BHAHIRDAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

ELECTROMECHANICAL ENGINEERING (MSc)
Advanced Power Electronics and Its Application

Prepared by
1. Elias Tegegne
2. Habtamu Amanu
3. HUNEGNAW ABEBE
July, 2022
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
1
 Applications
of
Power Electronic Convertors
CONTENTS
Introduction
Renewable Energy and Energy Storage
Industrial Applications
Electric Vehicles and Transportation
 1.Introduction
The task of power electronics is to process and control
the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for user loads.
power electronics circuits can be contactless switches and
converters.
 Cont…
From household to industries almost all electrical or
electromechanical equipment contain power electronic
systems.
In areas such as lamp controls, power supplies, control
system, automation, transportation, energy storage,
industrial drives, and electric power transmission and
distribution.
 1.1 Power Electronics Convertors
Power electronic converters are a family of electrical circuits which
convert electrical energy from one level of
voltage/current/frequency to another using semiconductor
devices .They are generally categories as:
AC to DC Converter (Controlled Rectifier)
DC to DC Converter (DC Chopper)
AC to AC Converter (AC voltage regulator)
DC to AC Converter (Inverter)
2. Renewable Energy And Energy Storage
There are many renewable energy sources such as biomass,
solar, wind, mini-hydro, and tidal power. However, solar
and wind energy systems make use of advanced power
electronics technologies.
The electrical output of a specific power system may not
provide the input needed for a certain device. Many
applications, such as grid or residential power, require AC
power. Other devices such as cell phones require DC power.
Therefore, systems usually have to be designed to
compensate for high or intermittent power
requirements. Power converters can be used to regulate
the amount of power flowing through a circuit.
 2.1 Photovoltaic Power Systems
The basic element of a PV system is the solar cell. Solar
cells can convert the energy of sunlight into electricity
that can used to provide services such as lighting, water
pumping, refrigeration, telecommunications, and
television can be run from photovoltaic electricity.
Photovoltaic power systems can be classified as Stand-
alone, Hybrid and Grid connected

In this presentation we will discuss about only Stand-

alone
 Cont…
Stand-alone: the two main stand-alone PV applications are
Battery charging and solar water pumping.

The battery storage in a PV system should be properly

controlled to avoid catastrophic operating conditions like
overcharging or frequent deep discharging.
Three types of charge controllers commonly used are Series
charge regulators, Shunt charge regulators and Dc–Dc
Converters.
 Cont…
In the series charge controller, the switch S1 disconnects
the PV generator when a predefined battery voltage is
achieved. When the voltage falls below the discharge limit,
the load is disconnected from the battery to avoid deep
discharge beyond the limit.
In Shunt Charge Regulators when the battery is fully
charged the PV generator is short-circuited using an
electronic switch (S1). Unlike series controllers, this method
works more efficiently.
 Cont…
Dc–Dc Converter Type Charge Regulators Switch mode dc-
to-dc converters are used to match the output of a PV
generator to a variable load. The dc–dc converters allow the
charge current to be reduced c ontinuously in such a way
that the resulting battery voltage is maintained at a specified
value. The types of dc– dc converters are Buck (step-down)
converter, Boost (step-up) converter and Buck-boost (step-
down/up) converter.
 Cont…
Inverters for Stand-Alone PV Systems
Inverters convert power from dc to ac, while rectifiers convert it
from ac to dc. Many inverters are bi-directional, i.e., they are able
to operate in both inverting and rectifying modes. In many stand-
alone photovoltaic installations, alternating current is needed to
operate 230 V (or 110 V), 50 Hz (or 60 Hz) appliances. Generally
stand-alone inverters operate at 12, 24, 48, 96, 120, or 240 V dc,
depending on the power level.
Solar Water Pumping Cont…
There are mainly three types of solar powered water
pumping system dc motors and ac motors. Dc motors are
preferred where direct coupling to photovoltaic panels is
desired, whereas ac motors are coupled to the solar
panels through inverters. Ac motors in general are
cheaper than dc motors and are more reliable, but dc motors
are more efficient. The dc motors used for solar pumping
applications are permanent-magnet dc motors with or
without brushes.
2.2 Wind Turbine System
The components of a wind turbine system are turbine
rotor, a gearbox, a generator, a power electronic
system, and a transformer for grid connection.

The generator converts the mechanical power into

electrical power, which being fed into a grid possibly
through power electronic converters, and a transformer
with circuit breakers and electricity meters.
 Cont…
Many possible technical solutions of wind turbine electrical
systems are related to power electronics, since they can
improve dynamic and steady-state performances, help to
control the wind turbine generator, and decouple the
generator from the electrical grid.
Power electronic converter consisting of IGBTs and other
types of power electronics converters also exist, including
the multilevel converters, and the matrix converter.
Particularly, the multilevel converters are more fascinating
in such applications due to the voltage level of the
converters and the decrease of the harmonics, and
accordingly, the size of the output filter.
 Cont…
Some major power electronic applications are
I. Soft-Starter for Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines.
II. Power Electronics for Variable-Speed Wind Turbines.
III.Wind Turbine Systems With Full Rated Power Electronic
Converters.
The two most common types of electrical machines used in wind
turbines are induction generators and synchronous generators.
3. Industrial applications
It is becoming very common to generate electrical energy
in different ways and convert it into another form in
order to be able to use it—for instance, renewable
sources, battery banks, and the transmission of electric
power.
Almost all the motors employed in the industries are
controlled by power electronic drives, for e.g. Rolling
mills, textile mills, cement mills, compressors, pumps,
fans, blowers, elevators, rotary kilns etc. Other
applications include welding, furnace, cranes, heating
applications, emergency power systems, construction
machinery, excavators etc.
Dual Converter
Cont…
Dual converter is a combination of a rectifier and inverter
and it consists of two bridges consisting of thyristors in which
one for rectifying purpose where alternating current is
converted to direct current which can be given to load. Other
bridge of thyristors is used for converting D.C to A.C. The
applications of Dual Converters are Speed control and direction
control in dc motors.
DC-DC Converters Cont…
Step-down choppers find most of their applications in high
performance dc drive systems, for example, electric traction and
machine.

Inverters
produce an AC output waveform from a DC power supply that
required in adjustable speed drives (ASDs), uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS), static VAR compensators, active filters, flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS), and voltage compensators.
AC-AC Converters Cont…
AC voltage controllers are used either for control of the
rms value of voltage or current in lighting control,
domestic and industrial heating, speed control of fan,
pump or hoist drives, soft starting of induction motors,
so forth, or as static ac switches (on=off control) in
transformer tap changing, temperature control, speed
stabilization of high inertia induction motor drives such
as centrifuge, capacitor switching in static reactive
power compensation, and so forth.
 Cont…
Cycloconverters
Cycloconverters as frequency changers essentially find
well established applications in high-power low-speed
reversible ac motor drives with constant frequency input;
and constant frequency power supplies with a variable
frequency input as in the VSCF (variable-speed constant
frequency) system. They also find potential applications in
controllable VAR generators for power factor correction;
and ac system interties linking two independent power
systems.
 2.3 Energy Storage
Different sources for renewable-energy production are currently
used. All of these sources can deliver electrical power but at
different voltage levels and either of the AC or DC type.
Some renewable-energy sources are intermittent, such as when
the sun shines or the wind blows, an intermediate is needed to
store the energy when there is too much energy in the power
system.
Therefore, an interface between energy generation and storage is
needed. Since the interface needs to be used to both store and
retrieve the power, it needs to be highly efficient.
 Cont…
The conventional way of interconnecting an energy
storage system (ESS) to a renewable-energy source
could be through a DC bus. where a positive terminal
and a negative terminal of a bidirectional DC–DC
converter are connected to the ESS while the other
positive and negative terminals of the DC–DC converter
are connected to the regulated DC bus.
 4. Electric Vehicles and Transportation
Electric vehicles, trolley, fork-lifts, and many
transportation have so many components where power
electronic is used such as ignition switch, windshield
wiper control, adaptive front lighting, interior lighting,
electric power steering and so on.

The conversion of voltage as per the demand of the

application can be efficiently realized by using power
electronics. The different components used in the power
electronics of an electric vehicle are rectifiers,
inverters dc-dc converters etc.
 Cont…
The various types of types of DC-DC convertors which are
not isolated are: Buck converter and Bidirectional
converters. The source AC voltage (230V) is rectified to
DC using a rectifier. The rms value of the rectified DC
voltage is 320 V (i.e. √2 * 230). This voltage is reduced to
60 V using a buck converter. Further, the 60 V is reduced to
48 V which is the rating of the battery. This is the procedure
of the charging the battery. The 48V battery drives the 60 V
using the bidirectional converter which now acts like a boost
converter.
Buck Converter Cont…
The buck converter produces a pure DC voltage which is
less than the input voltage in magnitude. To accomplish
this action, the converter uses a combination of
inductor-capacitor (LC) low pass filter.
Bidirectional Converter
The bidirectional converter consists of two MOSFET
switches i.e. the switch1 operates the voltage source to
the battery whereas as switch2 operates the motor
through the battery.
 Cont…
BATTERY CHARGING MODE
The bidirectional act as buck operation which is operated in two
modes i.e. switch1 is ON mode whereas switch2 is OFF mode.
The energy from the primary source of power is stored in the
inductor in the form of magnetic field. This cycle repeats when
switch2 is ON position. Hence the inductor receives energy from
the primary source when the switch is ON.
BATTERY DISCHARGE MODE
The bidirectional act as boost operation by closing the switch2
and by opening switch1. In this operation the bidirectional will
boost up the voltage from battery to the motor to run the wheels.
THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTANTION!