CHAPTER 1

Background of the study

The world’s population has increased every now and then because of
modernization and an increase in sources. One of the major problems in the world is
waste management, it is alarming globally in which the population‘s daily activities are
affected. Collecting and disposing of waste is difficult since waste has various
classifications. To have a clean environment and good health, collecting and disposing
of waste appropriately is essential. Even though the way of disposing and collecting
waste is manually implemented through putting waste in storage, such as garbage bags
and trash bins,
One of the most alarming difficulties in the country of the Philippines is the
increasing amount of solid waste that harms the environment and bodies of water. It is a
national and local concern in terms of collecting and disposing of waste. In Calaanan,
Canitoan, and Cagayan de Oro City, considering Camp 5, waste disposal is an issue
that poses a challenge in how to properly collect and dispose of the waste. We, the
researchers, find ways on how to collect litter in such areas where the idea for the
study`s foundation was conceived. in particular areas around the school, such as the
basketball court, volleyball court, sidewalks, and open areas in the school. Most waste
in the mentioned places is litter, which includes dried leaves, papers, and plastics
(bottles and cups). Overcoming the possible difficulties, the researchers implemented a
device called a carbon filter garbage incinerator to minimize the volume of waste. It is a
device that helps collect waste in an area where it can be easily burned with less
emission.
Protecting the environment is essential to a better life. A protected environment
prevents or reduces the presence of polluting substances. It also helps individuals
understand the value of nature, and how it affects the surroundings. This study will help
to understand the importance of the environment. According to (Shanklin and Hackes,
2001), to encourage environmentally responsible practices that conserve natural
resources, minimize the quantity of waste that is generated, and have the least adverse
effects on the health of all living organisms and the environment. All components of the
food system, from farmer to consumer, are affected by the availability and cost of
energy and the availability and quality of water. Outdoor and indoor air quality
significantly impacts the health of all living organisms. Decisions that dietetics
professionals make as practitioners and consumers can affect the quantity and type of
solid waste generated. The demand for natural resources should be evaluated when
selecting the most cost-effective, environmentally sensitive approach to the
management of solid waste. Conservation strategies are identified that dietetics
professionals can use in their worksites and at home. These conservation practices may
reduce cost and decrease the environmental impact we have on our communities and
the world.

STATEMENT OFTHE PROBLEM

The Philippines is considered the third-largest contributor to plastic waste
worldwide, contributing to an estimated 0.75 million metric tons of ocean plastic every
year. This is cause by the irresponsible haulers, irresponsible people, and open dump
sites. For this reason the researcher decided to conduct a study for a promising solution
or this problem.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of carbon-filtered
garbage incinerator in the environment. This is carried out through an experiment that
would take place in Calaanan Canitoan, Cagayan de Oro City to find how helpful and
effective this device in reducing the garbage in our surrounding. This research would be
proposed to be use in a household.
There are many problems that would need to solve to be able to create an
efficient and capable carbon-filtered garbage incinerator. This includes how big would
the product to be able to have a proper use for the household. Another problem that the
researcher need to solve is that what would be use to burn the garbage inside the
carbon-filtered garbage incinerator, since the product would really need a source of fuel
and fire to burn the garbage inside the chamber. The types of garbage that would be
burn inside the carbon-filtered garbage incinerator would also matter, because we have
to know if that garbage would be combustible to burn. The researcher also needs to
segregate the wet garbage from the dry garbage to be able to save fuel. In addition the
researcher needs to know how much garbage would be able to burn inside since it has
a max load that is needed to follow to avoid an overload that would cause problem for
the incinerator. Aside from these problems the researcher also need to know how long
does the process/incineration will end and how much temperature in is need for the
process. The materials is one of the most important matter in this device since it need to
have a good fire resistance, an affordable price, and it need to be cost effective.
The most challenging problem that the researcher needs to solve is to how
effective this carbon-filtered garbage incinerator to be able to help reduce the garbage
while not causing any environmental problems. In terms of this topic the researcher
needs to know if the carbon-filter garbage incinerator filters the smoke that is compose
of toxic chemicals not just carbon. The most important question that the researcher
needs to answer using the experimental data of this device is that does the carbon-filter
garbage incinerator insure that the carbon emission would be completely gone after
going through the filters. In addition the researcher has to state how many filters stage
that is needed to use and what are the stages of carbon-filter garbage incinerator to
ensure that the filtration would really work.
Result for the survey of how they handle the waste if the collection is
delayed.

Survey result for opinion of using Carbon Filter Garbage Incinerator.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to provide an alternative solution to the
resident of Camp 5 Calaanan Canitoan Cagayan de Oro City regarding their waste that
dumped for a week or two.
 Especially this project aims to to design and create an alternative and
ecofriendly solid waste incinerator machine.

 This is to reduce the volume of waste in the chosen area.

 The study will focus on incinerating and choosing all of the combustible
materials and also decomposed waste cause of unable to collect waste by
the garbage collector that can be found in our research setting which is
particularly situated in Calaanan canitoan Cagayan de Oro City.
 To incinerate a solid waste material by putting it inside of the incinerator,
turning on the ignition for a first process of combustion to achieve
spontaneous combustion process and turn the ignition off, After the
spontaneous combustion process finished using rapid combustion the
ignition system will be turn back on until of the waste will be incinerated,
The ash will be going down to the removable ash compartment and
remove the compartment to get rid of ash.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The community may stand to gain from certain advantages after the study is
over. The local community in upper Carmen might benefit from this study in the
following ways: It would encourage individuals to handle wastes more cautiously and
carefully rather than simply burning trash. The Families - The study will provide
household members new, environmentally friendly alternatives to burning some of their
trash. Instead, they can use a machine to filter out carbon emissions. Future Generation
- To be able to preserve for the future generation and to allow them to experience what
clean air feels like by reducing air pollutants in accordance with the CO2%2D
equivalents by (The OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (OECD, 2012) coming
According to projections, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will rise by 50%,
mainly as a result of a 70% increase in CO2 emissions from the energy sector. Future
Researchers: The findings of this study will assist students and future researchers in
becoming aware of and knowledgeable in this field so that they can improve this
research for the greater good. The atmospheric concentration of GHGs may reach 685
parts per million (ppm) CO2-equivalents by 2050. The researcher - It can aid in the
development of the researcher's research techniques and help them become better
researchers in the future.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
 The main goal of this study is to provide an alternate way of a waste
management. The following are the scope of the study:

 The device uses internal combustion

 The device has two stage process, the first stage is using spontaneous
combustion, second was using rapid combustion.
 The device use bricks as insulator inside the combustion chamber.
 The device have develop filters.
 the device will use catalytic converter and molecular filtration
 The device uses the following materials:
Metal sheet gauge 14 (1.897mm) for the cover.
Angle bar as its pillar.
PVC pipe as a filter chamber.
 The device filter uses the following material:
Activated charcoal
Water
Air filter cloth.
 The flooring of this device uses 5mm expanded metal mesh screen for
moving parts and 5mm metal rod for supporting the metal mesh screen.
 The device that incinerates the waste to reduce its volume of waste.
 The device use burner and piezoelectric igniter for ignition.
 The device use intake fan for supplying oxygen and exhaust fan for smoke
exit.
 The device use air pump to push the smoke into the filters.
 The device uses 14-gauge metal sheet for the chimney.
 the device can filter out the hazardous smoke emissions from incinerating
trash
 the device is designed for the residential use and affordable construction
 the device uses gasoline to incinerate waste inside combustion chamber
The following are the limitations of the study:

 The capacity of this device is only half of 25 kilos sack of waste.

 The device predicted burn 20 – 25 kilos amount sack of waste per batch.
 The device can perform the following process, intake waste to incinerate
and acquiring ash from incinerated waste.
 The device can be use only if the garbage collector did not able to collect
the waste in Camp 5 Calaanan Canitoan for 1 week and above.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

SIZE OF THE AMOUNT OF THE

CARBON FILTER GARBAGE
GARBAGE
INCINERATOR

THE AMOUNT OF
AMOUNT OF THE TIME THAT THE
HEAT COULD USE GARBAGE WOULD
TURN INTO ASHES

TYPES OF
COMBUSTIBLE AMOUNT OF
GARBAGE EMISSION THAT
THEY WOULD
PRODUCE

AMOUNT OF TIME
USED

KEROSENE PUMP
CONSUMED
 Chapter 2

Germany has shown that “by measuring the differential carbon monoxide
concentration across the bed a function of bed temperature one can accurately locates
hot spots within the bed”. (Fouthy, 2001)
Steven (2004) Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion and is a
measure of incinerator efficiency. Many state agencies require monitoring of carbon
monoxide emission to ensure proper operating conditions in the incinerator. Carbon
monoxide production is limited, when oxygen concentrations, mixing and temperatures
are adequate.
The air flow of incinerator a “typical gas flow rates for thermal incinerators are
0.24 to 24 standard cubic meters per second (sm3/sec) (500 to 50,000 standard cubic
feet per minute (scfm))” (EPA, 1996a). In combusting inside the chamber with a
combustible material it undergoes a balance of air and gas when burning garbage to be
an ash.
Incinerator equipment and operations other that APC equipment and emission
also are regulated and the specific state requirements vary widely. Equipment such as
using shovel, modulating burners of a combustible materials, and enclosed ash-removal
systems may be required like carbon emission. (James, 2002).
AWMA (1992) the temperature for incineration operates at a temperature that is
higher than the ignition temperatures, which have a minimum temperature. Most of the
waste Compounds are burned thermally Between 590°c and 650°C (1100 °F and
1200F), to ensure that all are nearly & burn/destroyed ranging temp at 1200°C -980°C
(1800 F to 2200 F).
Crimp,P.M,Emswiler, B.E, (2004)`Burning household waste is a widespread
practice in rural Alaska to reduce waste volume, decontaminate refuse, and make waste
less attractive to animals. The burning method will vary upon burning combustible
materials, and it determines composition if materials wet or dry of which can be start to
burned first. If operated correctly, the higher temperature methods can safely burn most
of the items typically found in household garbage. The lower temperature opens burning
methods do not burn household wastes as completely and therefore cause more air
pollution. The various burning methods include open burning on the ground, burn
cages, burn barrels, burn boxes, air curtain incineration, and multiple chambered
incineration systems.
Other analytes such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are addressed in
the literature with respect to hazardous waste incinerator and related facilities. These
are not dealt with as specific entities in this chapter, as they are general emission from
combustion facilities, and are not specific to hazardous waste incinerators and related
facilities. (Peter, 2002)
 R. B. Dean (2007) In spite of the efforts of the incinerator designer to ensure
complete combustion, the fly ash always contains smaller or larger quantities of unburn
combustible particles. Such particles with a high carbon content have a low electrical
resistivity and, therefore, after precipitation on to the collecting electrode, quickly lose
their electrical charge.
Incineration remains a common form of sludge disposal in many developed
countries. Modern incineration facilities may operate with a net positive energy footprint.
This affects national GHG emission from energy generation, therefore the IPCC
accounts for this in the guidelines for GHG emission from energy generation. The direct
GHG emission from incineration of sludge is estimated based on the organic content of
the sludge, and the fraction of organic carbon which may oxidized to and converted to
GHGs. CO2, CH4 and N2O are generated during incineration. (Xinmin Zhan, 2016).
The garbage incinerator supported with an exhaust and inlet fan which utilize
airflow inside the combustion chamber to incinerate materials completely and became
ashes. The exhaust fan will conform the ASME standard. It allows smoke to flow on
exhaust system with the compact ratio of air needed before it enters the chamber, which
proceed to the next process which filtering smoke. (Ebara,2017).
The incineration of municipal waste involves the generation of climate-relevant
emissions. These are mainly emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide) as well as N2O (nitrous
oxide), NOx (oxides of nitrogen) NH3 (ammonia) and organic C, measured as total
carbon. CH4 (methane) is not generated in waste incineration during normal operation.
It only arises in particular, exceptional, cases and to a small extent (from waste
remaining in the waste bunker), so that in quantitative terms CH4 is not to be regarded
as climate-relevant. CO2 constitutes the chief climate-relevant emission of waste
incineration and is considerably higher, by not less than 102, than the other emissions.
(BerntJohnke, 2006).

N. Garg (2020) Waste Incinerator ashes can be recycled to create reliable

sources of Construction materials, via analyzing the Chemical Composition and
mineralogical Composition. It is primarily composed of SiO2, H203, and #e 203. It's
quite good for building infrastructure. Which could have cheap Concrete as it is more
environmentally friendly with a lower cost to spend.
Cozzi, Nichola v. (1993) “Effects of Water Filtration on Marijuana Smoke” through
the water pipes that use to filter the marijuana smoke out of toxicity into beneficial for
humanity. Passes through “5 water pipe was found out retaining 90% of the phenol and
50% of the particulate matter and benzo (a)pyrene of the original tobacco smoke”. In
relation to carbon filter garbage incinerator, we as researchers use the same concept of
filtration on smoke as we were going to incinerate the garbage, in achieving the goal to
lessen the emission of carbon emission. The process will be throughout the water
filtration to filter out the smoke from incineration and other toxic chemicals that can be
found on different materials (commonly the use water pipe filtration is already done by
some of diesel power plant).
The Legal Basis

Pursuant to Section 20 of Republic Act No. 8749 otherwise known as the

"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999," incineration for treating municipal, bio-medical and
hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes is prohibited.
".The Supreme Court clarified in 2002 that Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine
Clean Air Act of 1999 "does not absolutely prohibit incineration as a mode of waste
disposal; rather, only those burning processes which emit poisonous and toxic fumes
are banned
Korean firms are promoting in Tacloban city an eco-friendly incinerator in the
Philippines to manage solid waste and produce renewable energy in the process. And it
has standard Korean-made incinerator can process 1,000 kilograms of solid waste a
day. Baek Wang Kee told reporters after a meeting with local government officials “Our
technology completely incinerates all pollutants with a swirl flame and no particle of
pollutants reaches the environment, making it a green incinerator. We want to eliminate
garbage and produce high-efficient energy,” and he also said, the incinerator they built
meets Philippine government standards and is compatible with the country's existing
renewable energy sources.
Late last year, the DoH in its Health Executive Agenda for Legislation (HEAL)
proposed amendment of the CAA to re-allow the use of incinerators. This was however
cancelled following a round table meeting with environment organizations.
RED Parian made the statement as people have the tendency to burn their
discards and even dry leaves just outside their homes. Also there have been reported
cases of forest fire in some parts of the region that may have ignited from open fire
initiated by some individuals. Instead, the public are advised to adhere to proper method
of recycling and composting of material.
Sec. 48, par. 3 of R.A. 9003 also prohibits the open burning of solid waste
defined as “all discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and
industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other
non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.” A fine of not less than Php300.00 but not more
than Php1,000.00, or imprisonment of not less than one day but not more than 15 days,
or both awaits any violators.
REFERENCES
1. Savaki,H.E.; Cunha,J.; Carlini,E.A.; Kephalas, T.A. Pharmacological activity of three
fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe. Bulletin on Narcotics, 28,
49-56 (1976)

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Carbon monoxide—related

deaths—United States, 1999–2004. 2007;56

3. Environmental degradation caused by chemical weapon Chem. Ind. (1999)

4. J. Vehlow Municiple solid waste management in Germany Waste Management

(1996)

5. Endo, J. (2019, September 14). Philippines slams the door on world's plastic waste.
Nikkei Asia. Retrieved from

6. France-Presse, A. (2022, February 22). 9 Percent of Plastic Worldwide is Recycled,

OECD Says. Voice of America. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/percent-of-
plastic-worldwide-is-recycled-oecd-says-/6455012.html
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Planning
Planning is the process of making something to be accomplish. In this
study the researchers has step by step process to accomplish the innovation in this
study. Figure below is the process flow to accomplish the study

Gathering ideas

Introducing the purpose and scale of the study

Collecting literature review of the idea

Creating and designing the structure

Selecting materials

Assembling the device

Testing the project

3.2 DESIGNING

The study is an experimental type of research. The researcher developed a

carbon filter garbage incinerator that is affordable for the residence but really effective at
reducing the volume of the waste and removing the bad odor from the garbage. The
device has two main components: a combustion chamber and a filter chamber. Inside
the combustion chamber is concrete to stop convicting heat from the combustion
chamber housing. It also uses a kerosene pump pressure stove for the burner, which
uses cheap gasoline as fuel to incinerate waste. This uses a blower to enter oxygen and
avoid the carbon emission needed to get to the oxygen entrance. The device has a mini
compartment for removing the ashes from inside the incinerator. And for the filter, it
contains different stages of smoke filtration and uses a blower to push the smoke into
the filter to follow the process for reducing smoke.

WORKING FORMULAS

Incineration is a thermal method involving oxidation of burnable components of

waste that has been successfully applied to radioactive waste for many decades. The
excess air coefficient α of an incineration process is defined as the ratio of amount of
supplied air MAir (oxygen) to the stoichiometric amount of air MStoich (oxygen) required
to achieve complete oxidation of the waste components:

Air coefficient= MAir/MStoich

Incineration can be carried out with excess air or oxygen such that α>1,
controlled supply of oxidizer (α=1), or deficit supply (α<1) when the process of pyrolysis
occurs and burnable gases are burnt in a separate post-combustion chamber (PCC) or
afterburner. Combustion efficiency Ec (%) is determined by measuring the carbon
dioxide [CO2] and carbon monoxide [CO] concentrations in the incinerator exhaust gas:

Ec = [CO2]−[CO] / [CO2] (100)The VRF for an incineration process is usually defined as

the ratio of the initial waste volume Vwaste to the volume of ash residue Vash:
VRF= Vwaste / Vash

Conduction heat transfer is the transfer of heat through matter (i.e., solids,
liquids, or gases) without bulk motion of the matter. In another ward, conduction is the
transfer of energy from the more energetic to less energetic particles of a substance
due to interaction between the particles.

Q=hA(T2-T1)

• A: surface area where the heat transfer takes place (m2)

• T2: temperature of the surrounding fluid (K)

• T1: temperature of the solid surface (K)

The general definition of the heat transfer coefficient is:

h=q/ ΔT

• q: heat flux (W/m2); i.e., thermal power per unit area,

• ΔT: difference in temperature between the solid surface and surrounding fluid
area K

The blower is needed after it goes to the cooling system to filter out the toxic
chemicals of smoke that came out from the combustion chamber. Two blowers for
intake and exhaust fan. To have the appropriate fans/blowers we assume the formula
we need for fans' performance. For calculating the capacity of the fan Q (discharge rate)
= A (fan outlet area) V(velocity of the fans), it is used for the capacity of fan volume
flowrate of air. Bernoulli's equation is also important to solve the pressure and velocity
of the air and also identify the fan power output of air base the total pressure. Also
needs the static head since we had the pipes in which smoke flows going straight to the
filter. Hs=Yw(hw)/Ya.

FORMULA:
STATIC HEAD:

hs=Yw(hw)/Ya

DISCHARGE RATE:

Q=AV

HEAD VELOCITY:

hv=V²/2g

TOTAL HEAD:

h=hs+hv

System Design and Development

To analyze the concept of the device and understand the functions and the flow of the
system, diagrams and explanation were applied.

clean air exit

Combustion chamber cooling system activated carbon

centrifugal blower

catalytic converter

molecular filtration

hydro smoke filter

 Figure 1
The figure 1 shows the flow of the system and how the smoke travel in the system and
to filter the toxic emissions causing by incinerating waste, the water filter can also give a
huge help for lessen the smoke density traveling to the filter stage.

Figure 2.

The figure 1 shows the concept design of a combustion chamber. Use for combusting
solid waste, the figure show has a different part of mechanism including burner, the
combustion air inlet will supply the oxygen inside the combustion chamber to complete
the reaction of combustion, this also show the chamber has a brick to insulate the heat
inside the combustion area and the ash door below is use for easy access for removing
ash.
 Figure 3.

the figure shows the concept of the researcher air cooling system, the smoke with a
high temperature will travel inside the copper tube and the water help to reduce
temperature of the smoke and the smoke injected by a centrifugal compressor proceed
to hydro smoke filter, because of the resistance due to the process of filter the smoke
will boosting its pressure using centrifugal compressor .

Figure 4

Figure 4 shows the behavior of the smoke molecules if it enters to the activated carbon
and the sequence of the filter.