Domain Eukarya

The most prominent organisms with a eukaryotic cellular organization belong to

this domain. They have the ability to live in different environments. They are not
sensitive to antibiotics.
There are 4 kingdoms belong to this domain.
1. Kingdom Protista
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. Kingdom Plantae
4. Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista
Organisms belong to kingdom protista possess an eukaryotic cellular organization.

They are either unicellular or multicellular organisms without specialized tissues.

They live in environments associated with water and mostly are photosynthetic.

Some species are heterotrophic. Algae and protozoans belong to this kingdom.
ENDOSMBIOI THEORY

General Biology of the Protists

Protists are united on the basis of a single negative characteristic: theyare not fungi, plants, or animals.

In all other respects they are highly variable with no uniting features.
Many are unicellular, but there are numerous colonial and multicellular groups.

Most are microscopic, but some are as large as trees.

They represent all symmetries, and exhibit all types of nutrition.

1.The Cell Surface

Protists possess a varied array of cell surfaces.
 amoebas-plasma membranes.
 algae and molds, are encased within strong cell walls.
 Diatoms and forams, secrete glassy shells of silica.
2. Locomotor Organelles
Movement in protists is also accomplished by diverse mechanisms.

 Protists move chiefly by either flagellar rotation or seudopodial movement.

 Others use banks of short, flagella-like structures called cilia to create water currents for their feeding or
propulsion.
3. Cyst Formation

cyst is a dormant form of a cell with a resistant outer coveringin which cell metabolism is more or less completely
shut down.

Some cysts are not sturdy. cysts that are quite resistant to gastric acidity, but will not tolerate desiccation or high
temperature.

4. Nutrition
Protists employ every form of nutritional acquisition except chemoautotrophic, which has so far been observed only
in bacteria.

 photosynthetic autotrophs and are called phototrophs.

 Among heterotrophic protists, those that ingest visible particles of food are called phagotrophs, or
holozoic feeders.

 Those ingesting food in soluble form are called osmotrophs, or saprozoic feeders.

5. Reproduction
Protists typically reproduce asexually, reproducing sexually only in times of stress.

 Asexual reproduction involves mitosis, but the process is often somewhat different from the mitosis that
occurs in multicellular animals.

 The nuclear membrane, for example, often persists throughout mitosis, with the microtubular spindle
forming within it.

 The most common type of fission is binary, in which a cell simply splits into nearly equal halves. When
the progeny cell is considerably smaller than its parent, and then grows to adult size, the fission is called
budding.
 Sexual reproduction also takes place in many forms among the protists. In ciliates and some flagellates,
gametic meiosis occurs just before gamete formation, as it does in metazoans.

Five Groups of Protists

Heterotrophs with No Permanent Locomotor Apparatus

Photosynthetic Protists
Chrysophyta: The Diatoms and Golden Algae
The Diatoms. Diatoms, members of the phylum Chrysophyta, are photosynthetic, unicellular organisms with unique
double shells made of opaline silica, which are often strikingly and characteristically marked.

Lichens are a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership of two separate organisms, a fungus
and an alga. The dominant partner is the fungus, which gives the lichen the majority of its
characteristics, from its thallus shape to its fruiting bodies. The alga can be either a green alga or a
blue-green alga, otherwise known as cyanobacteria. Many lichens will have both types of algae.

Agar
Agar, also called Agar-Agar, is a natural gelatinous substance, extracted in hydrocolloid form
from several species of red algae, mainly of the Gelidium and Gracilaria type.

Agar is a mixture of two unbranched polysaccharide components, with galactose subunits : the
linear polysaccharide agarose, and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules
called agaropectin.

The Agar-Agar used in bacteriological preparation is characterized by the absence of inhibitors,

which could interfere in the growth of microorganisms.

Alginic acid

Alginic acid is a naturally occurring hydrophilic colloidal polysaccharide obtained from the various species
of brown seaweed (Phaeophyceae). It is a linear copolymer consisting mainly of residues of  -1,4-linked
D-mannuronic acid and  -1,4-linked L-glucuronic acid.

Alginic acid, also called algin, is a naturally occurring, edible polysaccharide found in brown algae.

It is hydrophilic and forms a viscous gum when hydrated. With metals such as sodium and calcium,
its salts are known as alginates. Its colour ranges from white to yellowish-brown. It is sold
in filamentous, granular, or powdered forms.

Chlorophyta: The Green

Algae

Green algae are an extremely varied

group of more than 7000 species. The chlorophytes have an extensive fossil record dating back 900 million years.
They are mostly aquatic, but some are semiterrestrial in moist places, such as on tree trunks or in soil. Many are
microscopic and unicellular, but some, such as sea lettuce, Ulva (see figure 35.16), are tens of centimeters across
and easily visible on rocks and pilings around the coasts.
Life cycle of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta).

Heterotrophs with Flagella