Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848

www.elsevier.com/locate/ica

Perturbations of the Briggs–Rauscher oscillating system

by iron–phenanthroline complexes
a,* b
Rinaldo Cervellati , Stanley D. Furrow
a
Dipartimento di Chimica ‘G. Ciamician’, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
b
Penn State Berks, Reading, PA 19610, USA

Received 20 May 2006; accepted 31 May 2006

Available online 18 August 2006

Dedicated to Professor Vincenzo Balzani.

Abstract

Perturbations of the oscillatory regime of the Briggs–Rauscher (BR) reaction by the iron(II)–phenanthroline (ferroin) complex were
observed in batch conditions. The path of the perturbation (immediate quenching of oscillations – inhibition time – resumption of oscil-
lations) is similar to that provoked by antioxidant free-radical scavengers; however, perturbations occur in a ferroin concentration range
much lower than that in which antioxidants act. To investigate this effect, reactions between the iron(II)–or iron(III)–phenanthroline
(ferriin) and reagents or intermediates of the BR system were studied in detail. Results of these studies showed that the interaction of
the ferroin/ferriin couple with iodine production is responsible for the observed perturbation. A mechanistic interpretation involving
HOO radical is proposed.
 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Briggs–Rauscher reaction; Oscillations; Ferroin; Ferriin; Mechanism

1. Introduction
It is well known that many metal ions (i.e. Ce(III),
Ce(IV), Mn(II), Mn(III)) or metal ion complexes (i.e.
FeðphenÞ3 2þ ; FeðphenÞ3 3þ ; FeðbpyÞ3 2þ ) have been found to
act as catalysts for the oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinsky
(BZ) reaction [1]. On the contrary in all the works on the
Briggs–Rauscher (BR) oscillating system only the Mn(II)
ion species is used as catalyst [2–9], even though Rosokha
et al. have reported criteria to select transition metal couples
M(n+1)+/Mn+ as possible catalysts for this system [10].
Indeed, Briggs and Rauscher claimed in their original paper
that cerium ions are also able to catalyze the reaction:
Cerium may be used in place of manganese and gives higher
frequency oscillations of variable amplitude. [11]. They did
not specify the most suitable oxidation state of cerium ion,
however. We found that the Ce(III) species is a good cata-
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 051 2099467; fax: +39 051 2099456.
E-mail address: rinaldo.cervellati@unibo.it (R. Cervellati).
lyst for the BR reaction in the range 3.2 · 105 M–1.6 ·
104 M when [malonic acid, MA]o = 0.05 M, [HClO4]o =
0.053 M, ½IO3  o ¼ 0:0667 M, and [H2O2]o = 1.6 M [12].
In about the same range of concentration, the Ce(IV) spe-
cies seemed to be ineffective probably because of the lower
solubility of Ce(IO3)4 (4.2 · 104 M in water) with respect
to that of Ce(IO3)3 (3.2 · 103 M in water) [12].
In order to check if the couple FeðphenÞ3 3þ ðferriinÞ=
FeðphenÞ3 2þ ðferroinÞ (E  = 1.06 V) is able to catalyze the
BR reaction, we first prepared a mixture of initial com-
position: [MA]o = 0.05 M, ½FeðphenÞ3 2þ o ¼ 0:00667 M,
[HClO4]o = 0.0266 M, ½IO3  o ¼ 0:0667 M, and [H2O2]o =
1.2 M. This system, in which the ferroin concentration is
the same as the usual Mn(II) concentration, does not show
oscillatory behavior. Lowering the initial ferroin concen-
tration to 0.333 mM does not cause onset of oscillations.
Thus, in these conditions, ferroin seems unable to catalyze
the oscillating BR reaction.
On the other hand, the addition of suitable low amounts
of ferroin to an actively Mn(II)-catalyzed BR oscillating

0020-1693/$ - see front matter  2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ica.2006.05.047
 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848
mixture causes an immediate quenching of oscillations.
After some time, however, the oscillating regime resumes
with amplitude, frequency, and duration different from
those observed in a reference mixture in which distilled
water was added instead of ferroin. This perturbation is
similar to that provoked by the addition of antioxidant
free-radical scavengers to an active BR mixture [13,14],
ascribed to the scavenging action of antioxidants against
hydroperoxyl radicals HOO forming in the BR mixture.
The aim of the present work is thus to present and dis-
cuss the results of a detailed experimental and mechanistic
investigation of the perturbations induced by iron–phenan-
throline complex on the BR oscillating system.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Malonic acid (Merck; reagent grade, >99%), manga-
nese(II) sulfate monohydrate (Fluka; reagent grade,
P99%), cerium(IV) sulfate monohydrate (Aldrich; reagent
grade, P99%), ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate
(Merck; reagent grade, >99.5%), 1,10-o-phenanthroline
monohydrate (Merck; reagent grade, >99.5%), sodium
iodate (Merck; reagent grade, >99.5%) were used without
further purification. Ferroin solution was prepared by
adding a little excess of 1,10-phenanthroline to the
appropriate amount of ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexa-
hydrate in doubly distilled deionized water. Ferriin,
ðFeðphenÞ3 3þ Þ, was prepared by titration of ferroin with
Ce(IV) or by reaction between MnSO4, KMnO4 and ferr-
oin. HClO4, H2O2 and other chemicals were of analytical
grade. All stock solutions were prepared from doubly dis-
tilled deionized water. Perchloric acid was standardized by
titration versus standard 0.1 M NaOH (from Merck).
Hydrogen peroxide was standardized daily by mangano-
metric analysis.
2.2. Procedures
Oscillations in the BR mixtures were followed potentio-
metrically by recording the potential of the mixture using a
coupled bright-Pt electrode (Hamilton, model P/N 238
945) – reference electrode (double-junction Ag/AgCl,
Ingold, model 373-90-WTE-ISE-S7). Electrodes were con-
nected to a pH multimeter (WTW, model pH 540 GLP)
controlled by an IBM-compatible PC. The accuracy of
the multimeter was ±1 mV. The data acquisition program
Multi Achat II (WTW) was used. The multimeter was
equipped with a temperature sensor with an accuracy of
±0.1 C. Iodide concentrations were measured with an
Orion model 9453 iodide selective electrode versus a dou-
ble-junction electrode with a silver/silver chloride refer-
ence, Orion model 90-92.
BR mixtures were prepared by mixing the appropriate
amounts of stock solutions of reagents using pipets or
burets in a 100 mL beaker to a total volume of 30 mL. In
843
general the reagents’ order of addition was: malonic acid,
MnSO4, HClO4, NaIO3 and H2O2. A suitably diluted solu-
tion of iron–phenanthroline complexes (1.0 mL) was added
using a micropipet. The reaction mixtures were continually
well stirred using a magnetic stirrer. All solutions and reac-
tion mixtures were maintained at constant temperature
(25.0 ± 0.1 C).
Absorbance measurements were made on an HP
8451A spectrophotometer, or a Shimadzu UV-1601 spec-
trophotometer with thermostated (25.0 ± 0.1 C) cell
compartments. Spectrophotometers were controlled by
IBM-compatible PCs. Reaction mixtures were prepared
directly in quartz cuvettes (1.000 cm optical path length)
by mixing the appropriate amounts of reagents using
micropipets, or by mixing a larger amount (10.00 mL
total) and rapidly transferring to a cuvette.
3. Results
3.1. Potentiometric measurements
A series of recordings of the bright-Pt electrode (y-axis,
mV) versus time (x-axis, s) is reported in Fig. 1a–i.
Fig. 1a–h shows the perturbations provoked by adding
1.0 mL of suitably diluted ferroin solution to 30 mL of
an active BR mixture after the third oscillation (initial
nominal composition: [MA]o = 0.05 M, [MnSO4]o =
0.00667 M, [HClO4]o = 0.0266 M, ½IO3  o ¼ 0:0667 M,
and [H2O2]o = 1.2 M). As can be seen at initial ferroin
concentration in mixtures higher than 0.29 lM (Fig. 1b),
oscillations are completely quenched, while at a concentra-
tion lower than 0.16 lM (Fig. 1h), the system is practically
unperturbed, showing a behavior similar to that of a
reference mixture in which 1.0 mL of doubly distilled water
was added after the third oscillation (Fig. 1i). The path of
perturbation similar to that provoked by antioxidants
(immediate quenching – inhibition time – resumption),
happens only in a narrow range of very low ferroin concen-
tration: 0.18–0.29 lM ca. On the contrary, antioxidants act
in this a way in a higher and quite larger concentration
range [14].
In order to exclude the possibility that the perturbation
effects were due to Fe(II) or phenanthroline alone
ðFeðphenÞ3 2þ ¡Fe2þ þ 3phenÞ, we performed experiments
with appropriate diluted solutions of ammonium iron(II)
sulfate and phenanthroline. No inhibition nor complete
quenching were found for either compound in the concen-
tration range explored for ferroin up to a concentration of
32.2 lM in mixture. Behaviors were identical to that of the
reference mixture.
The inhibition time, tinhib. (i.e. the time elapsed between
the cessation and the regeneration of the oscillatory
regime) was measured from the recordings or the data
worksheet. A graph tinhib. versus initial ferroin concentra-
tion is reported in Fig. 2.
The experimental data are satisfactorily fitted by a
straight line (R = 0.9901, p < 0.05).
844 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848

a 720 b 720
[ferroin]0 = 0.32 µ M [ferroin]0 = 0.29 µ M

680 680
V (mV)

V (mV)
640 640

600 600

560 560
0 400 800 1200 0 400 800 1200
t (s) t (s)

c 720 d 720 [ferroin]0 = 0.26 µ M

[ferroin]0 = 0.27 µ M

680 680
V (mV)
V (mV)

640
640

600
600

560
560
0 400 800 1200 0 400 800 1200
t (s) t (s)

e 720
[ferroin]0 = 0.23 µ M
f 720
[ferroin]0 = 0.19 µ M

680 680
V (mV)
V (mV)

640 640

600 600

560 560
0 400 800 1200 0 400 800 1200
t (s) t (s)

Fig. 1. Recordings of the potential of the bright-Pt electrode vs. time: (a–h) effect of the addition of ferroin at different initial concentrations in mixture
(concentration of other reagents, see text); (i) behavior of reference mixture.
 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848 845

g 720
h 720
[ferroin]0 = 0.18 µM

680 680

V (mV)
V (mV)

640 640

600 600

[ferroin]0 = 0.16 µM

560 560
0 400 800 1200 0 200 400 600 800
t (s) t (s)

i 720
BLANK

680
V (mV)

640

600

560

0 200 400 600

t (s)

Fig. 1 (continued)

4. Spectrophotometric measurements 1% decrease in ferroin concentration for both systems.

Thus, a possible oxidation of ferroin to ferriin by H2O2
4.1. Stability of ferroin in acidic solutions or KIO3 is negligible.

Absorbance at 510 nm (the ferroin peak) was measured
for several acidic ferroin solutions at different concentra-
tions. The experimental Abs values are in very good agree-
ment with those calculated assuming the Beer–Lambert law,
with e(ferroin) = 11 000 M1 cm1 [15]. From these results
it can be concluded that the equilibrium FeðphenÞ3 2þ
þ3Hþ ¡Fe2þ þ 3phenHþ is shifted far to the left, so the
dominant species in acidic solution is FeðphenÞ3 2þ ; that con-
firms that ferroin is the active species in the BR mixtures.
4.2. Systems ferroin + H2O2 and ferroin + KIO3
Spectral changes at 510 nm are very slow in acidic solu-
tion. It was calculated that after 5 min there was less than
4.3. System ferriin + H2O2 (H+)
Although there is very little net oxidation of ferroin by
H2O2, there is catalytic decomposition of H2O2 (see Section
5.2). Ferriin is presumed to be an intermediate in all of
these systems that contain ferroin and H2O2. A mixture
of ferriin and H2O2 in acidic solution was followed spectro-
photometrically at 510 nm. It was found that the mixture
turned fairly rapidly back to red. From spectroscopic mea-
surements it was found that the reaction is complete in
100 s, from which a rough rate constant of 0.02 M1 s1
was calculated. Thus, this is a confirmation that ferriin is
rapidly reduced back to ferroin, and the predominant form
is ferroin in mixtures containing H2O2.
846 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848
600
500
tinib. (s)
400
300
200
0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28
[Fe(Phen)32+] (µM)
Fig. 2. Graph of the inhibition time vs. initial concentration of ferroin in
mixture.
4.4. Effect of ferroin in the iodine production phase in a
Mn(II)-catalyzed BR system
Iodine is one of the main intermediates that oscillates in
the BR system. The iodine production phase can be inves-
tigated in a mixture of acidic iodate, MnSO4 and H2O2
(iodine production subsystem, IPS. This subsystem is not
an oscillator). A spectrophotometric study of a reference
IPS ([HClO4] = 0.028 M, [KIO3] = 0.067 M, [MnSO4] =
0.0067 M, [H2O2] = 1.2 M) without and with ferroin
added, following both the ferroin and I2 peaks (510 and
460 nm respectively), showed that ferroin in the 0.25–
0.50 lM range causes a decrease in iodine production by
five or sixfold, although it does not stop it completely.
Appreciable amounts of ferroin are present for more than
30 min. This is consistent with the hypothesis of rapid
reduction of intermediate ferriin in the BR oscillating sys-
tem, i.e. some equilibrium amount of ferroin remains.
Compared to the reference IPS, [ferroin] as low as
0.03 lM causes a decrease of nearly 50% in iodine produc-
tion. From all these observations it can be concluded that
the interaction of the ferroin/ferriin couple with iodine pro-
duction is responsible for the observed perturbation.
4.5. Effect of ferroin on the iodine production phase in the
uncatalyzed BR oscillating system
It has been found that the BR oscillator works without
Mn(II) at high [H2O2] and low iodate concentrations [16].
In this case the IPS is composed of acidic iodate and
H2O2 (without Mn2+). Different ferroin amounts were
added to a reference IPS of initial composition: [H2SO4]o
= 0.10 M, [KIO3]o = 0.0050 M, [H2O2]o = 1.5 M, follow-
ing ferroin and iodine concentration with time as described
above. Compared to the reference (without ferroin), much
less I2 is produced.
Thus, it can reasonably concluded that ferroin is recy-
cled also in the uncatalyzed oscillating system, leading to
the possibility that conditions might be found where ferr-
oin acts as a catalyst of the BR system instead of inhibiting
it completely, as reported in Section 1. But we were unable
to find these conditions: it can only stated that they are far
from the usual concentrations range of the Mn(II)-cata-
lyzed system.
Since the effect of ferroin is similar in both the catalyzed
and uncatalyzed systems, we conclude that interaction of
ferroin with manganese species is not a major factor in
the inhibition.
5. Further potentiometric and spectrophotometric
experiments
To further interpret the role of ferroin in the BR oscilla-
tor, we carried out several series of reactions using various
components of the BR reaction.
5.1. Effect of resorcinol on the iodine production phase of the
catalyzed BR reaction
The effect of ferroin on the BR oscillator is similar to the
effect of resorcinol. We chose resorcinol as a comparison
because being a meta-diphenol, it is not oxidized rapidly
to the corresponding quinone by iodate or H2O2. Resor-
cinol in the range of 6–14 lM causes inhibition in the BR
oscillator [14] and was used as a reference antioxidant in
that study. The average for this range for resorcinol is
roughly 45 times higher than the average of the ferroin
range to cause inhibition, but the potential traces are sim-
ilar. Resorcinol in the same range was also found to lower
[I2] in the iodine production subsystem (no malonic acid)
by a factor of about 2 or 3, but not stop I2 production
entirely.
5.2. Catalytic decomposition of H2O2 by ferroin
Although ferroin remains largely in the reduced form in
H2O2, oxygen is evolved. From the rate of oxygen evolu-
tion, the rate constant (assuming the rate-determining step
involves Hþ þ FeðphenÞ3 2þ þ H2 O2 Þ is 0.014 M2 s1.
With ½FeðphenÞ3 2þ  in the lM range, where it causes inhibi-
tion of oscillations, this reaction would seem to be too slow
to be of importance, although production of radicals by the
reaction may contribute to formation in the dark of I2 in
the IPS.
5.3. Systems ferriin + malonic acid or iodomalonic acid
Ferriin is reduced by malonic acid, although the rate
of reduction by 0.05 M malonic acid is only about 1/7
the rate of reduction by 1.2 M H2O2, so that reaction
is not of major importance in the ferroin inhibited
 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848
oscillator. With iodomalonic acid and ferriin, iodine and
iodide are products. The rate constant and organic oxida-
tion products are unknown. Since ferroin has a powerful
lessening effect on I2 production in the iodine production
subsystem, neither malonic acid nor iodomalonic acid can
be responsible for the [I2] decrease. In the inhibited oscil-
lating system, iodomalonic acid may well be involved.
Since ferroin is added after three oscillations in the inhib-
ited system, iodomalonic acid concentration is significant
by that time.
5.4. Search for reactions of ferroin with iodine-containing
species
Iodine (III) can be prepared in concentrated H2SO4 by
stirring (overnight) solid I2 and KIO3 in at least a 1:4 mole
ratio. Addition of this solution to water rapidly produces
HOIO, which disproportionates back to I2 and IO3  . The
reaction Hþ þ IO3  þ HOIO ¡ 2IO2  has been proposed
as a source of radicals in the skeleton BR mechanism
[4,17], although there is no direct evidence for the reaction.
Solutions of ferroin with I(III) and KIO3 showed no abnor-
mal ferroin consumption. Either IO2  was not formed, or
there was no appreciable reaction with ferroin. Ferroin
reaction with HOIO seems to be negligible.
Solutions of I2 are sensitive to light, i.e. I2 + hm ! 2I.
Solutions of I2 þ FeðphenÞ3 2þ exposed to continuous light
from the spectrophotometer did not show increased ferroin
consumption compared to similar solutions in the dark.
Apparently, recombination of iodine atoms is more rapid
than reaction with ferroin. These experiments were compli-
cated by the fact that ferroin forms a rather insoluble pre-
cipitate (or colloidal complex) with tri-iodide, limiting the
range of concentrations that are accessible without a high
absorbance background.
6. Mechanistic interpretation
From the previous results it seems plausible that the
reaction:
FeðphenÞ3 2þ ðredÞ þ HOO þ Hþ
! FeðphenÞ3 2þ ðblueÞ þ H2 O2
plays a role in the perturbation of the BR system. This
reaction is similar to that between an antioxidant H donor
and hydroxyperoxyl radical that has been found to be the
major reaction responsible for the inhibitory effects by
polyphenolics on oscillations of the BR system [18].
Having no direct evidence of involvement of iodine-
containing radicals, we believe that HOO scavenging by
ferroin/ferriin is the factor that slows I2 production, lead-
ing to inhibition of oscillations. Eventually the ferroin is
degraded, and oscillations can restart.
Inhibition times for polyphenols in the BR oscillator
have been modeled [18] by adding two reactions to the
FCA model [9] of the oscillator:
847
HOO þ ArðOHÞn ! ArðOHÞn1 O þ H2 O2 ðinhibiting stepÞ
ArðOHÞn ! products ðdecomposition stepÞ
The decomposition step is no doubt a composite result-
ing from iodination and other oxidative processes [18].
Nevertheless, rate constants for the two steps have been
useful parameters in characterizing relative effectiveness
of phenolic antioxidants.
Similar steps were believed appropriate to model the
effects of ferroin on the oscillator: an inhibition reaction
(1) and decomposition reactions:
FeðphenÞ3 2þ ! products ð2Þ
3þ
FeðphenÞ3 ! products ð3Þ
As mentioned in Section 4.3, ferriin is reduced to ferroin by
H2O2:
FeðphenÞ3 3þ þ H2 O2 ! FeðphenÞ3 2þ þ HOO þ Hþ ð1RÞ
The last step is the reverse of reaction (1) and can be stud-
ied directly. Since the rate constant k1R is 0.020 M1 s1,
the rate constant for its reverse k1 can be estimated from
the standard potential of step (1R),   0.4 V, giving an
equilibrium constant of 1.7 · 107, and assuming k1/
k1R = K1, k1  1.5 · 105 M2 s1.
The reversible reaction cannot result in a decrease in
[HOO]. There must be an alternate, faster method of
decreasing [HOO] and reducing ferriin to ferroin. The
reaction:
HOO þ FeðphenÞ3 3þ ! FeðphenÞ3 2þ þ Hþ þ O2 ð4Þ
is thermodynamically feasible. We have no information on
the rate constant, only that the rate must be faster than step
(1R).
7. Discussion and conclusions
Ferroin has similarities to diphenolic antioxidants in
BR, but is markedly more effective on a molar basis than
other antioxidants previously tested. The inhibition caused
by ferroin in the oscillator varies smoothly over the range
from 0.18 to 0.27 lM, and the inhibition times are linear
with ferroin concentration. The main effect is on the iodine
ð1Þ
production phase of the oscillator, as is the case with anti-
oxidants such as resorcinol. Ferroin slows the rate of iodine
production appreciably, but does not stop it altogether. Its
mode of action must be to reduce the concentration of rad-
icals in the solution.
Most of the ferroin is present in the reduced state. Rad-
icals can easily oxidize ferroin to ferriin. Ferriin must be
reduced rapidly back to ferroin, and consume more radi-
cals in the process.
Reactions (1), (1R), (2), (3), (4) were incorporated into
the FCA model. Using their rate constants as adjustable
parameters, we were able to approximately model inhibition
times in the oscillator. However, to account for the inhibi-
tion time with the very low ferroin concentration in the
848 R. Cervellati, S.D. Furrow / Inorganica Chimica Acta 360 (2007) 842–848
model of the BR, the rate constant for reaction (1) must be 2 References
orders of magnitude higher than indicated by thermo-
dynamics. This is unacceptably high. We believe deficiencies [1]
in the model are the reason for the large discrepancy. [2]
[3]
Neither the FCA model [9], nor the skeleton models [4]
[4,17], nor any models proposed so far are able to predict [5]
quantitatively the oscillation frequency and the I2 and I [6]
concentrations with time with differing initial concentra-
tions, or predict the rate of I2 production from acidic [7]
[8]
H2O2 and iodate (and MnSO4) solutions (iodine produc-
tion subsystem). Also there are steps in the proposed mech- [9]
anism for I2 oxidation by H2O2 [19] and in a proposed
mechanism for the Bray–Liebhafsky (BL) oscillator (acidic [10]
iodate and hydrogen peroxide) [20] that have not been used
[11]
in BR mechanisms, as well as BR steps not used by BL. In [12]
other words, in spite of 90 years investigation into reac-
tions of I2, IO3  , and H2O2, there is still lack of knowledge
about these systems. Attempting to quantitatively incorpo-
rate ferroin into the mix is a challenge for further research. [13]
Finally, we have recent evidence that inhibition times [14]
and concentration dependence on ferroin as shown in
Figs. 1 and 2 could somewhat depend on the source [15]
and purity of malonic acid, although reference runs with- [16]
out ferroin do not seem to be sensitive. In fact trace [17]
[18]
impurities in malonic acid have been shown to affect the
dynamics of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction in a con- [19]
tinuously fed stirred tank reactor [21]. We suspect batch [20]
mixtures of the ferroin-inhibited Briggs–Rauscher reaction [21]
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