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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
Comparison of Impulse Radar and Spread-Spectrum
Radar in Through-Wall Imaging
Xuehui Zhang, Xiaoli Xi, Member, IEEE, Minchao Li, and Daocheng Wu
Abstract—Based on the impulse radar and the spread-spectrum
(SS) radar, the through-wall imaging with three stationary targets
or a moving target in a room are obtained, respectively, and com-
pared in this paper. We then analyze the influences of different
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and noise levels on imaging
quality. Results show that the SS radar has a great advantage over
the impulse radar in some ways, such as covert waveform, engi-
neering realization, excellent anti-noise performance, and accurate
tracking. Furthermore, the target localization accuracy is much
easier to be affected by sampling frequencies of ADC. Besides, the
stationary targets can still be recognized accurately in the image,
even when one target is very close to the wall, and the receiving
signals of the SS radar are added with 0-dB noise and sampled by
a 4-bit 3-GHz ADC.
Index Terms—Analog-to-digital converter (ADC), impulse
radar, noise, spread-spectrum (SS) radar, through-wall imaging
(TWI).
I. INTRODUCTION
R ADAR-BASED through-wall imaging (TWI) is an
emerging technology in counter-terrorism, disaster relief,
and fire succor, and a novel approach in building layout deter-
mination and medical monitoring [1], [2]. Due to the different
transmitting waveforms, the radars for TWI can be roughly cat-
egorized into six main types: impulse radar; stepped-frequency
continuous-wave radar; frequency-modulated continuous-wave
radar; noise radar; pseudorandom noise radar; and passive
radar [3]. At present, the impulse radar is the most popular
one because of its high angle measurement accuracy, real-time
operation, high-range resolution, and simple signal-processing
characteristics [4]–[6]. However, some desired features like
low probability of intercept (LPI), accurate time of arrival
(TOA) estimation, easy implementation, and strong anti-noise
Manuscript received June 08, 2015; revised September 14, 2015 and October
25, 2015; accepted December 07, 2015. This work was supported by the Na-
tional Basic Research Program 973 of China under Grant 2010CB732603 and
Grant 2011CB707903. This paper is an expanded version from the IEEE MTT-S
International Wireless Symposium, Shenzhen, China, March 30–April 1, 2015.
(Corresponding author: Daocheng Wu.)
X. Zhang and D. Wu are with the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information
Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology,
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (e-mail: zhangxuehuixjtu@qq.
com; wudaocheng@mail.xjtu.edu.cn).
X. Xi and M. Li are with the Electronic Engineering Department, Xi’an
University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China (e-mail: xixiaoli@xaut.edu.cn;
852372282@qq.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2015.2508791
0018-9480 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
1
performance cannot be satisfied by the impulse radar, while the
spread-spectrum (SS) radar can satisfy them.
The SS radar for TWI is a kind of pseudorandom-code con-
tinuous-wave radar, also called “pseudo-random noise radar.”
Its TOA is obtained from the correlation domain after demod-
ulation and correlation processing [7]. Currently, the most pop-
ular one of SS radars is the M-sequence radar manufactured by
MEODAT GmbH [8], [9]. This radar just uses binary sequences
(M-sequences) to stimulate the scenario. We adopted another
one of SS radars and compared it with the impulse radar in [10],
but the model we used was too simple, and the comparative anal-
ysis was only based on the TOA signals. In [11], we used a com-
plex model and compared SS radar with impulse radar prelim-
inarily about the imaging of three stationary targets in a room.
However, the imaging result by impulse radar was not satisfac-
tory because of the inaccurate TOA estimation. This problem
will be solved in this paper.
For stationary targets behind a wall, there is no comparative
research of the two radars in TWI now, while for a moving
target, in [12], an impulse ultra-wideband (UWB) radar was
compared with an M-sequence UWB radar by using one real
transmitting antenna and two real receiving antennas. It has
been proved that the M-sequence UWB radar achieved better
results than the impulse UWB radar. However, this result was
obtained by two real radar systems, and then some further re-
search about a few variable parameters would be costly and time
consuming. The target localization accuracy can be influenced
by some variable parameters such as the radar range resolution,
deployment of the radar antennas, the accuracy of ranges es-
timated between the transmitting antenna-target-receiving an-
tenna [13], analog-to-digital converter (ADC), noise level, etc.
If we use those real radar systems to analyze some of those in-
fluence factors, some hardware units must change as the influ-
ence factors change. Thus, building a signal simulation system
is very useful due to its inherent flexibility.
In [14], an M-sequence UWB radar simulation system was
built under ideal conditions to analyze the target localization
accuracy. Under these ideal assumptions and approximations,
the results cannot represent the results in the real complex elec-
tromagnetic (EM) environment. In order to make the simulated
signal as close as possible to the real signals, we had adopted a
full-wave simulation technique, i.e., the finite-difference time-
domain (FDTD) method [15], to simulate the signal [10]. The
FDTD method has been proven to be a very useful and accu-
rate approach for numerous applications in electromagnetics. It
is formulated by discretizing Maxwell’s curl equations over a
finite volume and approximating the derivatives with centered
difference approximations [16].
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2 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
Fig. 1. Signal simulation systems. (a) Signal simulation system of the impulse radar. (b) Signal simulation system of the SS radar.
Fig. 2. Received signals of two radars. (a) Received signal of impulse radar, (b)
part of the received signal of SS radar, (c) received signal of impulse radar after
Fourier transform, (d) received signal of SS radar after Fourier transform, (e)
received signal of impulse radar after Hilbert transform, and (f) received signal
of SS radar after demodulation and correlation processing.
In this paper, for the TWI of a stationary or moving target, the
imaging results by the SS radar and impulse radar are compared
under the same measuring conditions. Furthermore, the effects
on target localization accuracy by ADC and noise level are ana-
lyzed here. This investigation could serve as a very good refer-
ence and theoretical basis for both radars hardware design. This
paper is arranged as follows. Section II describes the simulation
of two radar systems. Section III contains the synthetic aperture
radar (SAR) imaging of stationary targets. Section IV includes
the tracking imaging of the moving target. A conclusion is given
in Section V.
II. SIMULATION OF TWO RADAR SYSTEMS
The source waveform of the impulse radar is described as
follows:
(1)
where is the pulse width, is the time corresponding to the
peak of the Gaussian pulse, and is the center frequency of
carrier wave. The source waveform of the SS radar is expressed
as
(2)
Fig. 3. Stationary targets model.
where is the M-sequence (a kind of pseudorandom code) and
is the same center frequency.
In order to save money and time for analyzing the influence
factors of TWI, the signal simulation systems of the above
radars are designed and shown in Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 1(a),
the received signal of impulse radar is simulated using the
FDTD method. Afterward, noise is added in, and matched
filtering is adopted here to make TOA precise, whose impulse
response is the complex conjugate of . The signal is
then sampled and quantified with an ADC module. In order to
meet the requirements in image quality, the Hilbert transform
is used to obtain the signal and then this signal is used
for TWI. Fig. 1(b) shows the signal simulation system of the
SS radar. The received signal is simulated using the same
FDTD model. Afterward, the same noise is added in and the
bandpass filtering is adopted, and then the signal is sampled
and quantified with the same ADC module. In order to reduce
the time of correlation processing, the time-domain parallel fast
Fourier transform (FFT) techniques are adopted in the block
of demodulation and correlation processing [7]. Finally, the
correlation-domain signal is used for TWI.
The source signal of the impulse radar is a modulated
Gaussian pulse with a centered frequency of 1 GHz and band-
width of 1 GHz, and the source signal of the SS radar is an SS
signal, which has 1023 chips with the same centered frequency
and bandwidth. Fig. 2(a) and (b) shows the signals of two
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ZHANG et al.: COMPARISON OF IMPULSE RADAR AND SS RADAR IN TWI 3

Fig. 4. Comparison of SAR imaging between impulse radar and SS radar. (a) SAR image of impulse radar with an ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit), (b) SAR image of SS
radar with an ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit), (c) SAR image of impulse radar with an ADC (6 GHz, 6 bit), (d) SAR image of SS radar with an ADC (3 GHz, 4 bit), (e) SAR
image of impulse radar with an ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit) and 35-dB noise, and (f) SAR image of SS radar with an ADC (3 GHz, 4 bit) and 0-dB noise.

radars received from the same observation point in the air,
respectively. It is obvious that the SS signal is more covert
than the impulse signal so the SS radar is more appropriate for
counter-terrorism. After Fourier transform, the frequency-do-
main signals of the received signals above can be seen in
Fig. 2(c) and (d). The received signals of two radars almost
have the same bandwidth. After applying Hilbert transform,
the received signal of impulse radar turns into a pulse, and then
the pulse is extracted for the visual comparison with the pulse
from the SS radar, as shown in Fig. 2(e). After demodulation
and correlation processing, the received signal of SS radar also
becomes a pulse in the correlation domain. The unit of corre-
lation domain has a linear relation with the period of carrier
wave so the pulse in the correlation domain can be extracted
and shown with the time unit for the visual comparison, as
shown in Fig. 2(f). The two pulses above almost have the same
pulse width and waveform. Thus, if they are used for TWI, the
resolution of imaging will be the same, and the comparison
of TWI between the SS radar and impulse radar will be more
impartial than that in [11].
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4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES

III. RESULTS ANALYSIS OF STATIONARY TARGET IMAGING

Stationary targets imaging by impulse radar and SS radar has
been compared in [11], but the image quality of TWI by impulse
radar was very poor because of the inaccurate TOA estimation.
In this section, the matched filter is used to solve this problem,
as shown in Fig. 1(a). The good imaging result by impulse radar
will then be compared with that by SS radar.

A. FDTD Model
We consider the scenario shown in Fig. 3. A 2-D imaging
scene of interest is located behind a wall, and an SS radar or
impulse radar system is placed at the other side. The SAR tech-
nique is used here. An antenna transmits the signal at position
. Another antenna receives the signal at position . Both
antennas then move to the next positions along the axis. Behind
the wall, there are three targets in the imaging region. The target
information is often buried in the wall’s reflections, especially
when the target is located close to the wall. Thus, target 1 is
placed close to the wall to test the anti-clutter performance of
radar. While target 2 and target 3 are placed close to each other
to test the imaging resolution.
Based on the scenario shown in Fig. 3, a 2-D FDTD through-
wall model is developed with a spatial size of cm
and time step of ps. The imaging region is a 4 m
4 m square. The thickness, conductivity, and permittivity of
the wall are 20 cm, 0.03, and 4.5, respectively. The transmitter
is placed at (0 m, 1 m), and the receiver is placed at (0.3 m,
1 m) initially. They then move for 80 steps with a 5-cm in-
terval until they arrive at position and . The targets are
metal squares with the side length of 10 cm. The distance be-
tween target 1 and the back side of the wall is 0.5 m, and the
distance between target 2 and target 3 is 1 m.
B. Comparative Analysis of SAR Imaging
Now we move on to investigate the comparison of SAR
imaging between impulse radar and SS radar for TWI, as
shown in Fig. 4, where the left column shows SAR images of
the impulse radar with different ADCs and noise levels, and the
right column shows SAR images of the SS radar with different
ADCs and noise levels.
In the following example, 80 observation points are included
in the FDTD simulation. All the received signals of impulse
radar or SS radar are processed according to the procedure in
Fig. 1. Those s and s are then used to image the
scene, based on the back projection (BP) method [17]. Through
this method, the region of interest is divided into a finite number
of pixels. The time-delays between every pixel and radars are
then computed accurately by the approach proposed in [18],
which can compensate the wall effect on the traveling time of
the wave easily. Afterward, the image value of every pixel is
obtained by coherent superposition in those s or s.
Finally, the SAR images can be formed by the BP method.
The same ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit) is adopted before the SAR
imaging of the two radars, as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b). Al-
though target 1 is very close to the wall, it is clear in the two
figures so SAR imaging can help to lower the impacts by the
wall clutters. Besides, target 2 and target 3 can be distinguished
in the two figures. Furthermore, it is obvious that the three target
Fig. 5. Moving-target tracking model.
images using SS radar are all more clear than that using impulse
radar, though the image quality using impulse radar has been im-
proved significantly compared with that in [11]. As can be seen
in Fig. 4(c) and (e), in order to obtain good SAR images, the bit
of the ADC used by impulse radar cannot be less than 6 bits and
the impulse radar cannot bear stronger noise than 35-dB noise.
While the SS radar can still bear 0-dB noise with a much cheaper
ADC, as shown in Fig. 4(d) and (f).
Given above, low-cost ADC and strong anti-noise perfor-
mance bring great advantages of the SS radar over impulse radar
in terms of engineering realization.
IV. RESULTS ANALYSIS OF MOVING-TARGET TRACKING
Tracking the moving target behind a wall attracts most of the
researchers who are applying the SS radar or impulse radar in
the TWI field [19]–[21].
A. Tracking Model
We consider the scenario shown in Fig. 5. A rectangular
imaging region of interest is located behind a wall, and an SS
or impulse radar system with one transmitter and two receivers
is placed at the other side. In the imaging region, one target
moves from point to point , then moves to point , and
finally, moves to point .
In order to simulate the real EM environment, based on
the scenario shown in Fig. 5, a 2-D FDTD through-wall
tracking model is developed. Its spatial size, time step, and
wall parameters are the same with Fig. 3. The imaging region
is a 5.5 m 6.5 m rectangle. The transmitter is placed
at (2.75 m, 1 m), and those two receivers are placed at
(1.75 m, 1 m) and (3.75 m, 1 m), respectively. The target is
a 5 cm 5 cm metal square. It moves from (1.32 m, 2.22 m)
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ZHANG et al.: COMPARISON OF IMPULSE RADAR AND SS RADAR IN TWI 5

Fig. 6. Data of impulse radar and SS radar. (a) Color map of raw radar data by impulse radar at receiver R1, (b) color map of the correlation-domain signals
received by R1 using SS radar, (c) data in (a) after exponential averaging subtraction, (d) data in (b) after exponential averaging subtraction, (e) time-delays of
target with impulse radar, and (f) time-delays of target with SS radar.

to (1.32 m, 5.1 m), and then moves to (4.21 m, 2.21 m),
finally, moves to (4.21 m, 5.09 m). We assume that the speed
of the moving target is 1 m/s. After computing the frequency
shift introduced by the moving target, the maximum of the
frequency shift is about 6.6 Hz. Compared with the centered
frequency of the transmitting signal, the frequency shift will be
very small. Thus, the frequency shift introduced by the moving
target is ignored here for preliminary research. In our further
research, this problem will be considered. The time window of
sampling is 10 s. In the time window, the target is stationary
within the FDTD simulation. In the next time window, the
target moves to the next position, and then the FDTD model is
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6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
Fig. 7. Tracking result. (a) By impulse radar and (b) by SS radar.
updated before beginning the FDTD simulation. This process
will be repeated until the target arrives at the final destination.
The time interval between the time window and its next time
window is 0.24 s. Thus, we will obtain the data of 42 time
windows after the target arrives at the point .
B. Comparative Analysis of Tracking Imaging Between SS
Radar and Impulse Radar
In this section, we investigate the tracking imaging of a
moving target by SS radar or impulse radar. Fig. 6(a) shows
the color map of raw radar data by impulse radar at receiver
. Fig. 6(b) shows the color map of the correlation-domain
signals received by using SS radar. It is seen that the direct
wave and clutters due to the wall are very strong, and the target
information is invisible. It will be very hard to obtain the TOAs
accurately due to the strong clutters.
After exponential averaging subtraction, those data are shown
in Fig. 6(c) and (d). The target information of both radars is
clear. Through the target detector, the time-delays of the target
can then be seen in Fig. 6(e) and (f). The red star line represents
the true time-delays of the target, and the data of SS radar is
Fig. 8. Location errors of the target by two radars.
Fig. 9. Mean location errors of moving-target tracking using SS radar or im-
pulse radar with different ADCs. (a) Different number of bits of ADC
GHz and (b) different sampling frequencies of ADC (16 bit).
closer to the true data. After obtaining TOAs of and ,
they will determine two ellipses whose focal points determine
the place of the target in the imaging region [22].
Fig. 7 shows the tracking image of a moving target by the
two radars. The red blocks are true locations of the target and
the yellow areas are the locations of tracking imaging. The ex-
ponential averaging acts on not only the clutter fields, but also
the target fields. Hence, the TOA obtained will not be precise
enough so that the target localization accuracies of both radars
are not very high.
In order to analyze the differences of two radars tracking
imaging in more detail, the error at every location is plotted in
Fig. 8. The max location error of impulse radar is 34.13 cm,
while that of SS radar is 24.19 cm. The mean location error of
impulse radar is 16.24 cm, while that of SS radar is 10.78 cm.
Thus, adopting SS radar can obtain much higher localization
accuracies of a moving target than using impulse radar.
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ZHANG et al.: COMPARISON OF IMPULSE RADAR AND SS RADAR IN TWI 7

Fig. 10. Comparative analysis of anti-jamming performance between impulse radar and SS radar for moving-target tracking. (a) Tracking image of impulse radar
at ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit) and dB, (b) tracking image of SS radar at ADC (6 GHz, 16 bit) and dB, (c) tracking image of SS radar at ADC
(6 GHz, 16 bit) and dB, and (d) tracking image of SS radar at ADC (3 GHz, 6 bit) and dB.

C. Analysis of Engineering Realization D. Analysis of Anti-Jamming Performance

In this section, we focus on the effects on the location accu-
racy of the moving-target tracking by different ADCs. The mean
location error is adopted here to reflect the location accuracy.
Fig. 9 shows the influence on the mean location error by a dif-
ferent number of bits and sampling frequencies. As the number
of bits decrease, the mean location errors of SS radar increase
very slowly at all the time, while that of impulse radar rise
sharply after a bit lower than 12, as shown in Fig. 9(a). This
figure reveals that the bit of ADC adopted by impulse radar
must be very high to obtain accurate tracking imaging. As can
be seen in Fig. 9(b), all the mean location errors of SS radar are
much lower than that of impulse radar. As the sampling frequen-
cies decrease, the mean location errors of both radars increase
fast. Thus, the target localization accuracy is much easier to be
influenced by the sampling frequency than the number of bits
of ADCs. Besides, the requirement of SS radar on ADC is still
lower than impulse radars in tracking imaging of the moving
target.
We move on to study the anti-jamming performance of two
radars for moving-target tracking. Noises with different SNRs
are added into the FDTD simulation results. The noised signals
are then sampled and quantized by different ADCs.
The results are shown in Fig. 10. First we introduce a noise
level at dB with an ADC (6 GHz and 16 bit). As can
be seen in Fig. 10(a) and (b), the motion trajectory of the target
obtained by impulse radar is very messy and inaccurate, while
that of SS radar is very orderly. When the noise level increases
to dB, the target can still be tracked, as shown in
Fig. 10(c). If a cheaper ADC (3 GHz and 6 bit) is adopted, the
tracking imaging with SS radar can still bear 53-dB noise, as
shown in Fig. 10(d). Thus, the anti-jamming performance of SS
radar for tracking imaging is much more superior than impulse
radar’s.
V. CONCLUSION
The SS radar is compared with impulse radar for SAR
imaging of three stationary targets in a room and tracking
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8 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
imaging of a moving target in a room. The real EM environ-
ment is simulated by the FDTD method. Results show that the
SS radar performs much better than the conventional impulse
radar in engineering realization and immunity from noise.
Furthermore, the requirement of tracking imaging on ADC
is much higher than SAR imagings, and its anti-noise perfor-
mance is much weaker than SAR imagings. The SS radar’s
very low requirement on ADC hardware and good anti-noise
performance have made it an ideal candidate for engineering
implementation.
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62010I-1–62010I-12.
Xuehui Zhang received the B.S. degree in biomed-
ical engineering from the University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,
in 2010, the M.S. degree in biomedical engineering
from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in
2012, and is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree in biomedical engineering at Xi’an Jiaotong
University.
Her recent research interests include through-wall
radar imaging, signal processing, compressed
sensing, and clutter suppression.
Xiaoli Xi (M’10) received the B.S. degree in applied
physics from the University of Defense Technology,
Changsha, China, in 1990, the M.S. degree in
biomedical engineering from the Fourth Military
Medical University, Xi’an, China, in 1998, and the
Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 2004.
She is currently a Professor with the Electronic
Engineering Department, Xi’an University of Tech-
nology, Xi’an, China. Her recent research interests
include wave propagation, antenna design, and
communication signal processing.
Minchao Li was born in Baoji, Shaanxi, China, in
1989. He received the B.E. degree in automation and
M.S. degree in circuits and systems from the Xi’an
University of Technology, Xi’an, China.
He is currently a Doctor of electronic science and
technology with the Xi’an University of Technology.
His research interests are in the area of adaptive fil-
tering, algorithms and applications, and applications
of signal processing in anti-jamming of satellite nav-
igation receivers.
Daocheng Wu was born in Zhenjiang, China, in
1962. He received the M.S. degree in applied chem-
istry from the Changsha Institute of Technology,
Changsha, China, in 1989, and the Ph.D. degree
in biomedical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, China, in 2003.
Since 2004, he has been a Professor with the
School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an
Jiaotong University. He is also currently an As-
sociate Dean with the School of Life Science and
Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University. His current
research interests include bioimaging, nanotechnogy, simulation of electromag-
netic fields, and through-the-wall surveillance technology based on bioradar
and their biological applications.