MEDIEVAL PERIOD

I. Age of Enlightenment
- The Enlightenment, also known as the Enlightenment, was the 18th-century
period of Western philosophy, or a longer period including the Age of Reason.
- The Age of Enlightenment is often closely associated with the Scientific
Revolution.
- The Enlightenment only occurred in Germany, France, England, and Spain,
but its influence spread far beyond.
II. Scientific revolution
1. First industrial revolution
a. Origin, characteristic.
- Took place circa 1784 to circa 1840, started in England.
- The outstanding feature of this industrial revolution is the introduction and
improvement of machines, replacing manual labor, thereby increasing output.
b. Outstanding achievements.
- Textile industry :
 In 1784, James Watt, a university laboratory assistant, improved the
steam engine. Thanks to this invention, textile mills can be located
anywhere.
 In 1785, priest Edmund Cartwright made an important invention in
the textile industry, the loom. This machine has increased weaving
productivity up to 40 times.
- Metallurgical industry :
 In 1784, Henry Cort figured out how to smelt iron "puddling".
Although Henry Cort's method has made iron of better quality, it still
does not meet the requirements of machine durability.
 In 1885, Henry Bessemer invented a blast furnace capable of smelting
liquid iron into steel, overcoming the disadvantages of the previous
machine.
- Transportation industry :
 The first steam locomotive was invented in 1804.
 In 1807, Robert Fulton invented a steamship to replace oars or sails.
2. Second industrial revolution
a. Origin, characteristic.
- Took place circa 1871 to circa 1914, started in Germany and United States.
- This was a period of rapid industrialization and a great deal of
standardization, mass production, and scientific discovery occurred from the late
19th century to the early 20th century.
b. Outstanding achievements.
* Germany
- Germany industrialized after Britain, so drawing on the British experience,
saved a lot of time, money and effort.
- In research and science, the Germans invest more than the UK.
* United States
- Prominent pioneer inventors were Thomas Alva Edison, Nikola Tesla, and
George Westinghouse :

 Thomas Edison, American inventor and businessman, was known as the

"Genius of Menlo Park" and the promoter of the development of the DC
grid.
 Nikola Tesla, Serbian physicist, mechatronics engineer and inventor; he is
known as the "Western Genius" and the one who promoted the development
of the AC grid.

 George Westinghouse, American engineer and business owner, who

financed the development of a practical AC grid.