GROUNDING AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTION OF MULTIPLE GENERATOR INSTALLATIONS ON MEDIUM-VOLTAGE, INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS PART 3: PROTECTION METHODS, An IEEE/IAS Working Group Report [Working Group Members| - Prafulla Pill (Chair), Alan Pierce, Bruce Bailey, Bruce Douglas, Charles Mozina, Clifford Normand, Daniel Love, David Shipp, Gerald Dalke, James R. Jones, Jay Fischer, Jim Bowen, Lorraine Padden, Louie Powell, Neil Nichols, Ralph Young, Norman T. Stringer Working Group Chair: Prafulla Pillai Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc. Houston, Texas 77002 Abstract - The paper discusses typical grounding practices and greund fault protection methods for ‘medium voltage gencrater stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single tous. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of {grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engincers in sclecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium voltage industrial and commercial nerators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, und for future expansion of facilities, to ‘minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Part 1 through Part 4. Part 1 cavers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discustes various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the Various types of grounding and Part 4 provides 2 conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material. L.GENERAL For internal generator ground faulis, the generator should be shut down as quick'y as possible, However, for an extcanal ground fault such as a feeder fault, 2 time-delayed shut down, 's usually employed to permit selective isolation of the faulty circuit Along with the time-delayed tripping, an instantaneous alam will provide early waming for the ‘operator to take necessary action 0 minimize gencretor damage ‘fom prolonged fault current flow. IEEE Guide (€37.101 [1] for Generator Ground Protection provides a wide range of gensrator ground protection schemes for different ‘generator grounding and system grounding configurations. & Summary of the ‘recommended protectve schemes and srounding arrangements to which they may be applied is given in Table 1 of this IEEE guide. Typical generator ground {aul protection methods incluse: Percentage phase differential protection (device 87) Ground éifferential protection (device 87GN) Ground time-overcurrent protection (device $1G) Tastantaneous ground overcurrent protection (device $00) ‘+ Wye-broker-delta vt ground overvoliage protection (device $96) ‘+ Stator winding zero-sequence neutral overveltage protection (device 59GN) Application of these protective functions requites subjective judgment. Larger generators will commonly be equipped with all of these functions, while some functions ‘might be omited from smaller generators on the basi that the incremental value in limiting damage does not justify the increase in cost. Refer to IEEE guide C37.101 [1] for = éetailed discussion regarding settings, sensitivities, advantages and disadvantages of these protection schemes ‘and available variations. All of the above protective functions should initiate & complete shut down of the generator, inching tripping of the generator main and field cituit breakers and closing of the prime mover throttle valve, 0-7803-7420-7/02/8 17 boo) 20CZ IEEEU, PERCENTAGE PHASE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (DEVICE 87) (Conventional percentage differential protection for pha te-phase winding faults (Fig. 19) will provide the ability to detect ost internal ground faults, depending on the available ground fault current. Ifthe maximum ground fault curren i below the phase percentage differential pick-up, the phase differential rlays will rot provide any ground fault protection. In such cases a grounc differents! scheme as discussed below may be needed to provide adequate procection of the generator. est Corer Fig. 19. Generator Percentage Phase Differential Protection IIL. GROUND DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (DEVICE 87GN) ‘Due to the high fault currents associated with low-res grounded systems, itis important fo provide sensitive, speod ground differential protection for generators. As discussed above, with lew-resisiance grounding, the phase differential relays may not be sensitive enough to detect ground faults internal to the generator. especially, since the ‘maximum ground fault current may be limited to values below the phase differential pick-up. In such cascs,« ground Aifferonsal protection scheme as shown in Fig. 20 would be esimable. When properly applied a ground differential scheme may be able to detect ground faults 10 within 10% of tbe generator’s neutral without the risk of false wipping on extemal faults. A ground directional overeurrent relay is generally used in this application with differential current at the operating quantity and neutral current as the polarizing quantity. The differential comparison is biased such that a Positive restraint exists for an extemal fault, Depending upon the rating of, and the burden presented to the phase transformers, this scheme provides excellent security agsinst misoperation for external fauls while provicing sensitive detection of internal ground faults S Fig 20. Generator Groaned Diflerential Protection 1V. GROUND TIME-OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (DEVICE SIG) ‘As previouly mentioned, one of the most imperant advantager of Iow'resistance grounding is the ablity to selectively coordinate ground overeurent protection for downstream fants, thereby triping only the faulted par of the system. For example, consider @ ground fault oscurring cn ¢ load feeder suppliod from a generator bu, = chown in Fig. 21. The load feeders will be protected acing sensitive instantaneous ground overcurrent relays (device 0G) on cach feeder, permiting high speed clearing ofthe fault. In the event of an uncleared feeder ful, an iaverse time overcurrent relay (device $1G) onthe bus tiebreaker will provide heck-up protection, isolating the faulted bus section. Further back-up protection will be providee by the inverse time-overcurrent relays (deviee $10) on the grounded eatals ofthe sources. Although, ime overcunent ground relays provide sensitive, highspeed protection for grouné fauls, coordination can be dificult gat muliple sources since the round curene magnitude wil vary with addition oF removal of sources Scnag iz Fig. 21. Generator Ground Time Overcurrent Protection However, there is a possibilty of serious generator Gamage fom the prolonged high fault currents, especially when a ground fault occurs near the terminals of the generator. This damage may be reduced by using an Instantancous ground-overcurrent relay (devise SOG) in conjunction with the time overcurrent relay. The instantaneous relay will detect faults near the generator eats Ir may aso provide back wp proton fe eset Y. INSTANTANEOUS GROUND OVER- (CURRENT PROTECTION (DEVICE 50) ‘This is sso called a generator self-balancing differential aground relay scheme and is shown in Fig. 22. A window (Coroidal) type (also called core-balance or 2ero-sequenes) ‘current transformer thst surrounds the generstor phase and neatral leads measures the ground cusrent coming from the generator and the system for a ground fault in the gencrator. ‘The current transformer output operates an instantaneous 0-7808-7420-7102/817.00 (C) 2002 IEEEovercurrent relay to wip the generator. For # ground fuk in the system extemal to the gencratr, the current transformer output will be 2ero. Therefore, the relay canbe safely set to 2 lows value for optimum protection ofthe generator. The limit of sensitivity can te affected by having to energize a large block of transformer load end by the physical position of leads inthe window of the tori, Grounding Fig 22, Instanuaneous Ground Overcurrent (Selt-Balancing Differential Ground Current) Protection VL WYE-BROKEN-DELTA VT, GROUND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION (DEVICE $96) This protection system is generally used for the high- resistance grounded generators. This protection scheme is a variation of the stator winding zero-sequence neutral overvoliage protection scheme that is described below. In this scheme 2s shown in Fig. 23, an overvoliage device (device 596) is connected to a separate sot of broken-delta secondary windings of the voltage transformer (vt), whose primaries are connected to the generator terminals in ‘grounded wye configuration. A ground fault in the generator stator winding is detected by measuring the voltage across the broken delta secondary windings of the voltage transformer. For example, during « single-phase to-ground fault in the generator, the vectorial sum of the phase-to- {ground volages applied to the primary windings of the three voltage transformers will be equal 19 three times the phase~ toneutral veltige of the generator. The vokage appearing across the terminals of the 59G device operating circuit will be the vecwrial sum voluge divided by the voltage transformer ratio. It should be noted that fall line-to-ine voliage appears across each voltage transformer during & ground faut; therefore, they shonld be rated accordingly. A leading resistor may be placed across the broken delta to control possible ferroresonance T Pw tt y Fig 28. Wye-Broken-Delta Vt, Ground Overcurrent Protection YI. STATOR WINDING ZERO-SEQUENCE NEUTRAL OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION (DEVICE 59GN) ‘The most conventional and widely used protection scheme for high-resisimce grounded systems is a time- elayed overvoltage reley (davice SOGN) connected across ‘the grounding resistor, as shown in Fig. 24. The relay used {or this application should be tuned 10 fundamental freouency voltage and be insensitive to third-harmonic voltages that are [present at the generator neutral under normal operating Sho (a See ee as SIGN Nesta! Overvoltge Relay S8GN Neural Overoluge Relay Tuned tothe Fundamental (@Oll) Frequeney Fig. 24, High-Resistance Grounded, Unit-conaected Generator, Zero-Sequence Voltage Pretecion Since the grounding resistance is large compared to the ‘generator impedance and other impedance in the cireut, the full phase-to-neutral voltage will be impretsed scrose the ‘prounding device for « phase-to-groand fault atthe generstor terminals. The voltage at the relay is a function of the distribution transformer ratio and the location of the fault ‘The voltage will be a maximum for a terminal fault and will, decrease in magnitude as the fault location moves towards the gencraior neutral. Typically, the overvoltage relay has a ‘minimum pickup setiing of approximately 5 V. With this 0-7803-7420-7102/817.09 (G) 2002 IEEEsetting and with typical distribution transformer ratios, thie scheme is capable of detecting faults to within about 2-5% of the stator neutral. The time setting for the overvoltage relay ‘selected 10 provide coordination with otier system protective devices. Specific areas of concern are 1) When grounded wye-grounded ye voltage transformers (vt) are connected atthe generator terminals, the neutral ground overvolage relay should be coordinated with the vt fuses to prevent tipping the generator for vt secondary ‘ground faults. This would require very careful selection of vt fuses. 2) The ground voltage relay (device 59GN) may have 10 be coondinated with system relaying for system ground faults, System phase-to-ground faults will induce zero: sequence voltages atthe generstor neutral cue to capacitive ‘coupling between the windings of the unit transformer. This induced voliage will appear on the secondary of the rounding distribution transformer end can cause operation Of the SOGN voltage relay. ‘A time overcurrent ground relay (Gevice SIGN) can be used as backup protection when the generator is grounded through a distribution transformer with « secondary resistor as shown in Fig. 24. The current transformer supplying the overcurrent relay may be located either in the primary neutral cireuit or in the secondary circus of the distribution twansfermct VIII. ADDITIONAL PROTECTION METHODS: ‘Adational protection methods are used to provide more scrsitive protection agains! ground feults in generators that fre high-rsistance grounded. These include 100% stator ‘winding ground fault peotection and the use of 2 generator ‘neural breaker. a) 100% Stator Winding Ground Fault Protection Conventional protection for siator ground fault detection fon high-tesistance grounded eystems has been discussed in the previous section, These protective schemes are straight- forward and dependable. However, these relays would typically provide sensitive protection for only about 95% of the sator winding. This i because the fault in the remaining ‘5% of the winding, near the neutral, does not cause sufficient 60 Hz residual volage and residual current to operate these relays. Even if fauk current magnitudes for ground feulte lose te the neutral point are negligible in causing any immediate damage, potential severe damage can be caused fom a second fault, especially when the first fault is near the neutral. Furthermore, ifthe second fault ocsurs in the same winding, the generator differential relay may not operate at all since this condition ean be regarded as an intemal ture-t0= turn fault Therefore, cormplete winding protection should be considered for large generators. ‘Special protection achemes based on detection or absence ‘of third-harmonic vollages or neutral/‘residual voltage injection techniques are available to detect ground faults in the generator stator close to the neutral points that may otherwise go undetected using the typical protection schemes mentioned ebove. However, these are only applicable on high resistance grounded, unit-connected generators. Third harmonic voltage based techniques are widely used 10 provide such protection. They are applicable where there is sufficieat third-harmonic neutral voltage 1 apply such schemes, ‘The techniques based on the use of thicd- voltage can be divided as follows: 4) Thiré-harmonic neutral underoltage technique 48) Third harmonic technique residual terminal overvoltage ill) Thire-harmonic comparator technique {) Third-harmonie neutral undervolage techni ‘This technique uses the fact that for a fault near the neural, the level of thicd-barmonic voltage at the newsal Secreases, Therefore, an undervolige relay (device 27) ‘operating. fiom thiré-harmonic voliage measured at the generator neutral can be used to detect ground faults near the neutral. The ground faults in the remaining porion of the windings can be detected by conventional ground fault protection such as an overveliage relay (device S9GN) which ‘operaies on the 60 Hz neutral voltage The combination of both relays can provide 100% stator winding protection. A. protection scheme using this technique is shown in Fig. 25. IE Guide for Generator Greund Protection (1) for )) Thire-harmonic residual terminal overvottage tecknique ‘This technique is based on the fact that fora fault near the ruta, the level of third-harmonic voltage at the generator terminals increases. Therefore, an overvaltage relay using third-harmonic voltage atthe terminals ofa generator can be used for detecting faults near the neutral As before, the ‘ground faults i the remaining portion of the windings can be doiectod by the conventional 95% protection, eg.) an fovervoltage relay which operates on 60 Hz neutral voltage Both of these relays can provide 100% protection of stator ‘windings by covering different portions of the windings. protection scheme using this technique is chown in Fig. 26, 0-7803-7420-1102/817.00 (C) 2002 IEEEusr ome Sh 590 Instantaneous Overvalnge Supervisory Re'ty S9GN — OvervcltageRolay Tuned tothe Fundamental (60 He) Frequency n ‘Underoltage Relay Tuned tthe Third Harmonic (180 Hz) Frequency 21,22 Times Fig. 25. High-Resistance Grounded Generator, Third-Haronic Undervoltage Ground Fault Protection Scheme IE fo tet areas (ie = S8GN Overwltage Relay Tuned tothe Fundamental (60 Hz} Frequency SeTOvervotage Relay Tuned w the Third Harmonie (180 Hs) Frequency 222 Times Fig. 26 High Resistance Grounded Generator, Third Harmonic Residual Terminal Voltage Based Ground Fank Protection Scheme (0-7803-7420-1/02/817.00 (C) 2002 IEEES9GN_Overvotage Relay Tuned tothe Fundamental (60H) Frequency 59D. Overvoltage Differential Relay Tuned tothe Third Harmen (180 Ha) Frequency Fig 21. High-Resista ii) Third-harmonic comparator technique ‘This scheme compares the magnitude of the third: harmonie voltage st the generator neutral te that at the [generator terminals. The scheme ig based on the premise {thatthe ratio of the third-harmonic voltage at tbe generator ‘terminals to that et the generator neutral is almost constant ‘uring the normal operation of a generator. This ratio is upset for © ground fault near the neutral or near the terminals of 2 generator, and this fct ig used to detec these faulis. The ground faults in the remsining portion of the ‘windings are detected by the corventional 95% grourd fault protection such a¢ 60) Hz overvoitige or overcurrent relay ‘operating from the neutral vollage or curtent respectively. Fig. 27 shows a diagram ofthe comparator scheme, b) Generator Neutral Breaker ‘While this is a possible aid in minimizing stator ground fault damage, the cost and potential risks of using a neutral breaker result in few application of these devices. As explained in Part 1 of the paper under damage mechanism {fora stator grounc faut, tipping the generator main breaker ‘alone docs not interupt the curent from the faulted ‘generator. Providing 2 generator neutral breaker will ‘minimize stator damage (iron burning) from intemal faults I neutral breaker cannot be justified, stator damage can be significantly reduced by accelerating decay of field flux by field forcing to zaro using de-excitation circuits + Grounded Gencrator, Thtd-Harmonic Comparator Based Ground Fault Protection Scheme IX. SUMMARY ‘Thi paper prosonted Part 3 of « four-part Working Group Report on generator grounding and ground fal protection. Part 3 discussed the various protection methods applied to the various grounding systems described in Part 2 of this report. A review of their advantages and limitations were given slong with alierrative solutions Part 1 of this Working Group Report provided an invrocuction and discussion of the generator damage rechanism daring stotor ground faults, Part 2 decoribed the various grounding methods used in industrial anplications, highlighting their advamages and limitations. Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional teference material on the subject of gonerstor grounding ‘nd ground fault protection X. REFERENCES, U1) IEEE Guide for Generator Ground Protection, EEE Standard C37 101, 1993, [2] IEEE Guide for AC Generator Protection, IEEE Standard C37.102, 1995, [3] SIEEE Tutorial on the Protection of Synchronous Generators”, IEEE Document OSTPIC2, 1995, 0-7803-7420-7102/817.00 (C) 2002 IEEE