj
rjcestrf servj ônelmkjntj pmrm jspjlehelmr `m ute`ezmleün aj` aerjllefnmkejntf
enaerjltf duntf lfn j` rjcestrf H\Y.
Yjcestrf QKY2 (2=g). J` rjcestrf QKY2 (Qekjr 2) m`kmljnm j` vm`fr aj` lfntmafr 
QKY2, quj lfkf ym smijkfs, jstí hunlefnmnaf lfntenumkjntj j enlrjkjntmnaf j`
 

vm`fr quj tejnj m`kmljnmaf. @ms fplefnjs quj lfntrf`mn jstj lfntmafr rjseajn jn j`
rjcestrf FRQEFN. J` rjcestrf QKY2 sj enlrjkjntm jn unm uneama lfn lmam ekpu`sf
aj rj`fd sj`jllefnmaf kjaemntj j` rjcestrf FRQEFN. Lmam vjz quj ``jcm m` vm`fr HH,
vuj`vj m 22 cjnjrmnaf unm entjrrupleün, se sj gm mutfrezmaf, y lfntenôm su lel`f
enajheneamkjntj. J` rjcestrf QKY2 sj pujaj `jjr f jslreier aerjltmkjntj lfn
lum`quejr enstrulleün, lfn j` hen aj lfnfljr su pfseleün mltum`, f pmrm enelem`ezmr`f
jn un jstmaf ajtjrkenmaf. Js ekpfrtmntj smijr quj ajspuås aj lum`quejr jslreturm
jn jstj rjcestrf, js njljsmref un rjtmraf aj afs lel`fs aj enstrulleün pmrm quj sj
rjtfkj `m en enlrjkjn
lrjkjntmle
tmleün,
ün, enajpjnaejnt
enajpjnaejntjkjntj
jkjntj aj ``mm hujntj
hujntj aj rj`fd usmam. @ms
enstrullefnjs lfnljrneams sfn KFXH QKY2 f L@YH QKY2. J` rj`fd entjrnf ajdm
aj hunlefnmr jn j` kfaf \@JJR, pfr `f quj nf sj pujaj lfntmr lfn sus
entjrruplefnjs jn jstj kfaf ne pfr lfnsecuejntj, quj sm`cm aj jstj kfaf aj
hunlefnmkejntf pfr kjaef aj aelgm entjrrupleün. Fisårvjsj quj tfams `ms
enstrullefnjs quj jslreijn jn j` QKY2 pfnjn m ljrf m` prjslm`jr (aevesfr), lumnaf
åstj jstí msecnmaf m` tjkpfrezmafr.
Lfntmafr aj prfcrmkm RL (29g y 79g). Jstj rjcestrf, nfrkm`kjntj ajnfkenmaf
RL (Rrfcrmk Lfuntjr), js jquevm`jntj m` aj tfafs `fs kelrfprfljsmafrjs y lfntejnj
`m aerjlleün aj `m prüxekm enstrulleün m jdjlutmr. \j enlrjkjntm mutfkítelmkjntj m`
jdjlutmr lmam enstrulleün, aj kmnjrm quj `m sjlujnlem nmturm` aj jdjluleün aj`
 prfcrmkm js `enjm`, unm enstrulleün ajspuås aj `m ftrm. M`cunms enstrullefnjs (quj
``mkmrjkfs aj lfntrf`) lmkiemn j` lfnt
lfntjneaf
jneaf aj` RL m`tjrmnaf `m sjlujnlem `enjm` aj
jdjlul
jdjluleün
eün.. Ftrm
Ftrmss ens
enstrul
trullef
lefnjs
njs aj lfnt
lfntrf`
rf` lfkf `fs sm`tfs
sm`tfs lfnae
lfnaelef
lefnm`
nm`js,
js, qu
qujj
 prfauljn un enlrjkjntf maelefnm` aj` RL se sj lukp`j unm lfnaeleün jspjlëhelm,
gmlejnaf
gmlej naf quj j` prfcrmkm sm`tj, sen jdjjdjlutmr,
lutmr, `m enstrulle
enstrulleün
ün secuejnt
secuejntj.
j. J` RL jstí
ekp`jkjntmaf pfr afs rjcestrfs, RL@MQG (: iets) y RL@ (7 iets)
f @fs 7 iets aj kjnfr pjsf aj` RL `fs prfpfrlefnm j` rjcestrf RL@ (29g) y m
aehjrjnlem
aehjrj nlem aj ``mm kmyfrëm
kmyfrëm aj `f`fss kelrf
kelrfprfljsmaf
prfljsmafrjs
rjs lfnvjnlef
lfnvjnlefnm`js,
nm`js, js
tmkieån un rjcestrf mlljsei`j m` prfcrmkmafr lfkf rjcestrf aj kjkfrem
entjrnm aj amtfs. Js ajler quj lum`quejr enstrulleün lfkôn quj fpjrj sfirj
rjcestrfs pujaj sjr ute`ezmam pmrm m`tjrmr j` RL@ y ajsvemr `m jdjluleün aj`

f  prfcrmkm.
@fs : iets aj kmyfr pjsf aj` RL quj nf pujajn `jjrsj ne jslreiersj
aerjltmkjntj prfljajn aj` rjcestrf RL@MQG jn `m aerjlleün 2Mg y 7Mg.
Jn `m enstrulleün aj sm`tf rj`mtevf, j` rjsu`tmaf aj `ms keskms sü`f mhjltm m `fs 7 iets
aj kjnfr pjsf. @fs : iets aj kmyfr pjsf sj sukenestrmn ajsaj RL@MQG (hecurm
9.== (m)). Jn `ms enstrullefnjs CFQF y LM@@ sj jhjltôm `m keskm fpjrmleün
tjnejnaf prjsjntj quj j` RL sj lfaehelm kjaemntj == iets y sj sukenestrmn jn `m
 prfpem enstrulleün, ajsaj j` lüaecf FR. @fs afs ietsi ets aj kís pjsf aj` RL aj lm
lmrcmn
rcmn
lfn `fs iets 1 y < aj` rjcestrf RL@MQG (hecurm 9.== (i)).
Amaf quj `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm sj frcmnezm jn pícenms aj 9 O, `m pfseleün aj `m
kjkfrem `m enaelmn `fs == iets aj kjnfr pjsf aj` RL y `fs 9 iets aj kmyfr pjsf
 

enaelmn `m pícenm. J` rjsjt pfnj m 2 tfafs `fs iets aj RL@ y RL@MQG gmlejnaf quj
j` rjenelef lfkejnlj jn `m aerjlleün 2222g.

(m) (i)
Hecurm 9.==. Lmrcm aj` RL4 (m) Rfr sm`tf rj`mtevf? (i) Rfr sm`tf misf`utf.

@fs flgf rjcestrfs aj pe`m nf jstín setumafs jn j` keskf jspmlef aj kjkfrem quj
`fs ajkís (hecurm 9.=9). \fn rjcestrfs aj trjlj iets lmpmljs aj lfntjnjr ëntjcrmkjntj
m` RL. \u ute`ezmleün js mutfkítelm, ym quj j` RL sj entrfaulj jn `m pe`m aurmntj `m
jdjluleün aj unm enstrulleün LM@@ f aj unm entjrrupleün, y sj jxtrmj aj `m pe`m
aurmntj `m jdjluleün aj` rjtfrnf lfrrjspfnaejntj.

Hecurm 9.=9. Rfseleün aj` \QMLO f pe`m, lërlu`f vjraj.

Lumnaf `fs amtfs lfntjneafs jn j` RL sfn m`kmljnmafs f jxtrmëafs aj `m pe`m j`

rjcestrf
lfkf unRL@MQG
iuhhjr aj nf sj vj kfaehelmaf.
kjkfrem Jstfs
lerlu`mr, `f quj rjcestrfs
secnehelm aj sepe`m
quj, sj ajijn lfnseajrmrsj
entrfaulj kís aj 7
vm`frjs aj` RL, j` nfvjnf vm`fr tfkmrí `m pfseleün aj` prekjrf, y msë suljsevmkjntj.
 Nencôn iet aj rjcestrf enaelm quj `m pe`m jstí ``jnm, pfr `f quj ajijkfs tjnjr
lueamaf aj quj nf sj ajsifraj.
Yjcestrf aj Jstmaf (2<g y 7<g). J` rjcestrf aj Jstmaf (\QMQZ\) lfntejnjn vmrefs
 iets aj jstmaf aj `m uneama ljntrm`, j` jstmaf mretkåtelf aj `m M@Z, j` jstmaf aj`
rjsjt y un pmr aj iets aj sj`jlleün aj pícenm ajnfkenmafs YR= y YR2. Flupm `m
 pfseleün 2<g aj` imnlf 2 y `m 7<g aj` imnlf =. M`cunfs aj jstfs iets `fs pfajkfs
lmkiemr kmnum`kjntj m trmvås aj` prfcrmkm. Ftrfs nf `fs mltevmkfs nfsftrfs, senf
quj `fs mltevm mutfkítelmkjntj j` REL lumnaf sj amn lejrtfs prfljsfs. Jstfs iets sj
``mkmn h`mcs (imnajrms). Rmrm gmljrnfs unm eajm príltelm unm imnajrm sj `jvmntm (sj
 

 pfnj m =) lumnaf gm pmsmaf m`cf, m` ecum` quj flurrj jn j` hôtif` lfn `fs `enejrjs. J`
rjcestrf
rjcestrf \QMQ
\QMQZ\
Z\ jstí hfrkmaf ppfr
fr 7 iets
iets (hecurm 9.=<).

Hecurm 9.=<. Frcmnezmleün aj` rjcestrf \QMQZ\.

Y/S secnehelm quj j` iet lfrrjspfnaejntj sj pujaj `jjr y jslreier, kejntrms quj Y
secnehelm quj sf`mkjntj pujaj sjr `jëaf. Qmkieån sj enaelm j` jstmaf quj sj
jstmi`jlj trms un rjsjt. Amam `m ekpfrtmnlem aj` rjcestrf, `estmkfs m lfntenumleün `ms
lmrmltjrëstelms aj lmam iet.
f Iet 3, EYR4 \j`jlleün aj` imnlf jn aerjllefnmkejntf enaerjltf . Jstj iet
 duntf lfn j` aj kís pjsf aj` rjcestrf H\Y servjn pmrm ajtjrkenmr
ajtjr kenmr j` imnlf
i mnlf aj
`m kjkfrem aj amtfs sj`jllefnmaf. Jn j` REL=8W71 m` aespfnjr aj afs
 imnlfs nf sj usm y ajij prfcrmkmrsj
prfcrmkmrs j lfkf 2.
f Iet `m
aj 8 ykjkfrem
:, YR2 ylfn
YR=aerjllefnmkejntf
4 Yjcestjr Imno \j`jlt
aerjltf.. \j`jll
\j`jlleün
Lmam eün aj pícenm
pícenm f imnlf
lfntejnj =97
 iytjs. Lfkf j` REL=8W71 sü`f tejnj afs imnlfs ônelmkjntj sj jkp`jm YR2
aj hfrkm quj lumnaf vm`j 2 sj mlljaj m` imnlf 2 y lumnaf vm`j = sj mlljaj
m` imnlf =. Ajspuås aj un rjsjt, YR2 sj pfnj mutfkítelmkjntj m 2. YR=
ajij kmntjnjrsj m 2. J` iet YR= ajijrí sjr pujstf m ljrf, ym quj se nf nfs
sm`arëmkfs aj` rmncf aj kjkfrem.

Hecurm 9.=1. Lfnhecurmleün aj iets pmrm sj`jlleün aj imnlfs.

f Iet 1 (h`mc), QF4 Qekj Fut. Qejkpf aj tårkenf

tårkenf f mlmima
mlmimaf,
f, js unm imnajrm
imnajrm
f sjým
sjým`ma
`mafr4
fr4
=. \j pfnj m = trms lfnjltmr `m m`ekjntmleün f m` jdjlut
jdjlutmr
mr L@YSAQ f
\@JJR.
2. \j pfnj m 2 pfr ajsiframkejnt
ajsiframkejntff aj` Rjrrf Cumraeín SAQSAQ..
f Iet < (h`mc), RA4 Rfwjr Afwn . Mpmcm
Mpmcmaf,af, tmkieån
tmkieån js unm imnajrm4
imnajrm4
=. \j pfnj mutfkítelmk
mutfkítelmkjntj
jntj m = trms lfnjltmr `m m`e
m`ekjntml
kjntmleün
eün X AA f
jdjlutmr L@YSAQ, quj rjsjtjm j` lfntmafr SmtlgAfc.
 

2. \j pfnj m 2 m` jdjlut
jdjlutmr
mr `m enstrulleün
enstrulleün \@JJR.
\@JJR.
f Iet 9 (h`mc), T. Imnajrm enaelma
enaelmafrm
frm aj ljrf (Tjrf) mretkåtelf4
mretkåtelf4
= ; J` rjsu`tmaf aj unm fpjrmleün mretkåtelm f `ücelm js 2.
2 ; J` rjsu`tmaf js aestentf aj 2.
f Iet = (h`mc), AL (Aecet Lmrry). Mlmrrjf jn j` 1´ iet aj kjnfs pjsf.
Hunlefnm ecum` quj j` iet aj Lmrry ajslretf m lfntenumleün. Aj entjrås jn
fpjrmlefnjs jn ILA.
f Iet 2 (h`mc), L (Lmrry) . Mlmrrjf jn
jn j` 7´ ie
iett f iet aj kís pjsf. Js j` iet aj
"mlmrrjf" jn fpjrmlefnjs aj sukm MMASH y MAA@S, msë lfkf ttmkieån mkieån j`
 iet aj "pråstmkf" jn `ms enstrullefnjs aj sustrmlleün \ZISH y \ZI@S.
Qmkieån `f jkp`jmn `ms enstrullefnjs Y@H y YYH aj rftmleün aj iets.
\ukm4
=. \j pfnj m = lumnaf
lumnaf sj gm prfauleaf mlmrmlmrrjf
rjf jn `m sukm jn
j` iet aj kmyfr pjsf lfn `ms fpjrmlefnjs MMASH y
MAA@S.
2. \j pfnj m 2 se jn `m sukm nf sj gm prfaule
prfauleaf
af mlmrrjf.
Yjstm4
=.. \j
2 \j pfnj
pfnj mm=2selumnaf
pfnj jn ``mmafrjstm
lumn nfpr
sj gm sjfaulea
gmleaf
prfau prfauleaf
prffauleaf pråstmkf.
pråstmk
pråstmkf
pråstmkf jn `mf. rrjstm
jstm
lfn `ms fpjrmlefnjs
fpjrmlefnjs \ZISH y \ZI@\ZI@S.S.
Yjcestrf H\Y (21g y 71g) . J` lfntjneaf aj` H\Y sj ute`ezm pmrm j`
aerjllefnmkejntf enaerjltf duntf lfn j` rjcestrf ENAH. Jstj rjcestrf lfntejnj 7 iets.
Yjcestrfs
Yjces trfs RFYQM RFYQI (2:g y 28g). Jstfs
RFYQM y RFYQI Jstfs rjcestrfs
rjcestrfs lfntejnjn
lfntejnjn `fs nevj`js
nevj`js
`ücelfs aj `ms pmte``ms aj J/\. Lmam iet sj pujaj `jjr f jslreier sjcôn `m pmte``m
lfrrjspfnaejntj sj gmym lfnhecurmaf lfkf jntrmam f lfkf sm`eam. Lfnvejnj
rjlframr quj lum`quejr `ënjm pujaj hunlefnmr lfkf jntrmam f lfkf sm`eam. \en
jkimrcf, se mltôm lfkf jntrmam `m enhfrkmleün quj sj entrfaulj nf sj kjkfrezm,
 pfr `f quj `m en
enhfrkmleün
hfrkmleün ajij sjr kmntjneam gmstm quj sjm `jëam. \e `m `ënjm mltôm
lfkf sm`eam, j` iet quj prfljaj aj` ius aj amtfs sj cumram jn `m iíslu`m, lfn `f quj
`m enhfrkmleün quj fhrjlj jstm pmte``m pjrkmnjlj envmremi`j gmstm quj sj rjjslreim
jstj iet.

Hecurm 9.=:. Iets aj `fs rjcestrfs aj jntrmam y sm`eam aj` =8H71M.

Yjcestrf JJAMQM (27g) . J` rjcestrf

rjcestrf JJAMQM
JJAMQM (Amt
(Amtfs
fs aj JJRY
JJRYFK)
FK) cumram
cumram j`
lfntjneaf aj unm pfseleün aj `m kjkfrem JJRYFK aj amtfs mntjs aj su jslreturm f
 

ajspuås aj su `jlturm, sjcôn `jmkfs f jslreimkfs jn j``m. Lfkf ym smijkfs `m

kjkfrem JJRYFK js imstmntj `jntm, amtf quj tjnarjkfs jn lujntm lumnaf
mlljamkfs m j``m pmrm jslreier`m, pujs tmram unfs =2 ks jn lfkp`jtmr j` prfljsf.
Yjcestrf JJMAY (25g) . J` rjcestrf
rjcestrf JJMA
JJMAY Y (Aerjll
(Aerjlleün
eün aj JJRYF
JJRYFK)K) cumram `m `m
aerjlleün aj `m pfseleün aj kjkfrem JJRYFK lumnaf qujrmkfs mlljajr m j``m,
 iejn pmrm su `jlturm, f iejn pmr
pmrmm su jslreturm. J` rjcestrf JJMAY pujaj aerjllefnmr 
lfkf kíxekf 9:8 iytjs aj `fs lum`js sü`f `fs 81 prekjrfs jstín aespfnei`js, lfn `f
quj `fs afs iets aj kmyfr pjsf gmn aj tjnjr j` vm`fr aj '2'.
Yjcestrf RL@MQG (2Mg y 7Mg) . J` rjcestrf rjcestrf RL@MQ
RL@MQG G (Lfntmafr
(Lfntmafr aj Rrfcrmkm
M`tf) ym `f
`f vekfs lumnaf mnm`ezmkfs j` RL@ y su rj`mleün lfn j` RL.
Yjcestrf ENQLFN (2Ig y 7Ig) . Jstj rjcestrf lfntejnj vmrefs iets aj sj`jlleün aj
hujntjs aj entjrrupleün, j` iet aj mltevmleün c`fim` aj entjrruplefnjs y vmrefs h`mc
quj enaelmn `m lmusm aj unm entjrrupleün. \ervj pmrm j` lfntrf` c`fim` aj `ms
entjrruplefnjs y pmrm enaelmr `m prfljajnlem aj m`cunms aj j``ms, crmlems m `fs iets aj
jstmaf.
\j aespfnj aj lumtrf pftjnlem`js rjlursfs aj entjrrupleün4
f Znm hujntj jxtjrnm m trmvås aj` pen YI2/ENQ.

f
f J`
Znajsiframkejntf
lmkief aj jstmafaj`jntjkpfrezmafr
jstmaf 2 (QKY2).
`fs penjs YI1 m YI
YI3.
3.
f Rrfcrmkmleün aj `m JJRYFK aj amtfs.
Lmam iet aj` rjcestrf ENQLFN tejnj un secnehelmaf lfnlrjtf quj sj kujstrm jn `m
hecurm 9.=8.

Hecurm 9.=8. Frcmnezmleün aj iets aj` rjcestrf ENQLFN.

Lmrmltjrëstelms aj `fs iets4

f Iet 3, CEJ4 Gmie`etmleün c`fim` aj entjrruplefnjs (C`fim` Entjrrupt Jnmi`j).
=4 Lfnljaj j` pjrkesf aj entjrruplefnjs.
24 Lmnlj`m j` pjrkesf aj `ms entjrruplefnjs.
f Iet 8, JJEJ4 Gmie`etmleün aj `ms Entjrruplefnjs aj `m kjkfrem JJRYFK.
=4 Rjrketj quj sj prfauzlmn entjrruplefnjs ajieams m` hen aj jslreturm
aj `m JJRYFK, jtl.
24 Jstj tepf aj entjrruplefnjs jstmrín engeieams.
f Iet :, Q2EJ4 Gmie`etmleün aj `m entjrrupleün aj` tjkpfrezmafr pfr 
ajsiframkejntf (Qekjr 2 Entjrrupt Jnmi`j).
=4 Mutfrezm `ms entjrruplefnjs ajieams m` ajsiframkejntf aj`
tjkpfrezmafr.
 

24 Entjrrupleün aj` tjkpfrezmafr ajsgmie`etm aj kmnjrm quj lumnaf

sj prfauzlm j` h`mc lfrrjspfnaejntj pjrkmnjljrí enmltevf.
f Iet 1, ENQJ4 Gmie`etmleün aj `m jntrmam aj entjrrupleün jxtjrnm (Entjrrupt
Jnmi`j)) pfr pmte``
Jnmi`j pmte``mm YI2/EN
YI2/ENQ.
Q.
=4 Mutfrezm `ms entjrruplefnjs prfvflmams YI2/ENQ aj` pujrtf I.
24 Entjrrupleün jxtjrnm ajsgmie`etm aj kmnjrm quj lumnaf sj
 prfauzlm unm entjrrupleün jxtjrnm j` h`mc lfrrjspfnaejntj
 pjrkmnjljrí enmltevf.
f Iet <, YIEJ4 Gmie`etmleün aj `ms entjrruplefnjs aj` pujrtf I (YI Entjrrupt
Jnmi`j).
=4 Mutfrezm `ms entjrruplefnjs prfvflmams pfr un lmkief aj jstmaf
aj `ms `ënjms YI1 m YI3 aj` pujrtf I.
24 Entjrrupleün aj` pujrtf I ajsgmie`etmam.
f Iet 9 (h`mc), Q2EH4 Iet aj entjrrupleün aj ajsiframkejntf aj` QKY2.
=4 J` QKY2 gm rjifsmaf. \j ifrrm pfr sfhtwmrj.
24 J` QKY2 nf gm rjifsmaf.
f Iet = (h`mc), ENQH4 Iet aj entjrrupleün aj `m Jntrmam aj Entjrrupleün ENQ
(pmte``m YI2/ENQ).
=4 @m jntrmam aj entjrrupleün sj gm mltevmaf (pmte``m YIF/ENQ aj`
 pujrtf I). \j ifrrm pfr sfhtwmrj.
24 Nf gmy entjrrupleün jxtjrnm.
f Iet 2 (h`mc), YIEH4 Iet aj entjrrupleün aj` pujrtf I.
=4 Lmkief aj jstmaf jn unm aj `ms `ënjms aj YI1 m YI3 aj` pujrtf I.
\j ifrrm pfr sfhtwmrj.
24 Nencunm `ënjm aj YI1 m YI3 aj` pujrtf I gm lmkiemaf.
Lmam h`mc f imnajrm enaeveaum` ajij pfnjrsj m ljrf pfr sfhtwmrj.
\f`mkjntj gmy un vjltfr aj entjrrupleün jn `m kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm (aerjlleün
2221g), pfr `f quj sj ajijn lfkprfimr `fs iets aj ENQLFN jn `m suirutenm aj
entjrrupleün
entjrrupleün pm
pmrm
rm smijr luí` js `m hujntj aj `m ke
keskm.
skm.
Lumnaf ``jcm unm entjrrupleün, j` REL pfnj j` iet CEJ m ljrf, aj hfrkm quj nf sj
 pjrturij j` trmtmkejntf
jvjntum`js. Jstj iet sj aj `m entjrrupleün
pfnj jn lursf,
mutfkítelmkjntj m unfajieaf m ftrms`mentjrruplefnjs
m` tjrkenmr suirutenm aj
entjrrupleün, lfn `m jdjluleün aj `m enstrulleün YJQHEJ.
@fs enaelmafrjs aj entjrruplefnjs lfrrjspfnaejntjs pjrkmnjljn hunlefnm`js enl`usf
lumnaf nf sj gmn mutfrezmaf.
Jn jstj lmsf tmkieån pujajn `jjrsj y jslreiersj tfafs `fs iets quj lfkpfnjn jstj
rjcestrf.
Yjcestrf FRQEFN (7=g). J` rjcestrf FRQEFN (f rjcestrf aj fplefnjs) sj jkp`jm
 pmrm prfcrmkmr `ms fplefnjs
fplefn js aj` tjkpfrezmafr QKY2, j` tepf aj h`mnlf lfn j` quj sj
ajtjltm unm entjrrupleün y `m mltevmleün aj `ms rjsestjnlems aj pf`mrezmleün aj` pujrtf
I. Flupm `m pfseleün 7=g aj `m pícenm = aj` imnlf aj rjcestrfs. Ajij jslreiersj
 

usmnaf `m enstrulleün jspjlem` FRQEFN. Jstm enstrulleün lmrcm j` lfntjneaf aj S

jn j` rjcestrf FRQEFN.

Hecurm 9.=3. Frcmnezmleün aj iets aj` rjcestrf FRQEFN.

Ajslrepleün aj iets4
f Iet 3, /YIRZ (YI Ru`` Zp) . Lfnjxeün
Lfnjxeün aj `ms rjse
rjsestjnle
stjnlems
ms aj pf`mrezmleün
pf`mrezmleün
aj` Rujrtf I. \j lfnjltmn tfams lumnaf j` pujrtf I mltum lfkf jntrmam.
=4 Qfams `ms rjsestjnlems sfn ajslfnjltmams.
24 @ms rjsestjnlems sj mltevmn aj hfrkm enaeveaum`.
f Iet 8, ENQAJC (ENQjrrupt JACj) . \j`jllefnm j` tepf aj h`mnlf pmrm `m
entjrrupleün jxtjrnm. Jstj iet enaelm j` tepf aj h`mnlf aj `m sjým` jxtjrnm quj
gm aj prfvflmr unm entjrrupleün jn `m pmte``m YI2/ENQ.

=4 @m
24 @mentjrrupleün
entjrrupleünjs js
prfauleam pfr pfr
prfauleam j` h`mnlf msljnajntj
j` h`mnlf f aj suieam.
ajsljnajntj f aj
 imdmam.
f Iet :, Q2L\ (Qekjr 2 \ecnm` \furlj) . \j`jlleün
\j`jlleün aj `m hujntj ajaj rj`fd pmrm
j` QKY2.
=4 QKY2 sj usm jn kfaf lfntmafr aj `fs pu`sfs entrfauleafs m
trmvås aj YM1/Q2LOE
24 QKY2 sj usm jn kfaf tjkpfrezmafr gmlejnaf usf aj `fs pu`sfs aj
rj`fd entjrnfs (Hfsl/1).
f Iet 1, Q2\J (Qekjr 2 \ecnm` Jacj) . Qep Qepff aj h`mnl
h`mnlff mltevf
mltevf aj
aj Q2L
Q2LOE
OE
(pmte``m YM1/Q2LOE).
= ; J` QKY2 sj enlrjkjntm lfn j` h`mnlf ajsljnajntj aj `m sjým`
mp`elmam m YM1/Q2LO=.

f 2 ; J`
Iet <, R\M QKY2 sj Mssecnjkjnt)
(Rrj\lm`jr enlrjkjntm lfn. \j
j` h`mnlf msljnajntj.
usm pmrm `m msecnmleün aj` aevesfr 
aj hrjlujnlems f Rrjslm`jr.
= ; J` aevesfr aj hrjlujnlem sj msecnm m` SAQ.
2 ; J` aevesfr aj hrjlujnlem sj msecnm m QKY2.
f Iets 2, = y 9, R\2, R\= y R\9 (Rrjslm`jr Ymtj \j`jlt Iets) . Lfnhe
Lfnhecu
curm
rm ``mm
tmsm aj` vm`fr aj` aevesfr aj hrjlujnlem f prjslm`jr. Aehejrj ajpjnaejnaf quj
sj gmym msecnmaf m` QKY2 f m` SAQ, vjr hecurm 9.=7.
 

Hecurm 9.=7. Lfkienmlefnjs aj` prjslm`jr.

Yjcestrf QYE\M y QYE\I (7:g y 78g) . Jstfs sfn rjcestrfs aj eaåntelm `fncetua
quj RFYQM y RFYQI, rjspjltevmkjntj, ajieaf m quj servjn pmrm lfnhecurmr se `fs
 iets aj lmam pujrtf sjrín aj jntrmam f aj sm`eam4
f =4 @m pmte``m aj` pujrtf lfrrjspfnaejntj sjrí aj jntrmam
f 24 Jn jstj lmsf `m pmte``m mltumrí lfkf unm sm`eam.
Lumnaf sj prfaulj un rjsjt, tfafs `fs iets aj `fs rjcestrfs QYE\ pmsmn m tjnjr j`
vm`fr = y tfams `ms `ënjms aj J/\ mltômn lfkf jntrmam pfr jveajntjs kftevfs aj
sjcureama pmrm jvetmr amýfs errjpmrmi`js. Qfams `ms pmte``ms aj J/\ quj nf sj
jkp`jjn ajijn sjr ``jvmams m +:v, rjc`m aj `ms jntrmams LKF\, prjhjrei`jkjntj m
trmvås aj unm rjsestjnlem pmrm jvetmr quj se pfr jrrfr sj lfnhecurmsjn lfkf sm`eams
 pujamn amrsj prfi`jkms se prjsjntmn un jstmaf imdf.
i mdf.
Yjcestrf JJLFN= (77g) . Jstj rjcestrf lfntejnj lfnhecurmlefnjs ekpfrtmntjs
mljrlm aj `m jslreturm y `m `jlturm aj `m JJRYFK aj amtfs. Jn lfnlrjtf tejnj : iets
aj lfntrf`, luym aestreiuleün sj prjsjntm jn `m hecurm 9.=5.

Hecurm 9.=5. Aestreiuleün aj iets aj` rjcestrf JJLFN=.

Z (Znekp`jkjntja). Jn j` rjcestrf JJLFN=, `fs trjs prekjrfs iets nf jstín

ekp`jkjntmafs pfr `f quj su `jlturm js '2'.
@m ajslrepleün aj iets js lfkf secuj4
f Iet 1 (h`mc)4 JJEH. Iet aj entjrrupleün aj jslreturm jn `m kjkfrem JJRYFK
(JJRYFK Entjrrupt H`mc).
=4 Jstj iet sj pfnj m unf m` tjrkenmr `m fpjrmleün aj jslreturm jn `m
JJRYFK, y ajij pfnjrsj m ljrf pfr sfhtwmrj.
24 Nf sj gm lfkp`jtmaf `m fpjrmleün aj jslreturm f nf gm jkpjzmaf.
 

f Iet < (h`mc), SYJYY . Iet aj jrrfr aj jslreturm (Sretj Jrrfr).

=4 Jstj iet sj pfnj m = se sj prfaulj un jrrfr aj jslreturm aj hfrkm
 prjkmturm (Yjsjt f Smtlgafc). Jn jstj lmsf, `fs lfntjneafs aj
JJMAY y JJAMQM nf vmrëmn, aj kmnjrm quj j` prfljsf pujam sjr 
rjpjteaf lfrrjltmkjntj.
24 \j gm lfkp`jtmaf `m fpjrmleün aj jslreturm.
f Iet 9, SYJN. Iet aj gmie`etmleün aj jslreturm. (Sretj Jnmi`j).
=4 Jstj iet ajij sjr gmie`etmaf pmrm pfajr jslreier jn `m JJRYFK.
24 Ajsgmie`etm `m jslreturm aj amtfs jn `m kjkfrem JJRYFK.
f Iet =, SY . Iet aj lfntrf` aj jslreturm (Sretj Amtm).
=4 Enaelm quj sj gm enelemaf unm fpjrmleün aj jslreturm. Jstj iet ajij
 pfnjrsj m unf pmrm jslreier un amtf.
24 Enaelm quj sj gm lfkp`jtmaf unm fpjrmleün aj jslreturm. J` REL `f
 pfnj mutfkítelmkjntj m ljrf
f Iet 2, YA. Iet aj lfntrf`
lfntrf` aj `jlturm
`jlturm (Yjma Amtm).
Amtm).
=4 Enelem unm `jlturm aj `m kjkfrem JJRYFK. Jstj iet ajij pfnjrsj
m unf pmrm pfajr `jjr un amtf.
24 Nf sj gm enelemaf unm `jlturm aj `m JJRYFK. J` REL `f pfnj
mutfkítelmkjntj m ljrf
@fs iets aj lfntrf`
lfntrf` YYA
A y SY eneleenelemn
mn fpjrmlefnjs
fpjrmlefnjs aj `jlturm
`jlturm y jslreturm
jslreturm
rjspjltevmkjntj. Jstfs iets sü`f pujajn sjr pujstfs m '=' pfr sfhtwmrj, nunlm
m '2'. \fn pujstfs m '2' lumnaf sj lfkp`jtm `m fpjrmleün aj `jlturm f jslreturm.
Rmrm `jjr unm pfseleün aj kjkfrem, sj ajij jslreier `m aerjlleün jn j`
rjcestrf JJMAY y lf`flmr m '=' j` iet aj lfntrf` YA. J` amtf jstmrí
aespfnei`j jn un prüxekf lel`f aj enstrulleün, nfrkm`kjntj jn j` secuejntj,
jn j` rjcestrf JJAMQM gmstm quj sj `jm ftrf f sj jslreim jn jstj rjcestrf.
Yjcestrf JJLFN9 (75g). Jstj rjcestrfrjcestrf nf jstí ekp`jk
ekp`jkjntmaf
jntmaf hëse
hëselmkjnt
lmkjntj,
j, pfr `f
lum` nf sj pujaj `jjr. Qmn sü`f servj pmrm un prfljsf aj prftjlleün aj jslreturm quj
lfnsestj jn lfpemr jn å` unfs amtfs jspjlëhelfs, lfn j` hen aj jvetmr quj un prfcrmkm
 pfr jrrfr pujam prfcrmkmr `m JJRYFK, kmnepu`mnaf sekp`jkjntj `fs iets aj`
JJLFN=.
9.9.1. Jstmaf prjajt
prjajtjrke
jrkenmaf
nmaf aj `fs rjces
rjcestrfs
trfs jspjle
jspjlem`js
m`js
Jn `m secuejntj tmi`m, sj kujstrmn `fs jstmafs quj tejnjn `fs rjcestrfs m` m`ekjntmr j` REL,
ajspuås aj un rjsjt y m` sm`er aj` kfaf \@JJR.
@jyjnam4 (u) ; nf lmkiem? (x) ; ajslfnfleaf? (-) ; nf jxestj, sj `jj lfkf 2? ( 6 ) ; ajpjnaj
aj ftrms lfnaelefnjs.
 Nftms4
Znf f kís iets aj ENQLFN pujajn qujamr mhjltmafs m lmusm aj `m sm`eam aj` kfaf
\@JJR.
Lumnaf `m sm`eam
sm`eam aj` kfa
kfaff \@JJR sj prfaulj ppfr fr unm entjrru
entjrrupleün
pleün y CEJ jstí
mltevmaf, j` RL sj lmrcm lfn j` vjltfr aj entjrrupleün (2221 g).
 

@ms pfsei`js hujntjs aj rjsjt mhjltmn aj hfrkm aevjrsm m `fs lfntjneafs aj `fs
aehjrjntjs rjcestrfs aj lfntrf`, aj jstmaf f aj amtfs. Jn `m ajslrepleün aj lmam
rjcestrf
rjcestrf sj enael
enaelmm j` jstmaf aj `fs iets
iets ajspuås aj un rjsjt aj m`ekjntmleü
m`ekjntmleün.
n. Js
mlfnsjdmi`j jxmkenmr jstm tmi`m ajspuås aj un rjsjt mntjs aj lum`quejr ute`ezmleün,
jxljptf jn j` lmsf aj quj sj rjenelej pfr prfcrmkm lmam rjcestrf.
Qmi`m <. Jstmafs prjajtjrkenmafs aj `fs rjcestrfs jspjlem`js.
Lfnjxeün Yjsjt pfr K@LY  \m`eam aj` kfaf \@JJR
Yjsjt pfr SAQ
Yjcestrf Aerjl. aj `m
jn kfaf nfrkm`
m`ekjntml. jn kfaf nfrkm` jn kfaf \@JJR pfr SAQ pfr entjrrupleün

RL - 222 g 222 g 222 g 222 g RL + = RL + =

S - xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

ENAH 22 g ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

QKY2 2= g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

RL@ 29 g 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 RL+= RL+=9

\QMQZ\ 2< g 222= =xxx 222u uuuu 222= 2uuu 2222 =uuu uuu2 2uuu uuu= 2uuu

H\Y 21 g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu
RFYQ M 2: g ---x xxxx ---u uuuu ---u uuuu ---u uuuu ---u uuuu ---u uuuu

RFYQ I 28 g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

JJAMQM 27 g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

JJMAY 25 g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

RL@MQLG 2M g ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---u uuuu ---u uuuu

ENQLFN 2I g 2222 222x 2222 222u 2222 222u 2222 222u uuuu uuuu= uuuu uuuu=

ENAH 72 g ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

FRQEFN 7= g ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

RL@ 79 g 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 2222 RL+= RL+=9

\QMQZ\ 7< g 222= =xxx 222u uuuu 222= 2uuu 2222 =uuu uuu2 2uuu uuu= 2uuu

H\Y 71 g xxxx xxxx uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

QYE\ M 7: g ---= ==== ---= ==== ---= ==== ---= ==== ---u uuuu ---u uuuu

QYE\ I 78 g ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== uuuu uuuu uuuu uuuu

JJLFN= 77 g ---2 x222 ---2 6222 ---2 6222 ---2 6222 ---u uuuu ---u uuuu

JJLFN9 75 g ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----

RL@MQLG 7M g ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---2 2222 ---u uuuu ---u uuuu

ENQLFN 7I g 2222 222x 2222 222u 2222 222u 2222 222u uuuu uuuu= uuuu uuuu=
 

9.<
9.<. Yjlu
Yjlurs
rsf
fs jsp
jspjle
lem
m`j
`jss
Lmam hmirelmntj fhjrtm nukjrfsms vjrsefnjs aj unm mrquetjlturm iíselm aj kelrflfntrf`mafr.
Jn m`cunms mkp`ëm `ms lmpmleamajs aj `ms kjkfrems, jn ftrms enlfrpfrm nujvfs rjlursfs, jn
ftrms rjaulj `ms prjstmlefnjs m` kënekf pmrm mp`elmlefnjs kuy sekp`js, jtl. @m `mifr aj`
aesjýmafr js jnlfntrmr j` kfaj`f kënekf quj smteshmcm tfafs `fs rjqujrekejntfs aj su
mp`elmleün. Aj jstm hfrkm, kenekezmrí j` lfstf, j` gmrawmrj y j` sfhtwmrj.
@fs prenlepm`js rjlursfs jspjlëhelfs (m`cunfs ym lfkjntmafs kuy irjvjkjntj) quj
enlfrpfrmn `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs sfn4
Qjkpfrezmafrjs (Qekjrs). \j jkp jkp`jm
`jmnn pmr
pmrmm lfnt
lfntrf`m
rf`mrr pjrefa
pjrefafs
fs aj ttejk
ejkpf
pf
(tjkpfrezmafrjs) y pmrm ``jvmr `m lujntm aj mlfntjlekejntfs quj suljajn jn j`
jxtjrefr (lfntmafrjs). Rmrm `m kjaeam aj tejkpfs sj lmrcm un rjcestrf lfn j` vm`fr 
majlumaf y m lfntenumleün aelgf vm`fr sj vm enlrjkjntmnaf f ajlrjkjntmnaf m`
retkf aj `fs ekpu`sfs aj rj`fd f m`côn kô`tep`f gmstm quj sj ajsifraj y ``jcuj m 2,
kfkjntf jn j` quj sj prfaulj un mvesf. Lumnaf sj ajsjmn lfntmr mlfntjlekejntfs
quj sj kmtjrem`ezmn pfr lmkiefs aj nevj` f h`mnlfs jn m`cunm aj `ms pmtetms aj`
kelrflfntrf`mafr, j` kjnlefnmaf rjcestrf sj vm enlrjkjntmnaf f ajlrjkjntmnaf m`
retkf aj aelgfs ekpu`sfs.
Rjrrf cumraeín (Smtlgafc).
hm``f aj` sfhtwmrj u ftrm lmusm, sjLumnaf
pu`sm j`j`iftün
lfkputmafr
aj` rjsjtpjrsfnm` sj i`fqujm
y sj rjenelem`ezm pfr un
j` sestjkm.
Rjrf un kelrflfntrf`mafr hunlefnm sen j` lfntrf` aj un supjrvesfr y aj hfrkm
lfntenumam `ms 91 gfrms aj` aëm. J` Rjrrf cumraeín lfnsestj jn un tjkpfrezmafr quj,
lumnaf sj ajsifram y pmsm pfr 2, prfvflm un rjsjt mutfkítelmkjntj jn j` sestjkm.
\j ajij aesjýmr j` prfcrmkm aj trmimdf quj lfntrf`m `m tmrjm aj hfrkm quj rjhrjsquj
f enelem`elj m` Rjrrf cumraeín mntjs aj quj prfvfquj j` rjsjt. \e hm``m j` prfcrmkm f
sj i`fqujm, nf sj rjhrjslmrí m` Rjrrf cumraeín y, m` lfkp`jtmr su tjkpfrezmleün,

Rrftjlleün mntj hm``f aj m`ekjntmleün (Irfwnfut) . \j trmtm

trmtm aj un lerlu
lerluetf
etf quj
quj
rjsjtjm m` kelrflfntrf`mafr lumnaf j` vf`tmdj aj m`ekjntmleün (X AA) js enhjrefr m un

 irfwnfut j` aespfsetevf sj kmntejnj rjsjtjmaf, lfkjnzmnaf m hunlefnmr 

nfrkm`kjntj lumnaf sfirjpmsm aelgf vm`fr.
Jstmaf aj rjpfsf f aj imdf lfnsukf . \fn miunamntjs `ms setumlefnjs rjm`js aj
trmimdf jn quj j` kelrflfntrf`mafr ajij jspjrmr, sen gmljr nmam, m quj sj prfauzlm
m`côn mlfntjlekejntf jxtjrnf quj `j pfncm aj nujvf jn hunlefnmkejntf. Rmrm
mgfrrmr jnjrcëm, (hmltfr l`mvj jn `fs mpmrmtfs pfrtíte`js), `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs
aespfnjn aj unm enstrulleün jspjlem` (\@JJR jn `fs REL), quj `fs pmsm m` jstmaf aj
rjpfsf f aj imdf lfnsukf, jn j` lum` `fs rjqujrek
rjqujrekejntfs
ejntfs aj pftjn
pftjnlem
lem sfn kënekfs.
kënekfs.

entjrrupleün flmsefnmam pfr j` mlfntjlekejntf jspjrmaf, j` kelrflfntrf`mafr sj

ajspejrtm y rjmnuam su trmimdf.
 

sfr M/A (MAL). @fs kelrflfntrf`ma

Lfnvjrsfr
Lfnvjr kelrflfntrf`mafrjs
frjs quj enlfrpfrmn un Lfnvjrsfr
Lfnvjrsfr M/A
(Mnm`ücelf/Aecetm`) pujajn prfljsmr sjým`js mnm`ücelms, tmn miunamntjs jn `ms
mp`elmlefnjs. \uj`jn aespfnjr aj un ku`tep`jxfr quj pjrketj mp`elmr m `m jntrmam aj`
LMA aevjrsms sjým`js mnm`ücelms ajsaj `ms pmtetms aj` lerluetf entjcrmaf.
Lfnvjrsfr A/ A/M (AML). Qrm Qrmnshf
nshfrkm
rkm `fs amtfs
amtfs aece
aecetm`
tm`js
js fitjne
fitjneafs
afs aj`
 prfljsmkejntf aj` lfkputmafr jn su lfrrjspfnaejntj sjým` mnm`ücelm quj smlm m`
jxtjrefr pfr unm aj `ms pmtetms aj `m lípsu`m. Jxestjn kulgfs jhjltfrjs quj trmimdmn
lfn sjým`js mnm`ücelms.
Lfkpmrmafr mnm`ücelf. M`cunfs M`cunfs k kfaj
faj`fs
`fs aj kelrf
kelrflfn
lfntrf
trf`ma
`mafrj
frjss aespfnjn
aespfnjn
entjrnmkjntj aj un Mkp`ehelmafr Fpjrmlefnm` quj mltôm lfkf lfkpmrmafr jntrj
unm sjým` hedm aj rjhjrjnlem y ftrm vmremi`j quj sj mp`elm pfr unm aj `ms pmtetms aj `m
lípsu`m. @m sm`eam aj` lfkpmrmafr prfpfrlefnm un nevj` `ücelf = ü 2 sjcôn unm sjým`
sjm kmyfr f kjnfr quj `m ftrm. Qmkieån gmy kfaj`fs aj kelrflfntrf`mafrjs lfn un
küau`f aj tjnseün aj rjhjrjnlem quj prfpfrlefnm aevjrsms tjnsefnjs quj sj pujajn
mp`elmr jn `fs lfkpmrmafrjs
Kfau`mafr aj mnlgurm aj pu`sfs (RSK). \fn lerluetfslerluetfs quj prfpfrle
prfpfrlefnmn
fnmn jn su
sm`eam pu`sfs aj mnlgurm vmremi`j, quj sj fhrjljn m` jxtjrefr m trmvås aj `ms pmtetms
aj` jnlmpsu`maf.
Rujrtms aj J/\ aecetm`js. Qfafs `fs kelrflfnt
kelrflfntrf`mafrj
rf`mafrjss ajstenmn
ajstenmn m`cunms ajaj sus
 pmtetms m sfpfrtmr `ënjms aj J
J/\
/\ aecetm`js. Rfr `f cjnjrm`, jstms `ënjms sj
s j mcrupmn aj
flgf jn flgf hfrkmnaf Rujrtms. @ms `ënjms aecetm`js aj `ms Rujrtms pujajn
lfnhecurmrsj lfkf Jntrmam f lfkf \m`eam lmrcmnaf un = ü un 2 jn j` iet
lfrrjspfnaejntj aj un rjcestrf ajstenmaf m su lfnhecurmleün.
Rujrtms aj lfkunelmleün. Lfn fidjt fidjtff aj aftmr
aftmr m` kelrfl
kelrflfnt
fntrf`
rf`mafr
mafr aajj `m
 pfseie`eama aj lfkunelmrsj lfn ftrfs aespfsetevfs jxtjrnfs, ftrfs iusjs aj
kelrfprfljsmafrjs, iusjs aj sestjkms, iusjs aj rjajs y pfajr mamptmr`fs lfn ftrfs
j`jkjntfs imdf ftrms nfrkms y prftflf`fs. M`cunfs kfaj`fs aespfnjn aj rjlursfs
quj pjrketjn aerjltmkjntj jstm tmrjm, jntrj `fs quj ajstmlmn4
f ZMYQ, mamptmafr aj lfkunelmleün sjrej msënlrfnm.
f Z\MYQ, mamptmafr aj lfkunelmleün sjrej sënlrfnm y msënlrfnm
f Rujrtm pmrm`j`m jsl`mvm pmrm pfajr lfnjltmrsj lfn `fs iusjs aj ftrfs
kelrfprfljsmafrjs.
f Z\I (Znevjrsm` \jrem` Ius), quj js un kfajrnf ius sjrej pmrm `fs RL.
f Ius E9L, quj js un entjrhmz sjrej aj afs ge`fs ajsmrrf``maf pfr Rge`eps.
f LMN (Lfntrf``jr Mrjm Njtwfro), pmrm pjrketer `m mamptmleün lfn rjajs aj
lfnjxefnmaf ku`tep`jxmaf ajsmrrf``maf lfnduntmkjntj pfr Ifslg j Entj`
 pmrm j` lmi`jmaf aj aespfsetevfs jn mutfküve`js. Jn JJ.ZZ. sj usm j`
D=7:F.

@m hecurm 9.92 e`ustrm unm lfkpmrmtevm aj rjlursfs aj `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs REL=8H71 y j`

REL=8H77.
 

Hecurm 9.92. Lfkpmrmtevm aj `fs rjlursfs aj `fs RELs =8H71 y j` =8H77.

9.1.
9.1. Rm`m
Rm`mir
irm
m aj
aj lfn
lfnhe
hec
cur
urml
mleü
eün
n
Gmy lejrtfs mspjltfs aj` REL quj gmn aj sjr mltevmafs f ajsmltevmafs lumnaf sj prfcrmkm y
nf sj pujajn vf`vjr m lmkiemr gmstm quj j` REL nf sj rjprfcrmkj aj nujvf.
J` REL=8H71 aespfnj
aespfnj aj 1 j`jkjntfs prfcrm
prfcrmkmi`js
kmi`js (`fs kfaj`fs
kfaj`fs supjrefrjs
supjrefrjs tejnjn kís)
quj sj jnlujntrmn jn `m ``mkmam pm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün. M jstfs 1 j`jkjntfs f iets aj
lfnhecurmleün tmkieån sj `js lfnflj lfkf husjs (husei`js).
@m pm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün sj jnlujntrm jn `m aerjlleün aj kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm 9223 g.
Jstm pfseleün jstí kís m``í aj` jspmlef aj kjkfrem aj prfcrmkm ajstenmam m` usumref y
 pjrtjnjlj m` jspmlef aj kjkfrem aj prprujim
ujim y lfnh
lfnhecurmleün
ecurmleün (9222g - <HHHg). \f`mkjntj sj
sj
 pujaj mlljajr m jstj jspmlef aurmntj
aur mntj `m prfcrmkmleün aj` aespfsetevf.

Hecurm 9.9=. Rm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün aj` =8H71M.

@fs iets jn lujsteün sfn4

LR, iet 1 m =<4 Iets aj prftjlleün aj lüaecf. Mltevmnaf jstj iet tjnarjkfs `m
cmrmntëm aj quj j` lüaecf jslretf jn j` REL nf pujam sjr `jëaf pfr ftrm pjrsfnm, pmrm
 

quj nf sj lfpej, kfaehequj, jtl. Jstf nf ekpeaj quj j` REL hunlefnj lfkf sejkprj,
ne quj nf sj pujam sfirjslreier su lfntjneaf. @f ônelf quj nfs ekpeaj js `jjr`f.
f =4 Rrftjlleün aj lüaecf ajsgmie`etmam.
f 24 Kjkfrem prftjceam pfr lüaecf.
RSYQJ, iet <4 Iet pmrm gmie`etmr j` Rfwjr-up Qekjr f tjkpfrezmafr aj jnljnaeaf.
\e mltevmkfs j` iet RSYQJ, lfnsjcuekfs quj sj cjnjrj un rjtmraf jn `m
enelem`ezmleün aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr. Jstf sj ute`ezm pmrm quj `m tjnseün sj jstmie`elj,
 pfr `f quj sj rjlfkejnam su usf.
f =4 Rfwjr-up tekjr ajsgmie`etmaf.
f 24 Rfwjr-up Qekjr gmie`etmaf.
SAQJ, iet 94 Iet pmrm gmie`etmr j` Smtlgafc tekjr f tjkpfrezmafr pjrrf cumraeín.
J` "pjrrf cumraeín" aj` REL sj lfnhecurm mquë. Lfn jstf j` REL tejnj `m lmpmleama aj
mutfrrjsjtjmrsj. Js ôte` mntj prfi`jkms quj ekpeamn j` hunlefnmkejntf aj` prfcrmkm
aj` REL, lfkf un iul`j enhenetf, j` SAQ `f smlmrí aj å` rjsjtjmnaf m` REL.
\u hunlefnmkejntf js sukmkjntj sjnle``f. \ekp`jkjntj js un rjcestrf quj ajijkfs
 ifrrmr lmam lejrtf tejkpf. \e pmsm un tejkpf (jntrj 9.:ks y 9.: sjc) y j` rjcestrf nf
gm seaf ifrrmaf, j` REL sj rjsjtjm. @m enstrulleün pmrm ifrrmr j` rjcestrf js
L@YSAQ. Lfn pfnjr
tjnjr unm cmrmntëm un nujstrf
aj quj pmr aj j``fs m `fsj`mrcf
REL nf qujajaj"lf`cmaf".
nujstrf lüaecf js suhelejntj pmrm
f =4 SAQ gmie`etmaf.
f 24 SAQ ajsgmi
ajsgmie`etm
e`etmaf.
af.
HF\L=, HF\L2, iet 2 y =4 \j`jlleün
\j`jlleün aj` fslefsle`mafr.
`mafr. Kjaemntj
Kjaemntj HF\L= y HF\L2
HF\L2
lfntrf`mkfs j` kfaf aj fsle`mleün quj usmrí j` REL pmrm hunlefnmr. J` fsle`mafr sj
 pujaj lfnhecurmr
lfnh ecurmr aj 1 kmnjr
kmnjrmsms aestentms, ajpjnaejnaf aj `m vj`fleama y aj` tepf aj
lerluetf fsle`mafr jkp`jmaf.
f 224 Fsle`mafr @R. (@fw Rfwjr) Rfwjr) JstJstmm kfam`e
kfam`eama
ama pjrketj
pjrketj un ajsljnsf
ajsljnsf aj`
lfnsukf jn j` REL crmlems m quj `m hrjlujnlem aj fsle`mleün js kjnfr quj jn
`m lfnhecurmleün WQ. M` ecum` quj lfn WQ y G\, njljsetmrjkfs un lrestm` aj
lumrzf (aj <9 m 922 OGz) y afs lfnajnsmafrjs.
f 2=4 Fsle`mafr WQ. Qjnarj
Qjnarjkfs
kfs quj aespaespfnjr
fnjr aj un lre
lrestm`
stm` aj lumrzf
lumrzf y afs
lfnajnsmafrjs. Jstf pjrketerí cjnjrmr `fs pu`sfs njljsmrefs pmrm j`
kelrflfntrf`mafr lfn unm hrjlujnlem ajtjrkenmam. @m jxmltetua js kuy m`tm,
 pfr `f quj sj rjlfkejnam pmrm lmse
l mse tfams `ms mp`elmlefnjs. J` vm`fr aj` lrestm`
l restm`
cjnjrm`kjntj
cjnjrm` kjntj sjr
sjríí aj 1 Kgz (lfk
(lfkff kíxekf
kíxekf)) y `fs lfnajnsma
lfnajnsmafrjs
frjs sjrín
ljríkelfs aj jntrj =: y << nH.
f =24 Fsle`mafr G\. Rmrm lumnaf njljs
njljsetjkf
etjkfss mp`elmlefnjs
mp`elmlefnjs aj m`tm vj`fleama,
vj`fleama,
jntrj 1 y 92 Kgz. Jstj kfntmdj sj imsm tmkieån jn un lrestm` aj lumrzf,
lfkf j` WQ.
f ==4 Fsle`mafr YL. Jstj js j` sestjkm
sestjkm kís sjnle
sjnle``f
``f y jlfnükelf.
jlfnükelf. \j imsm jn
un kfntmdj lfn unm rjsestjnlem y un lfnajnsmafr. @m vj`fleama m `m quj
fsle`j j` REL ajpjnajrí aj `fs vm`frjs aj` lfnajnsmafr y aj `m rjsestjnlem.
 

@m kíxekm hrjlujnlem quj pfarjkfs jkp`jmr lfn jstj sestjkm sjrí aj

:.:KGz (lfn j` REL=8H71M-92).

Jxestjn afs kmnjrms aj prfcrmkmr `m pm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün4

m) Lumnaf sj prfcrmkm j` REL. Jn tfafs `fs prfcrmkmafrjs js pfsei`j mltevmr f
ajsmltevmr jstms fplefnjs m nujstrm lfnvjnejnlem. Jn `m hecurm 9.99 pujaj vjrsj unm
lmpturm aj` prfcrmkm EL-Rrfc jn afnaj sj rjsm`tm j` írjm afnaj sj rjm`ezm `m
ekp`jkjntmleün aj `m pm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün.

Hecurm 9.99. Xestm aj` sfhtwmrj prfcrmkmafr EL-Rrfc. J` rjlumarf rfdf kujstrm `m zfnm
afnaj sj ekp`jkjntm `m pm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün.

 i)  prfcrmkm
Mltevmleünjnsmki`mafr
pfr lüaecf. lfn
@m `ënjm aj kjkfrem
`fs vm`frjs aj lfnhecurmleün
pfr ajhjltf. Rfajkfs js lrjmam
gmljr qujpfr j`
jstfs
vm`frjs lmkiejn entrfaulejnaf unm `ënjm aj lüaecf jn j` lüaecf. Jstj lüaecf jstí
lfntjneaf jn j` helgjrf quj enl`uekfs jn `m lmijljrm (R=8H71M.ENL)4

 VLRVFN J]Z G'222H Mltevm lfaj prftjlt

 VLRVFHH J]Z G'<HHH Ajsmltevm lfaj prftjlt
 VRSYQJVFN J]Z G'<HH3 Mltevm pfwjr fn rjsjt
 VRSYQJVFHH J]Z G'<HHH Ajsmltevm pfwjr fn rjsjt
 VSAQVFN J]Z G'<HHH Mltevm Smtlgafc
 VSAQVFHH J]Z G'<HHI Ajsmltevm Smtlgafc
 V@RVF\L J]Z G'<HHL Fsle`mafr @R
 

 VWQVF\L J]Z G'<HHA Fsle`mafr WQ

 VG\VF\L J]Z G'<HHJ Fsle`mafr G\
 VYLVF\L J]Z G'<HHH Fsle`mafr YL

Lfkf pfajkfs vjr `fs nfkirjs aj `ms jtequjtms sfn imstmntj entuetevfs. Jstj lüaecf
ajij setumrsj m` prenlepef aj` prfcrmkm, ajspuås aj` tepf aj REL m usmr y aj `m
ajheneleün aj `ms jtequjtms. @m `ënjm aj lfnhecurmleün sejkprj lfkejnzm lfn `m
aerjltrez VVLFNHEC y lmam fpleün ajij jstmr sjpmrmam aj ftrm lfn j` lmríltjr &.
Rfr jdjkp`f4
#ENL@ZAJ
#ENL@Z AJ 0R=8H7
0R=8H71M.
1M.ENL
ENL>
> ?Helg
?Helgjrf
jrf aj jt
jtequ
equjtm
jtmss aj` ke
kelrf
lrflfn
lfntr
trf`m
f`mafr 
afr 
? Iets aj lfnhecurmleün
lf nhecurmleün..
 VVLFNHEC VLRVFHH & VSAQVFHH & VWQVF\L & VRSYQJVFN

Jn j` jdjkp`f, Lfaj Rrftjlt y Smtlgafc Qekjr jstín ajsmltevmafs, Rfwjr fn Yjsjt

jn lmkief jstí mltevmaf, y j` lrestm` usmaf nf supjrm `fs 1 KGz.
Lumnaf lmrcujk
lmrcujkfs
fs j` mmrlgevf
rlgevf aj prfcrmkm
prfcrmkm aj` REL jn j` prfcrmkmafr
prfcrmkmafr (p
(pfr
fr jdjkp`f,
jdjkp`f,
jn EL-Rrfc), jstmrín kmrlmams `ms fplefnjs quj gjkfs lfnhecurmaf jn j` lüaecf.
Munquj `f gmymkfs gjlgf msë, pfajkfs lmkiemr jstms fplefnjs jn `m vjntmnm aj`
 prfcrmkmafr.

9.:.
9.:. Enstr
Enstrull
ullef
efnjs
njs aj` ke
kelrf
lrflfn
lfntrf
trf`m
`maf
afr.
r.
@fs =8H73W lujntmn lfn <: enstrullefnjs, `ms lum`js jstín aeveaeams jntrj enstrullefnjs
frejntmams m rjcestrfs, frejntmams m iets y frejntmams m lfntrf`. Rfr kjaef aj jstms, sj lrjm j`
 prfcrmkm jn `jncumdj Jnsmki`mafr (mssjki`jr) rjspjtmnaf `m sentmxes njljsmrem pmrm lmam
unm.

9.:.=. Ens
9.:.=. Enstru
trulle
llefnj
fnjss frejnt
frejntmams
mams m iets
iets
Jstj crupf aj enstrullefnjs mltôm aerjltmkjntj sfirj un iet jspjlëhelf aj lum`quejr rjcestrf.
Lfn j``ms js pfsei`j jslreier f `jjr un iet pmrm `ujcf tfkmr ajlesefnjs aj mlujraf m`
rjsu`tmaf.
Qmi`m 1. Enstrullefnjs pmrm j` kmnjdf aj iets
i ets
\entmxes Ajslrepleün Lel`fs
ILH h,i Rfnj jn "2" j` iet i aj` rjcestrf h  =
I\H h,i Rfnj jn "=" j` iet i aj` rjcestrf h  =
IQH\\ h,i @jj j` iet i aj` rjcestrf h  = (9 se sm`tm)
IQH\L h,i @jj j` iet i aj` rjcestrf h  = (9 se sm`tm)

9.:
9.:.9.
.9. Ens
Enstru
trulle
llefnj
fnjss frejntmam
frejntmamss m Yjc
Yjcest
estrfs
rfs
Jstj tepf aj enstrullefnjs kmnjdm rjcestrfs aerjltmkjntj, js ajler, lfn jstms enstrullefnjs
vmkfs m pfajr msecnmr`j vm`frjs m lmam rjcestrf, fpjrmr kmtjkítelmkjntj lfn j``fs, fpjrmr
lfn `ücelm iff`jmnm jntrj j``fs, jtl.
 

Qmi`m :. Enstrullefnjs pmrm j` kmnjdf aj rjcestrfs

\entmxes Ajslrepleün Lel`fs
MAASH h,a \ukm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf S lfn j` aj h  =
MNASH h,a Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm MNA jntrj j` lfntjneaf
lfn tjneaf aj` rjcestrf S lfn j` aj h  =
L@YH h  Ifrrm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h  =
L@YS Ifrrm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf S =
LFKH h,a  Nejcm j` vm`fr aj` rjcestrf h  =
AJLH h,a Ajlrjkjntm jn unm uneamaj` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h  =
Ajlrjkjntm jn unm uneama j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h y sm`tm `m enstrulleün secuejntj se
AJLH\T h,a = (9 se sm`tm)
js ljrf.
ENLH h,a Enlrjkjntm jn unm uneamaj` lfntjneaf aj` a j` rjcestrf h  =
Enlrjkjntm jn unm uneama j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h y sm`tm `m enstrulleün secuejntj se
ENLH\T h,a = (9 se sm`tm)
js ljrf.
EFYSH h,a Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm FY jntrj j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf S lfn j` aj h  =
KFXH h,a Kujvj j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf
r jcestrf h  =
KFXSH h  Kujvj j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf
r jcestrf S m` rjcestrf h  =
NFR  Nf rjm`ezm nencunm
nencunm fpjrmleün =
Y@H h,a Yftm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h gmlem `m ezquejram m trmvås aj` lmrry iet =
YYH h,a Yftm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf h gmlem `m ajrjlgm m trmvås aj` lmrry iet =
\ZISH h,a Yjstm j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf S m` rjcestrf h  =
\SMRH h,a Entjrlmkiem `fs lumtrf prekjrfs iets lfn `fs lumtrf ô`tekfs aj` rjcestrf h  =
WFYSH h,a Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm WFY jntrj j` lfntjneaf aj` rjcestrf S lfn j` aj h  =

Qfams `ms fpjrmlefnjs sj cumramn jn4

J` rjcestrf S se a;2
J` rjcestrf h se a;=
Rmrm j` lmsf aj Y@H y YYH j` iet fpujstf m` rftmaf sj pfnj jn 2

9.:.<. Enstr
Enstrulle
ullefnjs
fnjs frejntm
frejntmams
ams m` lfntrf`
lfntrf` aj` h`udf aj`
aj` prfljsf
prfljsf
Jstj dujcf aj enstrullefnjs nfs pjrketj lfntrf`mr m`cunfs rjcestrfs y hunlefnjs jspjlëhelms.
Qmkieån jstms enstrullefnjs sj ute`ezmn pmrm cumramr m`côn vm`fr ajtjrkenmaf jn un rjcestrf
f gmljr fpjrmlefnjs kmtjkítelms y `ücelms jn jntrj
trj un rjcestrf y un vm`fr lum`quejrm quj nf
njljsmremkjntj jstå cumramaf jn un rjcestrf, js ajler
aj ler un vm`fr `etjrm`.
Qmi`m 8.Enstrullefnjs pmrm j` lfntrf` aj` h`udf aj prfljsf
\entmxes Ajslrepleün Lel`fs
MAA@S o  \ukm j` vm`fr  o m` rjcestrf S =
MNA@S o  Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm MNA jntrj j` vm`fr  o y j` rjcestrf S =
LM@@ o  @`mkmam m `m suirutenm o  9
L@YSAQ @ekpem j` SA-Qekjr =
CFQF o  \m`tf enlfnaelefnm` m `m jtequjtm o  9
EFY@FS o  Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm FY jntrj j` vm`fr  o y j` rjcestrf S =
KFX@S o  Cumram jn j` rjcestrf S j` vm`fr o  =
YJQHEJ Yjtfrnf aj unm entjrrupleün 9
YJQ@S Yjtfrnf aj unm suirutenm lfn j` vm`fr  o jn j` rjcestrf S 9
YJQZYN Yjtfrnf aj unm suirutenm 9
\@JJR \j pfnj j` REL jn jstmaf aj rjpfsf (afrkeaf) =
\ZI@S o  Yjstm j` vm`fr  o m` rjcestrf S =
WFY@S Yjm`ezm `m fpjrmleün `ücelm WFY jntrj j` vm`fr  o y j` rjcestrf S =
 

9.8.
9.8. Jdjkp`
Jdjkp`f
f aj
aj usf
usf aj
aj enstr
enstrul
ullef
lefnj
njss jn
jn Jnsmki
Jnsmki`m
`maf
afrr
Kfstrmkfs m lfntenumleün lfkf jdjkp`f aj un prfcrmkm iíself jn Jnsmki`mafr, luym
henm`eama js jn jstj lmsf jstmi`jljr j` kfaf aj fpjrmleün aj `fs pujrtfs.
Aj `m tjfrëm quj sj gm vestf jn jstm uneama tjnjkfs quj `fs rjcestrfs ekpfrtmntjs jn `m
lfnhecurmleün aj `fs pujrtfs sfn4
\QMQZ\ aerjlleün 2x<
RFYQM aerjlleün 2x:
RFYQI aerjlleün 2x8
QYE\M aerjlleün 2x:
QYE\I aerjlleün 2x8

Rfr ajhjltf j` REL tjnarí tfafs `fs E/F pfrt's (js ajler `fs pujrtfs YM y YI), lf`flmafs
lfkf jntrmam aj amtfs, y se qujrjkfs lmkiemr`fs gmirí quj lfnhecurmr`fs jn `fs rjcestrfs
lfrrjspfnaejntjs. Rmrm `fcrmr`f ajijkfs tjnjr jn lujntm quj4
\e sj msecnm un LJYF (2) m un pen, åstj qujamrí lfkf sm`eam.
\e sj msecnm un ZNF (=), qujamrí lfkf jntrmam.
U quj åstm msecnmleün sj gmlj jn4
QYE\M pmrm
pmrm `fs penjs aj` RZJ
RZJYQF
YQF M (: iets), pfr jdj
jdjkp`f,
kp`f, se QYE\M js ecum` m
====2 tfafs sus penjs sjrín jntrmams sm`vf YM2 quj jstm lfkf sm`eam.
QYE\I pmrm `fs penjs aj` RZJYQF I (7 iets), pfr jdjkp`f, se QYE\I js ecum` m
2222222= tfafs sus penjs sjrín sm`eams sm`vf YI2 quj jstm lfkf jntrmam.

Mgfrm iejn, lumnaf j` REL mrrmnlm sj jnlujntrm jn j` IMNLF 2, pjrf QYE\M y QYE\I
jstín jn j` IMNLF =, pfr `f quj ajijrjkfs lmkiemr aj imnlf pmrm gmljr j` lmkief. Jstf
sj `fcrm m trm
trmvås
vås aj` Yjc
Yjcestrf
estrf \QMQZ\4
\QMQZ\4
Lf`flmnaf
Lf`flm naf un LJYF (2) jn YR2 jstmrjkfs
jstmrjkfs jn j` IMNLF 2.
Lf`flmnaf
Lf`flm naf un ZNF (=) jn YR2, jstmr
jstmrjkfs
jkfs jn j` IMNL
IMNLFF =.

Jdjrlelef 9.=. Jslreier `ms enstrullefnjs njljsmrems pmrm `fcrmr quj `fs trjs iets kjnfs
secnehelmtevfs
 pujrtf I ajijnaj`lfkpfrtmrsj
pujrtf M hunlefnjn lfkfj`sm`eams,
lfkf sm`eams, rjstf jny mkifs
`fs lumtrf iets ajijn
pujrtfs kís secnehelmtevfs
sjr jntrmams.aj`
\f`u
\f`ule
leün
ün44 Jn pr
prek
ekjr
jr `u
`ucm
cmr,
r, ajij
ajijkf
kfss llmk
mkie
iemr
mr aj im
imnl
nlf4
f4
 ish 2x2<,:
Lmrcmkfs jn j` mluku`mafr j` vm`fr jn ienmref njljsmref pmrm lfnhecurmr j`
 pujrtf M4
kfv`w i'==222'
Qrms`mamkfs j` amtf gmlem j` rjcestrf QYE\M4
kfvwh 2x7:
Lmrcmkfs j` vm`fr ienmref lfrrjspfnaejntj4
kfv`w i'2222===='
Qrms`mamkfs j` vm`fr gmlem j` rjcestrf QYE\I
 

kfvwh 2x78
Henm`kjntj, vf`vjkfs m` imnlf 24
 ilh jstmaf,:

Munquj j` jdjrlelef 9.= jdjkp`ehelm lfkf cjstefnmr `fs rjcestrfs aj `m kjkfrem aj`
kelrflfntrf`mafr pmrm lfnhecurmr `fs
`fs pujrtfs, nf js môn un lüae
lüaecf
cf jdjlutmi`j jn j` lerluetf
entjcrmaf. J` secuejntj jdjrlelef prjsjntm un prfcrmkm jdjlutmi`j pfr j` kelrflfntrf`mafr
quj ekp`jkjntm `ms mllefnjs aj` jdjrlelef 9.=.

Jdjrlelef 9.9. Jn j` secuejntj lüaecf eajntehequj j` sjckjntf jn j` quj sj gmn enl`ueaf `ms
enstrullefnjs aj` jdjrlelef 9.=. Iusquj jn `ms gfdms aj amtfs f jn `m iei`efcrmhëm `m
henm`eama aj `ms enstrullefnjs quj ajslfnfzlm, f msjsürjsj aj su afljntj.

?-------------------------------------------------------------------
? RYFCYMKM AJ LFNHECZYMLEÜN AJ RZJYQF\
?-------------------------------------------------------------------
#enl`uaj p=8h71m.enl
?--------------------Xmremi`js------------------------------------
J\QMAF jqu 2x2<
LFNHECRQFM jqu 2x2:
LFNHECRQFI jqu 2x28
?----------------Lfnhecurmleün aj rjsjt------------------------
frc 2x22
YJ\JQ cftf ENELEF

?--------------Lfnhecurmleün aj pujrtfs-----------------------
frc 2x2:
ENELEF ish J\QMAF,:
kfv`w i'==222'
kfvwh LFNHECRQFM
kfv`w i'22222222'
kfvwh LFNHECRQFI
 ilh J\QMAF,:
?-------------------------------------------------------------------
jna
?-------------------------------------------------------------------
 

<. Lmrml
Lmrmltjrë
tjrëstelm
stelmss j`åltrelms
j`åltrelms aj` kelrflfntrf`m
kelrflfntrf`mafr
afr
Jn jstm uneama j` m`uknf4
Mnm`ezm `ms lmrmltjrëstelms j`åltrelms aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr.

<.=.
<.=. Aest
Aestre
reiu
iule
leün
ün aj
aj tjrk
tjrken
enm`
m`js
js
J` =8H71M jstí hmirelmaf jn tjlnf`fcëm LKF\, js aj kuy imdf lfnsukf aj pftjnlem, y js
aj kjkfrem jstítelm H@M\G.
J` jnlmpsu`maf kís lfkôn pmrm jstfs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs js j` AER (Aum` En `enj Ren) aj =7
 penjs, y ute`ezm un rj`fd aj 1 f aj 92 KGz (lrestm` aj lumrzf). Jxestj tmkieån jn
jnlmpsu`maf tepf \urhmlj Kfunt (kfntmdj supjrhelem`) j` lum` js kulgf kís pjqujýf
(hecurm <.=).

Hecurm <.=. Jnlmpsu`mafs aj` =8H71M.

@m aestreiuleün aj sus tjrkenm`js sj prjsjntm jn `m hecurm <.9.

Hecurm <.9. Aestreiuleün aj tjrkenm`js aj` =8H71M.

@m ajslrepleün aj penjs js `m quj secuj.

Renjs =, 9, < =3 y =7 YM2-YM1/QFLOE4 Js j` RFYQM

RFYQM (pujrtf
(pujrtf M). Lfrrj
Lfrrjspfn
spfnajn
ajn m :
Eënjms ieaerjllefnm`js aj J/\. Js lmpmz aj jntrjcmr nevj`js QQ@ lumnaf `m tjnseün aj
m`ekjntmleün mp`elmam jn XAA js aj :X + :%. J` pen YM1 lfkf jntrmam pujaj prfcrmkmrsj
jn hunlefnmkejntf nfrkm` f lfkf jntrmam aj` lfntmafr/tjkpfrezmafr QKY2.
 

KL@Y / Xpp4
Ren 1 - KL@Y Js unm tjrkenm` aj kô`tep`
kô`tep`js
js mp`elmlefnjs,
mp`elmlefnjs, js `m jntrmam aj Yjsjt se
jstí m nevj` imdf y tmkieån js `m gmie`etmleün aj `m tjnseün aj prfcrmkmleün lumnaf sj jstí
 prfcrmkmnaf j` aespfsetevf. Lumnaf su tjnseün js `m aj X AA j` REL hunlefnm nfrkm`kjntj,
se sj kmnam m kmsm j` REL rjenelem su hunlefnmkejntf.

Renjs : y =1 - X\\ y XAA4 \fn rjspjltevmkjntj `ms pmtms aj kmsm y m`ekjntmleün. @m

tjnseün aj m`ekjntmleün aj un REL jstí lfkprjnaeam jntrj 9X y 8X, munquj sj rjlfkejnam
nf sfirjpmsmr `fs :.:X.

Renjs 8, 3, 7, 5, =2, ==, =9, =< YI2-YI34 Js j` RFYQI (pujrt

(pujrtff I). Lfrrjspfn
Lfrrjspfnajn
ajn m flgf
`ënjms ieaerjllefnm`js aj J/\. Rujajn kmnjdmr nevj`js QQ@ lumnaf `m tjnseün aj
m`ekjntmleün mp`elmam jn XAA js aj :X ½ :%. YI2 pujaj prfcrmkmrsj majkís lfkf
jntrmam aj entjrruplefnjs jxtjrnms ENQ. @fs penjs YI1 m YI3 pujajn prfcrmkmrsj pmrm
rjspfnajr m entjrruplefnjs pfr lmkief aj jstmaf. @ms pmtms YI8 y YI3 sj lfrrjspfnajn
lfn `ms `ënjms aj jntrmam aj rj`fd y jntrmam aj amtfs rjspjltevmkjntj, lumnaf jstí jn kfaf
 prfcrmkmleün aj` entjcrmaf.

Renjs
jxtjrnm=:ajy rj`fd
=8 yF\L=/L@OEN y F\L9/L@OFZQ
sm`eam aj fsle`mafr . Lfrrjspfnajn m `fs penjs aj `m jntrmam
m lrestm` rjspjltevmkjntj.

<.9.
<.9. Lmrml
Lmrmltjr
tjrëst
ëstelm
elmss aj` rj`
rj`fd
fd aj` se
sestj
stjkm
km
Qfaf kelrfprfljsmafr f kelrflfntrf`mafr rjquejrj aj unm sjým` aj rj`fd quj senlrfnelj su
hunlefnmkejn
hunlefnmkejntf.
tf. Jstm sjým
sjým`` sj fitejn
fitejnjj kjaem
kjaemntj
ntj un fsle`
fsle`mafr
mafr aj hrjlujnlem.
hrjlujnlem. Jxestjn
kelrflfntrf`mafrjs quj tejnjn un fsle`mafr entjrnf y nf rjquejrjn aj lfkpfnjntjs
jxtjrnfs. J` kelrflfntrf`mafr REL=8H71 rjquejrj aj un lerluetf jxtjrnf aj fsle`mleün f
cjnjrmafr aj pu`sfs aj rj`fd.

Jn j` kfkjntf aj prfcrmkmr j` kelrflfntrf`mafr sj ajijrí jspjlehelmr jn `fs pmríkjtrfs j`

tepf aj fsle`mafr quj ute`ezmkfs jn j` lerluetf j`jltrünelf. Jn jsj kfkjntf, sj prfcrmkmn
afs iets aj lfnhecurmleün ajnfkenmafs HF\L= y HF\L9. Rfr jdjkp`f, se `m hrjlujnlem aj
trmimdf js aj 92 KGz jntfnljs `m lfnhecurmleün aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr ajijrí jstmr jn "G\"?
 pjrf se `m hrjlujnlem aj trmimdf js aj 1 KGz jntfnljs `m lfnhecurmleün aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr
ajijrí jstmr jn "WQ".

Jxestjn 1 kfafs
kfafs aj fsle
fsle`mafr
`mafr pmrm j` REL=8H7
REL=8H71M.
1M. Qrjs ute`ezmn
ute`ezmn lrestm`
lrestm` aj
aj lumrzf (@R, WQ y
G\) y `m lumrtm ute
ute`ezm
`ezm unm rjs
rjsestjnlem
estjnlem y un lfnajnsmafr (YL).

Yj`mlefnmafs lfn `fs kfafs aj fsle`mafr y `m hrjlujnlem kíxekm m `m quj j` REL pfarí
trmimdmr tjnjkfs < vjrsefnjs aj` REL=8H71M4

J` REL=8@H71M-21, eajm` pmrm mp`elmlefnjs aj imdf lfnsukf, pujaj trmimdmr lfn

unm Xaa aj 9 m :,: vf`tefs jn `fs kfafs @R, WQ y YL, pjrf nf aespfnj aj` kfaf
 

G\. Rujaj ute`ezmrsj jn j` kfaf @R pmrm hrjlujnlems jntrj 2 y 922 OGz, jn j` kfaf
WQ pmrm hrjlujnlems jntrj =22 OGz y 9 KGz y jn j` kfaf YL ajsaj 2 gmstm 9
KGz.
J` REL=8H71M-21, pmrm mp`elmlefnjs cjnjrm`js, pujaj trmimdmr jn `fs lumtrf kfafs.
Jn j` kfaf @R pmrm hrjlujnlems jntrj <9 OGz y 922 OGz, jn j` kfaf WQ pmrm
hrjlujnlems jntrj =22 OGz y 1 KGz y jn j` kfaf YL gmstm 1 KGz. Rujaj trmimdmr 
lfn unm Xaa aj 1 m :,: vf`tefs jn `fs kfafs WQ, @R y YL, pjrf j` rmncf sj mlfrtm
aj 1,: m :,: vf`tefs lfn j` kfaf G\.
J` REL=8H71M-92 sj rjsjrvmrí nfrkm`kjntj pmrm j` kfaf G\ y hrjlujnlems jntrj 1
KGz y 92 KGz. Rujaj trmimdmr lfn unm Xaa aj 1 m :,: vf`tefs jn `fs kfafs WQ,
@R y YL, pjrf j` rmncf sj mlfrtm aj 1,: m :,: vf`tefs lfn j` kfaf G\.

<.9.=.
<.9.=. Kfaf fsl
fsle`m
e`mafr
afr WQ, @R y G\
J` lerluetf quj ekp`jkjntm jstj kfaf sj kujstrm jn `m hecurm <.<. @m lfnaeleün kís
ekpfrtmntj pmrm quj jstj fsle`mafr hunlefnj js quj `fs lfnajnsmafrjs L= y L9 ajijrín sjr
ecum`js. Jn unm tmi`m kís maj`mntj jstín rjh`jdmafs m`cunfs vm`frjs aj `fs lfnajnsmafrjs
L= y L9. Ajij ute`ezmrsj unm rjsestjnlem jn sjrej (Ys) pmrm lre
lrestm`js
stm`js MQ aj lfrtj jn term,
term,
munquj nf js enaespjnsmi`j.

Hecurm <.<.
<.<. Lerluetf pmrm fsle`mafr
fsle`mafr m lrestm`.

@m secuejntj tmi`m prjsjntm unm sj`jlleün aj lmpmletfrjs pmrm `m lfnhecurmleün aj

fsle`mafrjs m lrestm`.
Qmi`m 3. \j`jlleün aj lrestm`js pmrm fsle`mafrjs m lrestm`.
Kfaf Hrjlujnlem F\L=/L= F\L9/L9
<9 Ogz 87 - =22 pH 87 - =22 pH
@R
922 Ogz =: - << ppH
H =: - << pH
=22 Ogz =2
=222 - =:2 pH =22
=22 - =:2 pH
WQ 9 Kgz =: - << ppH
H =: - << pH
1 Kgz =: - << ppH
H =: - << pH
1 Kgz =: - << ppH
H =: - << pH
G\
92 Kgz =: - << ppH
H =: - << pH

Rmrm unm XAA > 1,: X, sj rjlfkejnam

rjlfkejnam quj L= ; L9 ; << pH.
 

<.9.
<.9.9.
9. Kfa
Kfaf
f fsl
fsle`
e`ma
mafr
fr YL
Js j` kís jlfnükelf pfr quj tmn sf`f sj ute`ezm un lfnajnsmafr nf pf`mrezmaf y unm
rjsestjnlem. Js majlumaf pmrm `ms mp`elmlefnjs afnaj `ms tjkpfrezmlefnjs nf rjquejrmn
 prjleseün. @m hrjlujnlem ajpjnaj aj4
@m tjnseün aj m`ekjntmleün
J` vm`fr aj `m rjsestjnlem
J` vm`fr aj` lfnajnsmafr 
@m tjkpjrmturm aj hunlefnmkejntf
Majkís aj jstf, `m hrjlujnlem aj fsle`mleün pujaj vmremr aj un kelrflfntrf`mafr m ftrf
ajieaf m vmremlefnjs jn m`cunfs pmríkjtrfs jn `m hmirelmleün aj lmam entjcrmaf. Qmkieån
gmn aj tjnjrsj jn lujntm `m vmremleün ajieams m `m tf`jrmnlem aj `m rjsestjnlem y lfnajnsmafr
ute`ezmafs. Enl`usf `ms lmpmleamajs pmrmsetms quj pujamn mpmrjljr, lfkf j` trmzmaf aj `ms
 pestms f lfn `fs lfntmltfs aj` zzülm`f
ülm`f afnaj vm ensjrtmaf j` kelrflfntrf`mafr pujajn mhjltmr
mh jltmr
m `m hrjlujnlem aj `m fsle`mleün, sfirj tfaf se sj ute`ezmn lfnajnsmafrjs aj pjqujýf vm`fr.
Jn cjnjrm` `ms vmremlefnjs aj `m hrjlujnlem aj fsle`mleün sfn kmyfrjs lumntf kmyfr sjm Y y
kjnfr sjm L.
Jn `m hecurm <.1. mpmrjlj lfkf ajij lfnjltmrsj j` lerluetf YL m` REL.

Hecurm <.1. Lerluetf fsle`mafr jn kfaf YL.

@fs vm`frjs
vm`frjs aj Y aj
ajijn
ijn jstm
jstmrr lfkprjn
lfkprjnaeafs
aeafs jntrj
jntrj : y =22 O , kejnt
kejntrms
rms quj `fs
`fs vm`frjs
vm`frjs aj
L nf ajijn sjr enhj
enhjrefrj
refrjss m 92 pH. Js ekpf ekpfrtmntj
rtmntj smijr quj,
quj, pmrm vm`frjs
vm`frjs aj rjsestjnl
rjsestjnlem
em
kjnfr m : O , j` ses sestjkm
tjkm sj gmlj eenjstmi`njstmi`jj f sj pfarëm
pfarëm ajtjnjr
ajtjnjr `m
`m fsle`
fsle`mleün
mleün
lfkp`jtmkjn
lfkp`j tmkjntj.
tj. Rm
Rmrm
rm vm
vm`frjs
`frjs aj rjs
rjsestjnl
estjnlems
ems kmyfrjs
kmyfrjs m =22 O (pfr jd jdjkp`f
jkp`f = KFgkef)
KFgkef),,
j` fsle`mafr sj gmlj kuy susljptei`j m` rueaf, gukjama y m `m tjkpjrmturm pfr `f tmntf sj
rjlfke
rjlfkejnam
jnam qu
qujj jst
jstjj tepf aj ffsle
sle`maf
`mafrr sj jnlu
jnlujnt
jntrj
rj jn j` secuej
secuejntj
ntj rm
rmncf
ncf (:O
(:O 0 Y 0 =22
O . Rfr ftrf
ftrf `ma
`maf,
f, sj rjl
rjlfk
fkejn
ejnam
am ute
ute`ez
`ezmr
mr un lfnaj
lfnajnsm
nsmafr
afr nf pf`mre
pf`mrezmaf
zmaf kmyf
kmyfrr aj 92 pH
 pmrm aeskenuer j` rrueaf
ueaf y mukjntmr `m jstmie`eama aj` sestjkm. @m hrjlujnlem aj` fsle`mafr,
aeveaeam pfr 1, jstí aespfnei`j jn j` tjrkenm` F\L9/L@OFZQ y pujaj ute`ezmrsj pmrm
lfkprfimr `m hrjlujnlem f pmrm senlrfnezmr ftrfs aespfsetevfs.
 

M lfnten
lfntenumleü
umleün,
n, sj kkujstrmn
ujstrmn m`cunf
m`cunfss críhelfs
críhelfs quj kujstrmn
kujstrmn vm`frjs
vm`frjs aj hrjlujnlem
hrjlujnlem aj
fsle`mleün
fsle`mleün sjcôn j` lfnajn
lfnajnsmafr
smafr y `m rjsestjnlem.
rjsestjnlem. Qmkie
Qmkieån
ån js ekpfrtmntj
ekpfrtmntj smijr quj `m
tjnseün aj m`ekjntmleün quj tjnarí j` kelrflfntrf`mafr enh`uyj aerjltmkjntj jn `m
hrjlujnlem henm`. @ms secuejntjs hecurms kujstrmn `m hrjlujnlem fitjneam jn imsj m` vf`tmdj aj
m`ekjntmleün y `m lfnhecurmleün aj rjsestjnlems y lfnajnsmafr.

Hecurm <.:. Hrjlujnlems fitjneams pmrm vmrems rjsestjnlems y un lmpmletfr aj <22pH.

Hecurm <.8. Hrjlujnlems fitjneams pmrm vmrems rjsestjnlems y un lmpmletfr aj =22 pH.
 

Hecurm <.3. Hrjlujnlems fitjneams pmrm vmrems rjsestjnlems y un lm

lmpmletfr
pmletfr aj 99 pH

\e nfs amkfs lujntm, pmrm m`cunfs vm`frjs aj` vf`tmdj, j` vm`fr aj hrjlujnlem sj gmlj
vjramajrf pmrm `m jxprjseün aj `m hrjlujnlem quj am `m hürku`m4 . Afnaj L jstí
jxprjsmaf jn Hmrmaefs y Y jn Fgkefs. Rfr ajscrmlem j` puntf jn j` quj lfenleaj `m
hrjlujnlem y j` vf`tmdj nf js `enjm` pmrm tfafs `fs vm`frjs aj X.

<.9.
<.9.<.
<. Fs
Fsle
le`m
`maf
afrr jxtjr
jxtjrnf
nf
M lfntenumleün, sj jxpfnjn afs lfnhecurmlefnjs quj sj pujajn jkp`jmr lfn trjs aj `fs
lumtrf kfafs aj hunlefnmkejntf4 WQ, G\ ü @\. Jn mkifs lmsfs sj ute`ezm un fsle`mafr
jxtjrnf.
Lfnvejnj rjlframr quj, sjcôn `m hrjlujnlem aj `m sjým` enyjltmam, ajijkfs usmr `m fpleün
@R pmrm hrjlujnlems
hrjlujnlems lfkp
lfkprjnaeam
rjnaeamss jntrj <9 y 922 OGz, `m fpleün WQ pmrm
pmrm hrjlujnl
hrjlujnlems
ems
setumams jntrj `fs =22 OGz y `fs 1 KGz, y `m fpleün G\ pmrm hrjlujnlems lfkprjnaeams
jntrj 1 y 92 KGz (ajpjnaejnaf jstm ô`tekm aj `m vj`fleama kíxekm pjrketeam pfr j` REL).
\jým` aj rj`fd jxtjrnm 4 Jn lejrtms flmsefnjs aespfnjkfs unm hujntj aj rj`fd quj prfvejnj
aj unm hujntj jxtjrnm lfkf pujaj sjr un fsle`mafr QQ@ f LKF\. @m fnam cjnjrmam pfr
jstm hujntj jxtjrnm pujaj sjrver pmrm pfnjr jn hunlefnmkejntf j` REL. Jn `m secuejntj hecurm
tjnjkfs `m hfrkm aj lfnjxefnmr `m jntrmam aecetm` m trmvås aj un envjrsfr `ücelf.

Hecurm <.7. Lfnjxeün aj unm sjým` aj rj`fd jxtjrnm.

 

Lfkf sj pujaj fisjrvmr, tfafs `fs lerluetfs fsle`mtfrefs quj sj lfnjltmn m` REL m trmvås aj
unm sf`m pmte``m, vmn lfnjltmams m `m jntrmam F\L=, ajdmnaf `m jntrmam F\L9 miejrtm.

J` fsle`mafr QQ@ js un aespfsetevf imsmaf jn un lrestm` quj lfntejnj tfam `m lerluetjrëm pmrm
cjnjrmr unm fnam lumarmam. M` enl`uer tfam `m lerluetjrëm jstf `f lfnvejrtj jn `m fpleün kís
lfstfsm? pjrf pjrketj unm prjleseün üptekm jn `m sjým` aj rj`fd jketeam.

Jstfs tepfs aj lrestm`js jstín aesjýmafs jspjlem`kjntj pmrm tjlnf`fcëms QQ@. @ms
hrjlujnlems aespfnei`js pmrm jstm vjrseün aj lrestm` sfn kuy mkp`ems y `ms kís usum`js sfn
=, =.71<9, 9, 1, 7, =2, ==.2:5, =9, =1.<=7=7, =8, 92, 9:, <9, <<, 12, :2, 72 y =22 KGz. Jn `m
hecurm <.5 sj kujstrm
kujstrm lfkf ajij lfnjltmr
lfnjltmrsj
sj jstj aespfs
aespfsetevf
etevf m` kelrflfntrf`m
kelrflfntrf`mafr.
afr.

Hecurm <.5. Zn kfaj`f aj fsle`mafr QQ@ y su lfnjxeün m` REL=8H71M.

<.<
<.<. J` Yjs
Yjsj
jt y sus hujntj
tjss
Zn rjsjt pujaj sjr prfvflmaf pfr < lmusms aehjrjntjs quj amn frecjn m : kfafs4
Lfnjxeün aj `m m`ekjntmleün m` REL RFY (Rfwjr Fn Yjsjt).
Mltevmnaf `m pmte``m K@LY kejntrms j` REL jstí jn kfaf nfrkm`.
Mltevmnaf `m pmte``m K@LY kejntrms j` REL jstí jn kfaf \@JJR.

Lumnaf sj jdjlutm un rjsjt, sj prfauljn afs mllefnjs ekpfrtmntjs.

J` lfntmafr aj prfcrmkm sj vuj`vj m lf`flmr jn j` prenlepef aj` prfcrmkm (2222 g).
@fs rjcestrfs kfaehelmafs vuj`vjn m su jstmaf pfr ajhjltf.
 

Zn ajsiframkejntf aj` SAQ kejntrms j` REL jstí jn kfaf nfrkm`.

Zn ajsiframkejntf aj` SAQ kejntrms j` REL jstí jn kfaf \@JJR.

Jn tfafs `fs lmsfs, sm`vf jn j` quentf, j` lfntmafr aj prfcrmkm RL sj pfnj m 2222 g (vjltfr
aj rjsjt), afnaj ajij jnlfntrmrsj `m prekjrm enstrulleün jdjlutmi`j aj` prfcrmkm. Majkís,
tfafs `fs rjcestrfs jspjlëhelfs (\HY) sfn lf`flmafs jn jstmafs prjajtjrkenmafs (vjr Jstmaf
 prjajtjrkenmaf aj `fs rjcestrfs jspjlëhelfs jn Yjcestrfs aj` REL=8H71M,
REL=8H71M , sjlleün 9.9.1).
9.9.1 ).

Jn j` quentf lmsf, lumnaf sj prfaulj un ajsiframkejntf aj` SAQ kejntrms j` REL jstí jn
kfaf \@JJR, nf sj prfaulj un rjsjt prfpemkjntj aelgf, senf quj j` REL sj sm`j aj` kfaf
\@JJR, sj "ajspejrtm" kjaemntj j` tjkpfrezmafr wmtlgafc y j` RL sj enlrjkjntm jn unm
uneama pmrm pmsmr m `m enstrulleün quj secuj m `m enstrulleün \@JJR, ecum` quj lumnaf sj
sm`j aj jstj kfaf kjaemntj unm entjrrupleün, se j` iet CEJ aj` rjcestrf ENQLFN jstí m unf.

<.<.=.
<.<.=. Yjs
Yjsjt
jt m `m
`m m`ek
m`ekjnt
jntmle
mleün
ün
@fs aestentfs kfafs aj prfvflmr un rjenelef pfr m`ekjntmleün (Rfwjr Fn Yjsjt, RFY) aj
unm imnajrm sfn4
Rfwjr-up Qekjr (RSYQ) . Js un sestjkm entjrnf aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr quj `f
kmntejnj rjsjtjmaf aurmntj unfs 39 ks gmstm quj sj jstmie`elj `m tjnseün aj
m`ekjntmleün. Zte`ezm un lerluetf fsle`mafr YL entjrnf y un lfntmafr pmrm lfnsjcuer 
jsj tejkpf.
J` tejkpf jn quj jstí mltevf RSYQ pujaj sjr aestentf jntrj aestentfs REL, sjcôn j`
vm`fr aj Xll, `m tjkpjrmturm y ftrms vmremi`js.
RSYQ pujaj sjr gmie`etmaf/ajsgmie`etmaf kjaemntj j` iet aj lfnhecurmleün RSYQJ,
rjlfkjnaínafsj su mltevmleün (vjr Rm`mirm aj lfnhecurmleün, sjlleün 9.1).
Fsle``mtfr \tmrt-up Qekjr (F\Q) . Js un tjkpfre
tjkpfrezmafr
zmafr entj
entjrnf
rnf quj prfpfrlefnm
prfpfrlefnm un
rjtmraf aj =291 lel`fs aj` fsle`mafr ajspuås aj quj tjrkenj j` rjtmraf quj
 prfpfrlefnm RSYQ. \j ute`ezm pmrm kmntjnjr rjsjtjmaf m` kelrflfntrf`mafr pmrm
msjcurmrsj quj `m fsle`mleün aj` lrestm` aj lumrzf f rjsfnmafr sj gm enelemaf y sj gm
jstmie`ezmaf. F\Q mltôm sf`mkjntj se sj ute`ezmn `fs kfafs WQ, @R y G\ y lumnaf
sj m`ekjntm m` REL f lumnaf sj ajspejrtm ajsaj j` kfaf \@JJR.

Qjnejnaf jn lujntm `f quj gjkfs vestf sfirj RFY, RSYQ y F\Q, `m sjlujnlem quj sj
secuj se RSYQ y F\Q jstín gmie`etmafs js4
RSYQ mltôm ajspuås aj quj RFY tjrkenj.
F\Q mltôm ajspuås aj quj RSYQ tjrkenj.

J` tejkpf tftm` vmremrí sjcôn j` kfaf aj` fsle`mafr y `m lfnhecurmleün aj RSYQJ. Rfr
jdjkp`f, jn j` kfaf YL lfn RSYQ ajsgmie`etmaf j` tejkpf aj rjsjt sjrí kënekf. @f
mntjrefr sj jxprjsm kjdfr jn `m secuejntj tmi`m.
 

Qmi`m 7. \jlujnlems aj`

a j` Yjsjt.
Lfnhecurmleün fsle`mafr M`ekjntmleün Ajspjrtmr ajsaj \@JJR
RSYQ gmi
RSY mie`
e`eetma
maff RSYQ
RSYQ aj
ajsg
sgmmie
ie`e
`ettma
maff
WQ, G\, @R 39 ks + =291 QF\L =291 QF
QF\L =291 QF\L
YL 39 ks - -

Qmkieån sj pujaj lfnstruer un lerluetf jxtjrnf aj rjsjt m `m m`ekjntmleün (hecurm <.=2).

Hecurm <.=2. Lerluetf pmrm ekp`jkjntmr un rjsjt jxtjrnf4

Jstj lerluetf aj rjsjt m `m m`ekjntmleün jxtjrnf js ônelmkjntj njljsmref se `m suieam aj `m
tjnseün aj m`ekjntmleün js kuy `jntm.

M`cunms rjc`ms iíselms pmrm rjm`ezmr jstj lerluetf sfn4

Js rjlfkjnami`j quj Y= sjm kjnfr aj 12 O pmrm msjcurmrsj quj su tjnseün nf
supjrj `fs 2,9 vf`tefs lumnaf KL@Y jstå m nevj` m`tf (`m lfrrejntj kíxekm jn `m

`m pmte``m KL@Y.
\j rjlfkejnam quj Y9 jstå jntrj :2 y =22 fgkefs.
J` aefaf A= myuam m prfvflmr unm ajslmrcm rípeam aj` lfnajnsmafr lumnaf sj
j`ekenm `m m`ekjntmleün.
 Nftm4 \e jn KL@Y sj mp`elm unm tjnseün pfr ajimdf aj X\\ sj pujajn enauler lfrrejntjs
kmyfrjs aj 72 kM, quj pujajn lmusmr prfi`jkms. Rmrm sf`ulefnmr jstf sj lf`flm unm
rjsestjnlem
rjsestjnlem aj :2 m =22 fgkefs pmrm mp`elm
mp`elmrr un nevj` imdf m `m pmte``m KL@
KL@Y Y jn `ucmr aj
``jvmr jstm pmte``m aerjltmkjntj m X\\. Jn nujstrf lmsf jstm rjsestjnlem js Y9.

Rmrm tjrkenmr, gmirëm quj ajler quj, jn `m kmyfrëm aj `fs lmsfs sjrí kís quj suhelejntj lfn
lfnjltmr KL@Y m `m m`ekjntmleün pfsetevm (XLL) y usmr `fs aespfsetevfs aj rjsjt aj` REL.
 

<.<.
<.<.9.
9. Yj
Yjsj
sjtt kmnu
kmnum`
m`
Jn j` lmsf aj quj sjm njljsmref sj pujaj mp`elmr un rjsjt kmnum` m `m pmte``m KL@Y
kjaemntj un pu`smafr y unm rjsestjnlem. @m hecurm <.== kujstrm unm lfnhecurmleün iíselm
 pmrm rjm`ezmr un rjsjt kmnum`.

Hecurm <.==. Lfnhecurmleün pmrm un rjsjt kmnum`.

@m rjsestjnlem
KL@Y aj =22
mpmrjzlmn fgkefskjnfrjs
tjnsefnjs pujaj j`ekenmrsj
aj X \\. aj`
Rjrflerluetf
ajijrëmm` kmntjnjrsj
nf jxester pj`ecrf aj quj jn
se sj lf`flm un
lfnajnsmafr jn pmrm`j`f m` pu`smafr.

<.<.
<.<.<.
<. Fr
Frec
ecjn
jn aj
aj`` rjs
rjsjt
jt
Js pfsei`j aestencuer pfr sfhtwmrj j` frecjn aj` rjsjt, pmrm `f quj imstm lfn `jjr `fs iets QF
(Qekjr Fut)
Fut) y RA (Rfwj
(Rfwjrr Afwn) aj` rrjcestrf
jcestrf aj jst
jstmaf
maf lfkf sj kujstrm
kujstrm jn `m tmi`m
secuejntj.
Qmi`m 5. Ajtjrkenmleün aj `m hujntj aj` Yjsjt.
QF RA FYECJN AJ@ YJ\JQ
2 2 Ajs
Ajsifr
iframk
amkejn
ejntf
tf S
SAQ
AQ jn kfa
kfaff \@J
\@JJR.
JR. \ \jj gm ssm`e
m`eaf
af aaj`
j` kf
kfaf
af \
\@JJ
@JJR.
R.
2 = Aj
Ajsi
sifr
fram
amke
kejn
jntf
tf SA
SAQ
Q jn kf
kfaf
af nf
nfrk
rkm`
m`..
= 2 Ml
Mlte
tevm
vmle
leün
LfnjxeününajKL
KL@Y@Y jn kf
kfaf
af(RFY)
m`ekjntmleün \@
\@JJ
JJR
R
= =
Mltevmleün KL@Y jn kfaf nfrkm`

<.1.
<.1. Lmrml
Lmrmltjr
tjrëst
ëstelm
elmss aj `m huj
hujnt
ntj
j aj m`ekj
m`ekjntm
ntmleü
leün
n aj` KLZ
KLZ
J` lfnjxefnmaf iíself pmrm `ms tjrkenm`js aj m`ekjntmleün aj` =8H71M sj prjsjntm jn `m
hecurm <.=9. Jn j``m sj pujajn mprjlemr `ms tjrkenm`js aj m`ekjntmleün X AA (Xf`tmdj
arjnmafr) y X\\ (Xf`t
(Xf`tmdj
mdj surteafr),
surteafr), `m nfkjnl`
nfkjnl`mturm
mturm sj ajij m quj j` kelrfl
kelrflfntrf`
fntrf`mafr
mafr
jkp`jm
jkp `jm jn ssuu ae
aesjýf
sjýf trm
trmnse
nsestf
stfrjs
rjs HJQ.
HJQ. \j eenl`
nl`uyj
uyj ma
majkí
jkíss `m lfnhecu
lfnhecurmle
rmleün
ün pmrm
pmrm
ekp`jkjntmr un rjsjt kmnum`.
 

Hecurm <.=9. Lfnjxeün iíselm aj m`ekjntmleün aj` =8H71M.

@ms lmrmltjrëstelms j`åltrelms kíxekms aj` ke

kelrflfntrf`mafr
lrflfntrf`mafr sfn4
Qjkpjrmturm mkiejntj kíxekm pmrm hunlefnmkejntf aj -::²L tf +=9:²L.
Qjnseün kíxekm aj XAA rjspjltf m X\\ aj -2,< m +3,:X.
Qjnseün aj lum`quejr pmte``m lfn rjspjltf m X \\ (jxljptf XAA, KL@Y, y YM1) aj
X m (XAA + 2.<X).
Qjnseün jn KL@Y lfn rjspjltf m X \\ -2,< m +=1X.
Qjnseün jn YM1 lfn rjspjltf m X \\ -2,< m +7,:X.
Aesepmleün aj pftjnlem tftm` aj 722 kS.
Kíxekm lfrrejntj aj sm`eam m X\\ =:2 kM.

Kíxekm lfrrejntj aj sm`eam aj XAA =22 kM. , :2 kM.

Kíxekm lfrrejntj quj pujaj sukenestrmr unm sü`m sm`eam lfkf hujntj f sukeajrf, 9:
kM.
Ymncf aj m`ekjntmleün4
f =8@H71M4 Aj 9 m :,: X jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr WQ, YL y @R.
f =8H71M4 Aj 1 m :,: v jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr WQ, YL y @R? y aj 1,: m
:.: v jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr G\.
Lfnsukf tëpelf4
 

f =8@H71M4 aj = m 1 kM jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr YL y WQ (HF\L;9

(HF\L;<9oGz, XAA;9X, SAQ ajsgmie`etmaf).

f =8H71M4 aj =,7 m 1.: kM jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr YL y WQ (HF\L;1
KGz, XAA;:,:X)? y aj < m =2 kM jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr YL y WQ
aurmntj `m prfcrmkmleün aj `m H@M\G (HF\L;1KGz, XAA;:,:X).
f =8H71M-924 aj =2 m 92 kM jn lfnhecurmleün aj fsle`mafr G\ (HF\L;92
KGz, XAA;:,:X).

<.:.
<.:. Jdjkp`
Jdjkp`f
f aj lerlu
lerluet
etfs
fs fsl
fsle`
e`maf
mafrjs
rjs jkp
jkp`j
`jmn
mnaf
af un rjsj
rjsjtt
Lfkf unm príltelm rj`mtevm m` jkp`jf aj lerluetfs fsle`mafrjs pfnjkfs j` lmsf aj un
lerluetf lfntmafr sënlrfnf msljnajntj.
Aj su lursf aj J`jltrünelm Aecetm` smij quj un lerluetf sjlujnlem` quj pmsm pfr unm
sjlujnlem prjjstmi`jleam aj jstmafs ajspuås aj `m mp`elmleün aj pu`sfs sj ajnfkenm
lfntmafr. @fs pu`sfs aj jntrmam, ``mkmafs pu`sfs aj lujntm, pujajn sjr pu`sfs aj un
aespfsetevf aj rj`fd f pujajn sjr cjnjrmafs pfr m`cunm hujntj jxtjrnm, pfr `f quj pujajn
flurrer m entjrvm`fs aj tejkpf jspjlëhelfs f m`jmtfremkjntj.
Aj `ms aehjrjntjs
aehjrjntjs sjlujnle
sjlujnlemsms quj un lfntmafr pujaj sjcue
sjcuer,
r, `m sjlujnlem ienmrem
ienmrem nmturm`
nmturm` js `m
kís sekp`j y `m k kís
ís aerjltm. Zn lfntmafr quj secuj `m sjlujnlem ienmrem sj ``mkm lfntmafr 
 ienmref. M su vjz un lfntmafr aj n iets lfnsestj jn n h`ep-h`fps y pujaj lfntmr jn ienmref aj
2 gmstm
gmstm 9n - =. @m sjlujnle
sjlujnlemm aj lujntm sj rjpetj
rjpetj un
unmm vjz gmym m`lmnzm
m`lmnzmaf
af j` ô`tekf vm`fr
vm`fr..

Jdjrlelef <.=. Yjtfkj `m tjfrëm aj` aesjýf sjlujnlem` aj su lursf aj J`jltrünelm Aecetm`
 pmrm aesjýmr
a esjýmr un lerluetf lfntm
lfntmaf
af msljnajntj
msl jnajntj ajsaj 2 gmstm 5 quj lujntj lfn `ms secuejntjs
lmrmltjrëstelms4
Jkp`jmr lerluetfs fsle`mafrjs ::: pmrm cjnjrmr `m sjým` aj rj`fd m unm hrjlujnlem
majlumam pmrm `m vesum`ezmleün aj `fs vm`frjs.
Jkp`jmr aespfsetevfs QQ@ aj prjhjrjnlem y LKF\ jn su ajhjltf.
Rfsjjr afs sjým`js aj lfntrf`4
f J (JN
(JNMI@
MI@J).
J). Gmie`e
Gmie`etma
tmafr
fr aj lfnt
lfntjf.
jf.
J;2, lfntjf msljnajntj, ajsaj j` nôkjrf jn rjtjnleün pfr pmusm.
J;=, pmusm j` lfntjf.
f Y (YJ\JQ). Yjenelef aj` lfntjf.
Y;2, lfntjf nfrkm` (msljnajntj).
Y;=, rjenelem j` lfntjf ajsaj 2.
Xesum`ezmr `ms sm`eams jn un aesp`my aj 3 sjckjntfs, sj pjrketj j` usf aj` LE
ajlfaehelmafr ILA lfrrjspfnaejntj.

Ajij jntrjcmrsj j` mrrjc`f ekp`jkjntmaf hëselmkjntj afnaj sj jvm`umrí un mrrjc`f aj

lerluetf frcmnezmaf y `ekpef jn prftfifmra y `m hunlefnm`eama aj `ms lmrmltjrëstelms
sf`eletmams.
Mcrjcuj un rjpfrt
rjpfrtjj j`jlt
j`jltrünelf
rünelf afnaj aajijrí
jijrí eenl`uer4
nl`uer4
 

Gfdm aj prjsjntmleün.
Entrfaulleün.
R`mntjmkejntf aj` prfi`jkm.
Ajsmrrf``f aj `m \f`uleün lfntjnejnaf4 aemcrmkms y tmi`ms aj jstmaf? kmpms aj
Omrnmucg y jlumlefnjs
Rrftjus? `estmaf aj ute`ezmaf
aj kmtjrem` jstmaf? aemcrmkm aj` lerluetf hëselm?
jn `m ekp`jkjntmleün `ücelf?jveajnlems
seku`mleünaj jn
`m
fpjrmleün üptekm aj `m ekp`jkjntmleün hëselm (hftfcrmhëms).
Lfnl`usefnjs.
 

1. Gjrr
Gjrrmkej
mkejntms
ntms aj ajsmrrf``f
ajsmrrf``f aj `fs kelrflfntr
kelrflfntrf`maf
f`mafrjs
rjs
Jn jstm uneama j` jstuaemntj4
Zte`ezm `ms gjrrmkejntms aj ajsmrrf``f aj `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs.

1.=.
1.=. @jnc
@jncum
umdj
djss aj
aj imd
imdf
f y aj m`
m`tf
tf ne
nevj
vj``
Mntjs aj prflj
prfljajr
ajr m `m rjm
rjm`ezmle
`ezmleün
ün aj prfyj
prfyjltfs
ltfs aj mp`elmle
mp`elmleün
ün prekjrf
prekjrf ajijkfs eajntehelmr
eajntehelmr m
`fs `jncumdjs aj prfcrmkmleün jn hunleün aj `m kmnjrm jn quj sfn lmpmljs aj ek ekp`jkjntmr
p`jkjntmr
enstrullefnjs jn un aespfsetevf prfcrmkmi`j.
Zn ` jncumdj aj imdf nevj` jstí hfrkmaf
hfrkmaf ppfr
fr enst
enstrulle
rullefnjs
fnjs aj imdf nevj`
nevj` aj mi
mistrmll
strmlleün
eün lfn
rjspjltf aj` aespfsetevf m prfcrmkmr. Qm`js enstrullefnjs aj frajn mretkåtelf-`ücelms nf sj
jnlujnt
jnlu jntrmn
rmn jnjnlmp
lmpsu`
su`mams
mams jn hunle
hunlefnj
fnjs,
s, m kjnfs
kjnfs quj jståjstånn ym lfnt
lfntjkp`
jkp`mams
mams jn `m
mrquetjlturm aj` gmrawmrj. @ms pm`mirms pmrm `ms enstrullefnjs usmn mirjvemturms aj` enc`ås,
tmkieån ``mkmams pm`mirms njkftålnelms, tm`js lfkf4 MAA, MAA, AEX, \ZI, jtl. @fs `jncumdjs
`jncumdjs
aj jstj tepf sfn ajnfkenmafs Jnsmki`mafrjs.
Lmrmltjrëstelms4
@ms enstrullefnjs jstín lfkp`jtmkjntj rj`mlefnmams lfn `m mrquetjlturm aj`
aespfsetevf m prfcrmkmr.
\j mprfvjlgm m` kíxekf `m pftjnlem aj `m lfkputmafrm m` jstmr fi`ecmaf m rjm`ezmr 
un usf üptekf aj `ms enstrull
enstrullefnjs
efnjs aespfn
aespfnei`js.
ei`js.
M` tjnjr mlljsf aerjltf m `fs rjlursfs aj` aespfsetevf sj kmxekezm `m vj`fleama.
M` ajpjnajr aj `m mrquetjlturm aj` aespfsetevf `m pfrtmie`eama aj un prfcrmkm js
kënekm.
J` nevj` aj mistrmlleün js kënekf pfr ajpjnajr aj `m kmnjrm jn quj sj gm
ekp`jkjntmaf j` gmrawmrj.
J` usf aj` `jncumdj rjquejrj aj kíxekm mtjnleün y aj jstmr frcmnezmam jn imsj m `fs
jsqujkms aj` aespfsetevf y aj` fidjtevf aj `m mp`elmleün.
Zn `jncumdj aj m`tf nevj`  pjrketj m` prfcrmkmafr jslreier `ms enstrullefnjs aj un
 prfcrmkm ute`ezmnaf pm`mirms f jxprjsefnjs sentíltelms kuy seke`mrjs m` enc`ås. Rfr
jdjkp`f, jn L sj pujajn usmr pm`mirms tm`js lfkf4 lmsj, eh, hfr, wge`j, jtl. @fs `jncumdjs aj
m`tf nevj` iuslmn `m enajpjnajnlem aj` tepf aj kíquenm y sj mprfxekmn m` `jncumdj nmturm`.
Lmrmltjrëstelms4
Cjnjrm un lüaecf kís sjnle``f y lfkprjnsei`j.
J` lüaecf js ví`eaf pmrm aevjrsms kíquenms y, pfsei`jkjntj, pmrm aevjrsfs sestjkms
fpjrmtevfs.
Yjaulleün aj vj`fleama m` ljajr j` trmimdf aj imdf nevj` m `m kíquenm.
M`cunfs rjquejrjn quj `m kíquenm l`ejntj pfsjm unm ajtjrkenmam p`mtmhfrkm.
J` `jncumdj nmturm` aj `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs js j` Jnsmki`mafr, j` lum`, aj mlujraf lfn `f
ajslretf, js aestentf jntrj hmirelmntjs, y pfr `f cjnjrm`, jntrj `fs kfaj`fs aj un keskf
hmirelmntj. \en jkimrcf, js pfsei`j prfcrmkmr`fs usmnaf `jncumdjs aj m`tf nevj`
jspjlëhelmkjntj kfaehelmafs pmrm jstj hen.
 

1.9..
1.9 Mkiejntj
Mkiejntj entj
entjcrmaf
crmaf aj ajs
ajsmrrf
mrrf``f
``f pmrm kelr
kelrflf
flfntr
ntrf`m
f`mafrj
afrjss
Zn jntfrnf aj ajsmrrf``f entjcrmaf f jntfrnf aj ajsmrrf``f entjrmltevf
entjrmltevf (jn enc`ås Entjcrmtja
Ajvj`fpkjnt Jnverfnkjnt (EAJ)), js unm mp`elmleün enhfrkítelm quj prfpfrlefnm sjrvelefs
entjcrm`js pmrm hmle`etmr`j m` ajsmrrf``mafr f prfcrmkmafr j` ajsmrrf``f aj sfhtwmrj.

(m) (i)

(l)

(a)
4 (m) Rrftjus X\K \tuaef? (i) REL
\eku`mtfr EAJ? (l) KR@MIW? (a) LL\L Lfkpe`jr 
Lfk pe`jr 
 

 Nfrkm`kjntj, un EAJ lfnsestj aj un jaetfr aj lüaecf hujntj,

h ujntj, gjrrmkejntms aj lfnstrulleün
mutfkítelms y un ajpurmafr. @m kmyfrëm aj `fs EAJ tejnjn mutf-lfkp`jtmaf entj`ecjntj aj
lüaecf (Entj``e\jnsj) y pujajn enl`uer un lfkpe`mafr. Jn j` lmsf aj `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs
jxestjn vmrefs EAJ quj majkís aj `ms prjstmlefnjs lfkjntmams pujajn enl`uer seku`mafrjs.
Msë pfajkfs letmr m Rrftjus X\K \tuaef, REL \eku`mtfr EAJ, KR@MIW EAJ, (hecurm 1.=).

1.9
1.9.=.
.=. Jns
Jnsmki
mki`ma
`mafr
fr y lfkp
lfkpe`m
e`mafr
afr
J` jaetfr aj lüaecf lfn j` quj vejnj jquepmaf j` EAJ pjrketj jslreier j` tjxtf jn hfrkmtf
 p`mnf (M\LEE) luym jxtjnseün js *.msk (m`cfretgkel stmtj kmlgenj) keskf quj ajijrí sjr
``jvmaf m un lfkpe`mafr pmrm vjrehelmr su jstrulturm y sentmxes aj tm` hfrkm quj sjm pfsei`j
fitjnjr j` lüaecf fidjtf jdjlutmi`j pfr j` kelrflfntrf`mafr (mrlgevfs quj tejnjn pfr
jxtjnseün
jxtjnseün *.gjx, pfr su lfntj
lfntjneaf
neaf jn hfrkmtf gjxmajl
gjxmajlekm`).
ekm`).

Jn `fs kelrflfntrf`mafrjs REL j` lfkpe`mafr pmrm j` `jncumdj jnsmki`mafr js j` KRM\K,

s aj
`jncumdjs
ajsmrrf``f aj m`tf lfnvevmn
pujajn nevj`, jntfnljs flurrj quj pfr
vmrefs lfkpe`mafrjs aj `f
jsjcjnjrm` jn un`fs
frajn, jntrj keskf mkiejntjletmr
quj pfajkfs aj
m4

. Js un lfkpe`mafr imsmaf jn j` `jncumdj Imsel

 prfauleaf pfr kelrfJncenjjrenc @mis, Enl. \j prfkflefnm lfkf un jstínamr pmrm
`m enaustrem. Kmntejnj vjrsefnjs aj pmcm y unm vjrseün `eketmam jstuaemnte` sen lfstf.
LL\ L Lfkpe`jr. Js un lfkpe`mafr imsmaf jn j` `jncumdj L prfauleaf pfr Lustfk
Lfkputjr \jrveljs, Enl. Ajl`mrm sjr un lfkpe`mafr híle` aj usmr y aj rípeaf
mprjnaezmdj. Js lfkp`jtmkjntj aj pmcf.
KR@MI® WL Lfkpe`jr. Js tmkieån un lfkpe`mafr imsmaf jn L, ajsmrrf``mafr pfr 
j usf
 pfr 82 aëms.

1.9.9.
1.9.9. \ek
\eku`m
u`mafr
afr,, ajpurma
ajpurmafr
fr y jku`m
jku`mafr
afr
Aestencuekfs jstfs lfnljptfs aelejnaf quj4

Zn seku`mafr js `m rjprjsjntmleün aj un aespfsetevf f mrrjc`f hëself jn sfhtwmrj

quj prjtjnaj prfpfrlefnmr unm hunlefnm`eama seke`mr, pjrf sen ute`ezmr nencôn
aespfsetevf aj gmrawmrj. Jn j` lmsf aj un prfcrmkm pmrm kelrflfntrf`mafr j` lüaecf
sj jdjlutm jn j` jntfrnf EAJ seku`mnaf j` prfljsmafr jn sfhtwmrj. Zn jdjkp`f kuy
l`mrf aj `m jdjluleün seku`mlefnjs `m prfvjj j` küau`f E\E\ aj Rrftjus (hecurm 1.9).
 

Hecurm 1.9. \eku`mleün jn Rrftjus E\E\.

Zn ajpurmafr (jn enc`ås ajiuccjr) js ecum`kjntj unm jspjlej aj seku`mleün quj

fhrjlj un mlljsf jquevm`jntj ute`ezmnaf j` gmrawmrj aj ajpurmleün jn j` lgep lfn
`fs prfljsmafrjs aj prfaulleün jstínamr, munquj ecum`kjntj pujaj gmljrsj pfr 
sfhtwmrj. Fhrjlj `m pfseie`eama aj rjm`ezmr pmusms jn `m jdjluleün y gmljr puntfs aj
 prujim sfirj `m kmrlgm, msë lfkf prujims pfr `ënjm jn lüaecf. @m jkprjsm
Kelrflgep fhjrtm aespfsetevfs ajpurmafrjs jn aespfsetevf (En-Lerluet Ajiuccjr)
lfnfleafs lfkf KR@MI ELA (hecurm 1.<).

Hecurm 1.<. Ajpurmafr KR@MI ELA <.

 

Zn jku`mafr trmael
trmaelefnm`k
efnm`kjntj
jntj eketm m` prfl
prfljsmafr
jsmafr kjaemntj
kjaemntj j` usf aj un
 prfljsmafr aj jn`mlj aj
a j sm`eam lfnjltmaf m un zülm`f, afnaj nfrkm`kjntj sj llf`flm
f`flm
j` prfljsmafr fidjtevf. Jstj prfljsmafr aj sm`eam tejnj kulgms sjým`js entjrnms
ekp`jkjntmams pmrm prfpfrlefnmr enhfrkmleün sfirj j` jstmaf aj` prfljsmafr. @fs

sestjkms kfajrnfs
(entjrhmz EL\R). Zn ute`ezmn
jdjkp`fj`ajprfljsmafr fidjtevfsjaerjltmkjntj
jstfs aespfsetevfs lfn
kujstrm jn `m j` mlljsf
hecurm 1.1. DQMC

Hecurm 1.1. Aespfsetevf aj jku`mleün KR@MI

KR @MI YJM@ ELJ.

1.9.<. Aespfs
Aespfsetev
etevfs
fs prfcrmk
prfcrmkmafrj
mafrjss aj kelrf
kelrflfntr
lfntrf`mafr
f`mafrjs
js
@`mkmafs lf`fquem`kjntj tmkieån qujkmafrjs, crmimafrjs, y jn enc`ås, afwn`fmajrs, `fs
 prfcrmkmafrjs aj kelrflfn
nujstrm mp`elmleün (mrlgevf *.gjx) jn j` lerluetf entjcrmaf.

lfn sus aevjrsms hmke`ems, m `fs lum`js gm ajnfkenmaf REL oet (hecurm 1.:).

Hecurm 1.:. Crmimafr RELoet <

 

@m vjntmdm hunamkjntm` aj maquerer j` prfaultf fhelem` rmaelm jn quj cmrmntezm `ms

 pfstjrefrjs mltum`ezmlefnjs quj ppuaejrmn
uaejrmn gmljrsj m` lfntrf`mafr aj` aespfsetevf, majkís aj
fhrjljr lfkpmteie`eama lfn ftrfs mlljsfrefs prfauleafs pfr j` hmirelmntj. @m ajsvjntmdm
hunamkjntm` lfnsestj jn su m`tf lfstj, quj cjnjrm`kjntj sj suj`j lftezmr jn aü`mrjs jn j`
kjrlmaf kjxelmnf.

Jxestjn crmimafrjs hmirelmafs pfr tjrljrfs quj tejnjn unm hunlefnm`eama `eketmam pfr sjr
lfkpmt
lfk pmtei`
ei`js
js sü
sü`f
`f lf
lfnn m`c
m`cunf
unfss kfa
kfaj`f
j`fss aj ke
kelrfl
lrflfnt
fntrf`m
rf`mafrj
afrjs,
s, f pfr
pfr `ms lfnte
lfntenum
numss
mltum`ezmlefnjs quj rjm`ezm j` hmirelmntj sfirj j` `jncumdj y `ms aerjltevms aj lfnhecurmleün
aj` kelrflfntrf`mafr. \en jkimrcf, sejkprj js pfsei`j majlumr j` lüaecf aj tm` hfrkm quj
jstfs aespfsetevfs sjmn ute`ezmi`js, `f quj rjprjsjntm unm vjntmdm m` lfnseajrmr su lfstf.
Jdjkp`fs aj jstfs crmimafrjs, aespfnei`js m `m hjlgm aj j`mifrmleün aj jstj tjxtf (Dunef aj
92=8) sj vesum`ezmn jn `m hecurm 1.8.

XF@NEM Z\R <.2 KelrfRrfc Y9

KM\QJY RYFC REL O=:2

 

1.<.
1.<. Jdjk
Jdjkp`
p`fs
fs ií
iíse
self
lfss aj
aj prfc
prfcrm
rmkm
kmle
leün
ün
Rrfpfnjkfs mgfrm j` ajsmrrf``f aj unm mp`elml
Rrfpfnjkfs mp`elmleün
eün quj nfs pjrketm vesum`
vesum`ezmr
ezmr jn `f cjnjrm`
j` usf aj `ms gjrrmkejntms aj ajsmrrf``f. Rmrm j``f ajijkfs lfnseajrmr m`cunms
lfnvjnlefnjs4
@fs
@fs helgjrfs
helgjrfs aj
aj lüaecf hujntj ``jvmrín
`estmaf ``jvmrín `m jxtjnseün
`m jxtjnseün *.@\Q *.M\K
@fs helgjrfs aj lüaecf fidjtf ```jvmrín
`jvmrín `m jxtjnseün *.F
*.FID
ID
@fs helgjrfs aj jrrfrjs ``jvmrín `m jxtjnseün *.JYY 
@fs helgjrfs jdjlutmi`js jn hfrkmtf Entj` Gjx ``jvmrín `m jxtjnseün *.GJW
Lfkjntmref ajslreptevf aj` prfcrmkm (ute`ezmr unm lmijljrm jstmnamrezmam).
Ajhener j` kelrflfntrf`mafr quj sj usmrí ajpjnaejnaf aj `m vjrseün aj` lfkpe`mafr 
ute`ezmaf (lfn `ms aerjltevms @E\Q j ENL@ZAJ).
Entrfauler `ms fplefnjs aj lfkpe`mleün (quj sjrín vestms kís maj`mntj) (fplefnm`).
Jstmi`jljr `ms lfnstmntjs quj sj usmrín (lfn `m aerjltevm J]Z).
Yjsjrvmr jspmlefs aj kjkfrem (aerjltevm YJ\) (se js njljsmref).
Lfnhecurmr `fs pujrtfs.
Ajsmrrf``mr
lüaecf. j` prfcrmkm lfn lfkjntmrefs, jn `f pfsei`j jxp`elmnaf lmam `ënjm aj
@fs knjkünelfs jslretfs jn kenôslu`m y `ms lfnstmntjs y vmremi`js jn kmyôslu`m
gmljn quj j` lüaecf jslretf sjm kís vesei`j.
Lf`flmr `ms rutenms jn j` keskf setef, tfams lfntecums.
Aeiudmr aemcrmkms aj h`udf f jslreier sjuaflüaecf.

@m jstrulturm hunamkjntm` aj un prfcrmkm sj kujstrm jn `m hecurm 1.3.

Hecurm 1.3. Jstrulturm hunamkjntm` aj un prfcrmkm jn jnsmki`mafr.

 

Qmkieån js ekpfrtmntj nftmr `m pfseleün aj `fs j`jkjntfs aj` lüaecf frcmnezmaf jn lumtrf
lf`uknms (hecurm 1.7).

Hecurm 1.7. Frcmnezmleün aj `fs j`jkjntfs aj lüaecf.

Znm ajslrepleün aj `ms lf`uknms sjrëm quj

@ms jtequjtms4
f Ajijn setumrsj jn `m prekjrm lf`uknm.
f Ajij lfntjnjr ônelmkjntj lmrmltjrjs m`hmnukårelfs.
f J` kíxekf aj lmrmltjrjs js aj <=.

Jn `m lf`uknm
fpjrmleün fpjrmleün
js j`ajônelf sj setumrín
quj nunlm pujaj`msjstmr
enstrullefnjs.
vmlëf? åstjJ`sejkprj
lmkpf aj` lüaecfunm
lfntejnj aj
enstrulleün f unm aerjltevm aj` jnsmki`mafr.
J` lmkpf aj fpjrmnafs f aj aerjlleün pujaj lfntjnjr unm aerjlleün f un amtf, f
 pujaj jstmr jn i`mnlf. Nfrkm`kjntj lfntjnarí rjcestrfs f `etjrm`js lfn `fs quj sj
fpjrmrí (h, ` f o, i y w).
J` lmkpf aj` lfkjntmref f aj jtequjtms js fplefnm`. Mquë sj setumrí lum`quejr 
lfkjntmref pjrsfnm`ezmaf quj ajsjjkfs. Jstfs sfn ôte`js pmrm smijr quå gmlj un
 prfcrmkm sen tjnjr quj ajslehrmr j` lüaecf jntjrf. J` lfkpe`mafr (jnsmki`mafr)
ecnfrmrí tfaf tjxtf kís m``í aj` lmríltjr puntf y lfkm "?".

@fs lfkjntmrefs cjnjrm`kjntj sj setômn jn `m lumrtm lf`uknm pmrm ajslreier `m mlleün aj

unm `ënjm aj lüaecf, pjrf pujajn setumrsj jn lum`quejr pmrtj aj prfcrmkm pmrm ajslreier
lum`quejr ftrf jvjntf, sejkprj quj jstån ajspuås aj` lmríltjr "?" (sjkelf`fn jn enc`ås).
 Nfrkm`kjntj `ms lf`uknms sfn sjpmrmams pfr unm tmiu`mleün. J` jspmlef kënekf
k ënekf jntrj afs
lf`uknms js aj un lmríltjr, quj pujaj sjr un jspmlef jn vjz aj unm tmiu`mleün.

Jn j` lmsf aj `fs aj`eketmafrjs aj lmkpfs jn `m jstrulturm4

@fs lmkpfs vmn sjpmrmafs sü`f lfn jspmlefs y/f tmiu`mlefnjs. Nf mcrjcuj nunlm
ftrfs lmrmltjrjs (lfkms, puntfs, jtl.)
 Nf ute`elj jspmlefs jxtrm, pmrtelu`mrkjntj ajspuås aj
a j lfkms quj sjpmrmn
s jpmrmn fpjrmnafs.
Rfr jdjkp`f4 kfv`w :, w
 Nf usj lmrmltjrjs aj`eketmafrjs (jspmlefs y tmiu`mlefnjs) jn nfkirjs f jtequjtms.
j tequjtms.
 

Jn lumntf m `ms jtequjtms tmkieån js ekpfrtmntj mavjrter quj sj setômn m `m ezquejram aj `ms
enstrullefnjs y servjn pmrm mcrupmr hrmckjntfs aj lüaecf. Jstfs hrmckjntfs pujajn sjr aj
afs tepfs4
J` prekjr tepf nf js un hrmckjntf tm` lum`, se nf quj js un puntf aj` prfcrmkm m`
quj pfarjkfs
J` sjcunaf sm`tmr
tepf aj kmnjrm enlfnaelefnm`
js ajnfkenmaf m trmvås
suirutenm. Jstj aj `mlfn
jkpejzm enstrulleün majlumam.
unm jtequjtm y mlmim
lfn `m enstrulleün YJQZYN f YJQ@S, quj vjrjkfs kís maj`mntj.
Majkís4
@m jtequjtm js j` prekjr lmkpf jn unm `ënjm jn `jncumdj jnsmki`mafr y pujaj nf
jxester.
\e unm jtequjtm jstí prjsjntj, j` jnsmki`mafr `m ajhenj lfkf j` jquevm`jntj m `m
aerjlleün aj` prekjr iytj lfrrjspfnaejntj m jsm enstrulleün.
Jstm jtequjtm pujaj vf`vjr m usmrsj jn ftrf `ucmr, pjrf lfkf fpjrmnaf aj unm
enstrulleün. J` jnsmki`mafr rjjkp`mzmrí åstm jtequjtm pfr j` vm`fr msecnmam m `m
`ënjm aj enstrulleün
enstrulleün jn quj huj lrjmam. \j usmn hrjlujntjkjntj
hrjlujntjkjntj jn `ms enstrullefnjs
enstrullefnjs
aj sm`tf.
 Nf pujaj jxester kís aj unm jtequjtm jn `m prekjrm lf`uknm f prekjr lmkpf aj
enstrulleün.
 Nf pujajn usmrsj lfkf nfkirjs aj jtequjtms m pm`mirms ym rjsjrvmams pfr j`
jnsmki`mafr (FYC, J]Z, jtl.) f nfkirjs aj enstrullefnjs (kfv`w, lm``, nfp, jtl.)

Zn jdjkp`f aj usf aj `ms jtequjtms sjrëm4

AMQF J]Z 2:g

ENELEF kfv`w AMQF

cftf ENELEF

Jn j` jdjkp`f `m enstrulleün cftf ENELEF lmusm quj `m aerjlleün aj `m enstrulleün lfn `m

jtequjtm ENELEF (kfv`w) sj lmrcuj jn j` RL (Lfntmafr aj Rrfcrmkm). Rfr `f tmntf, åstm
enstrulleün sjrí `ujcf jdjlutmam.
 Nf sj pjrketj j` usf aj nôkjrfs f lmrmltjrjs nf m`hmiåtelfs lfkf prekjrm `jtrm aj `m
jtequjtm. Lfkf rjc`m príltelm4 usmr sejkprj `jtrms, y jn kmyôslu`m, m` kjnfs `m prekjrm.
Jdjkp`fs4
QMI@
QM I@MM9W
9W99 Rj
Rjrk
rket
eteeaf
+RJ\F NF pjrketeaf!
;>\M
;> \M@E
@EAAM NF pj pjrrke
kete
teaf
af!!
-\M@QF NF pjrketeaf!
:M@HM NF pjrketeaf!
Amtf= Rjrketeaf
Amtf9 Rjrketeaf
@ffpVM Rjrketeaf
 

J` jnsmki`mafr pjrketj j`jcer lfn `eijrtma j` tepf aj j`jkjntf m lf`flmr jn j` lmkpf aj

fpjrmnaf f aerjlleün.

Jn lumntf m `fs sestjkms

sestjkms aj nukjrml
nukjrmleün,
eün, j` jnsmki`
jnsmki`mafr
mafr maket
maketjj aestentfs
aestentfs hfrkmtfs,
hfrkmtfs, tm`

lfkf sj kujstrm jn `m tmi`m secuejntj.

Qmi`m =2. \estjkms nukårelfs jn Jnsmki`mafr.
Gjxmajlekm` Ienmref Fltm` Ajlekm`
2M22g %2=22=2== B=9< A'9:2'
$2M22  I'22=22=2=' =9<] .9:2
2=2==2=2i

Jdjkp`f4
kfv`w .=22 \ecnehelm lmrcmr j` nôkjrf =22 ajlekm` jn j` rjcestrf S.

@fs nfkirjs pujajn mpmrjljr jn j` lmkpf aj fpjrmnaf? åstfs sfn trmtmafs lfkf j` amtf
quj rjprjsjntmn.

M`cunfs jnsmki`mafrjs pjrketjn j` usf aj lmrmltjrjs jn M\LEE. Rfr jdjkp`f4

amtm "gf`m =,9,<" ?lmajnm aj lmrmltjrjs
amtm 'N' ?lmrmltjr sjnle``f
LGMY jqu 't'
kfv`w 'Y'

J` jnsmki`mafr pjrketj lfkienmlefnjs aj amtfs lfn fpjrmnafs jspjlem`js, mretkåtelfs f

`ücelfs. Åstfs fpjrmnafs sj ``mkmn jxprjsefnjs.

Rfr jdjkp`f4
YJC= J]Z 2:g
XM@FY J]Z 92g

kfv`w XM@FY+9
maawh YJC=,=
maawh YJC=+=,=

J` rjsu`tmaf aj` jdjkp`f ute`ezmrí j` rjsu`tmaf aj sukmr (XM@FY+9) f (YJC+=) lfkf

fpjrmnaf.