=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed)

©2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

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ABpToACT
tithin=the=framework=of=kfhbo=project=EcmTJbksJOMMVJNFI=the=seismic=behaviour=of=subassemblies=
before=and=after= interventions=is= investigatedK=tith=this=general=purposeI=a= series= of=biJaxial=shaking=
table=tests=are=performed=on=a=subassembly=that=consists=of=a=cross=vault=resting=on=two=parallel=piersK=
cor= the= execution= of= testsI= the= shaking= table= facility= of= ibbLkqrA= is= being= usedK= qhe= original=
specimen=was=constructed=and=tested=previously=within=a=research=program=related=to=the=monument=of=
hatholikon= of= aafni= jonastery= xNzK= After= the= completion= of= the= testing= campaign= of= the= asJbuiltJ
specimenI= the= subassembly= is= strengthened= using= timber= struts= and= steel= ties= in= the= cross= vault= and=
external =vertical =prestressing =in =the =piersI =as =well =as =grouting =of =masonryK =qhen =the =specimen =is =reJ
tested=and=the=behaviour=of=the=strengthened=specimen=is=compared=to=that=of=the=original=oneK=mrior=to=
the= earthquake= tests= of= both= the= unJstrengthened= and= strengthened= subassemblyI= the= dynamic=
properties= of= the= specimen= are= assessed= through= whiteJnoise= or= sweep= testsK= qhe= comparison= of= the=
performance=of=the=subassembly=before=and=after=strengthening=highlights=the=positive=effect=Ein=terms=
of= capacityI= observed= damages= and=relative=displacementsF= of= the=selected=intervention=techniques= to=
the=seismic=behaviour=of=the=modelK=

heywords: phaking table testsI Cross vaultI droutingI pteel elementsI Timber elements

NK fNTolarCTflN
=
saults =are =quite =frequently =met =in =cultural =heritage =buildingsI =where =they =are =used =to =bridge =large =
spansK=eoweverI=the=system=of=vaults=and=the=vertical=elements=supporting=them=is=rather=vulnerable=to=
seismic= actionsK= ActuallyI= even=under= vertical= loads= aloneI= the= vaults= exert= horizontal= forces= to= their=
supports=Ethe=horizontal=component=of=the=thrust=lineFK=qhusI=the=vertical=supporting=elementsI=namelyI=
masonry= piers= or= wallsI= are=subjected=to= outJofJplane= bendingK= As= the= outJofJplane= flexural= stiffness=
and= capacity= of= masonry= are= lowI= the= horizontal= component= of= the= thrust= line= may= lead= to= outwards=
displacements=of=the=supports=of=the=vault= andI= henceI=to=damages= in=the=vault= andLor= damages= of=the=
vertical= supporting= masonry= elementsK= qhe= situation= is= obviously= significantly= aggravated= when=
seismic=actions=of=alternating=sign=occurK=
qhe=behavior=of=vaulted=structures=is=investigated=by=means=of=testing=an=adequate=subassembly=on=the=
earthquake= simulatorK= After= the= occurrence= of= severe= but= repairable= damagesI= the= subassembly= is=
repaired= and= strengthened= using= techniques= aiming= at= EaF= grouting= of= all= cracks= in= the= vault= and= the=
archesI=EbF=strengthening=of=masonry=through=groutingI=EcF=enhancement=of=the=capacity=of=piers=to=outJ
ofJplane= bending= through= external= vertical= prestressing= and= EdF= alleviation= of= the= effects= of= the=
horizontal=component=of=the=thrust=lineI=through=the=arrangement=of=timber=struts=and=steel=ties=at=the=

================================================
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Assistant=mrofessorI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=
of=barthquake=bngineeringI=harrismo]centralKntuaKgr=
O
arK=Civil=bngineerI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=
of=oeinforced=ConcreteI=adamis]centralKntuaKgr=
P
arK=Civil=bngineerI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=
of=barthquake=bngineeringI=klucia]centralKntuaKgr=
4
mrofessorI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=pchool=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=of=oeinforced=
ConcreteI=elvintz]centralKntuaKgr=
NSSR=
 =

base=of=the=archesK=fn=what=followsI=the=experimental=program=is=presented=and=the=main=test=results=are=
discussed=and=commented=uponK==
===
OK abpCofmTflN lc pmbCfMbN
=
qhe=original=subassembly=xNz=consists=of=a= cross=vault= that= rests=on=two=parallel=piersI= made=of=threeJ
leaf=stone=masonryK=qhe=specimen=was=constructed=according=to=the=typology=and=the=properties=of=the=
original=materials=of=the=masonry=of=aafni=jonasteryK=aue=to=the=limitations=of=the=shaking=simulator=
E4KMM=×=4KMM=platformFI=the=model=was=built=in=reduced=scale=of=OWP=EcigK=NFK==
=

= aF= bF=
=

================
= cF= dF=
cigK N=aF=qhe=cross=vaultX=bFI=cF=Arches=during=constructionX=dF=bxperimental=setJup=of=the=original=subassembly=
on=the=shaking=simulator=
=
qhe=dimensions=of=the=specimen=in=plan=are=OKTMR=×=OKSM=mOK=qhe=piers=are=OKSM=m=highI=whereas=the=
total=height=of=model=is=approxK=equal=to=OKUR=mK=qhe=piers=are=MK4R=m=thickK=qhe=two=exterior=leaves=of=
piers= of= the= model= are= of= unequal= thickness= ENVO= mm= and= NPR= mmFK= joreoverI= the= external= leaf= is=
made=of=bigger=stones=than=the=internal= oneI= whereas=solid=bricks=are=arranged=along=both=horizontal=
and=vertical= joints= in= the= external= masonry= leafK= qhe=thickness= of= stones= in=both= leaves= was= varyingI=
both=inJlength=and=inJheight=of=wallsK=qhusI=the=thickness=of=the=intermediate=filling=material=Emade=of=
small= stones= and= mortarF= is= also= varying= both= horizontally= and= vertically= Eaverage= thickness= Z=
NOP=mmFK=Concerning=the=materials=used=for=the=construction=of=the=piersI=a=travertine=having=similar=
properties= to= those= of= the= inJsitu= main= type= of= stones= was= usedK= Based= on= the= type= of= mortar=
encountered= on= the= monumentI= a= limeJpozzolan= mortar= with= a= mixed= aggregate= matrix= composed= of=
siliceous=river=sand=and=limestone=gravels=was=designedK=qhe=inner=part=of=the=piers=was=a=mix=of=small=
stones=and=mortarK=aetailed=data=related=to=the=properties=of=the=piers=of=the=subassembly=can=be=found=
in=xOzK= qhe=cross= vault= was= made= of=solid= bricksI= similar= to=those= of=the= original= structureK=qhe=cross=
vault=was=constructed=with=solid=bricksK=qhe=specimen=was=constructed=on=a=steel=base=EcigK=NdFK=
As= mentioned= aboveI= before= reJtesting= the= model= within= kfhbo= projectI= several= repair= and=
strengthening=techniques=were=applied=on=the=specimenI=namelyW===
aF= drouting= of= diagonal= cracks= occurred= in= the= piersK= cor= this= purposeI= a= natural= hydraulic= lime=
based=grout=developed=using=pCB=material=was=applied=xPzK=
bF= oepair=of=the=arch=and=the=vault=Eby=means=of=groutingFK=
NSSS=
 =

cF= pince= cross= vaults= are= very= vulnerable= when= the= piers= are= subjected= to= outJofJplane= actionsI=
horizontal=timber=elements=EstrutsF=and=steel=elements=EtiesF=were=positioned=in=order=to=improve=
the=connection=between=vault=and=piers=EcigK=OFK==
dF= cinallyI= the= piers= were=strengthened= for= outJofJplane= bendingI= using=prestressed= Ccom= platesK=
qhe=plates=used=EpfhAJCarboaur=SO4F=were=placed=vertically=on=both=faces=of=the=piers=EcigK=PFK=
A= total= of= NMM= kk= prestress= force= was= applied= in= each= of= the= four= piersI= corresponding= to=
a=compressive=stress=equal=to=MKOM=jmaK=
==

=
cigK O mositioning=of=timber=and=steel=elements=at=the=base=of=the=arch=of=the=vault=
=

=
cigK P deneral=view=of=the=repairedLstrengthened=specimen=on=the=shaking=simulator=
=
PK TbpT pbT-rm
=
qhe=experimental=setup=is=shown=in=cigure=PK=qhe=specimen=was=securely=fastened=on=the=shaking=table=
through=the=rigid=steel=baseK=qhe=instrumentation=used=in=the=shaking=table=experiments=was=designed=
so=as=to=measure=the=accelerations=along=u=and=v=directions=at=the=top=of=the=specimenI=the=acceleration=
and= the= absolute= displacement= at= the= top= and= base= of= piers= along= u= and= v= directions= EcigK= 4FK= qhe=
acceleration= and= the= displacement= of= the= shaking= taking= table= were= also= recorded= during= each= testK=
AdditionallyI=strain=gauges=were=used=to=measure=the=strain=of=the=prestressed=Ccom=platesK=
NSST=
 =

D3Y D2Y
A12Y A13Y

D1X
aNT=EuF
AOu A10X/A11Y

aN
aT

O
aNM

aN4
aNP
aV

D5Y D4X

NN
U

A4X/A5Y A8X/A9Y
a

a
S3 (interior leaf) S4 (interior leaf)
Z
S2 (extrerior leaf) S1 (extrerior leaf)
Z

=========== u =
========================================aF==============================================================================bF=
cigK 4 jeasurement=points=of=acceleration=and=displacement=for=the=aF=asJbuilt=and=bF=strengthened=specimen=
=
4K fNmrT MlTflN ANa TbpTfNd molTlCli
=
4KNK Base motion
qests= were= performed= using= the= signals= recorded= at= Calitri= during= the= OP= kovember= NVUM= frpinia=
earthquake=Ejs=Z=SKVFK=qhe=basic=features=of=recorded=accelerations=are=the=long=duration=Eof=the=order=
of= VM=secF= and= the= sequence= of= two= main= shocks= of= similar= peak= accelerationK= cor= the= execution= of=
testsI=the=reference=base=input=consists=of=the=first=section=of=the=long=inputI=of=about=4M=sec=durationK=
qhese=shorter=excitations=have=frequency=content=similar=to=that=of=long=excitationsK=Both=bJt=and=kJp=
components=were=applied=in=the=horizontal=u=and=v=direction=respectivelyK=qhe=time=histories=of=the=
base=accelerations=are=shown=in=cigure=RI= while=the=corresponding=response=spectra= for= RB=damping=
are=depicted=in=cigure=SK==
=
2.00 2.00
Base Acceleration X (m/s2)

Base Acceleration Y (m/s2)

1.00 1.00

0.00 0.00

-1.00 -1.00

-2.00 -2.00
0 R 10 1R 20 0 R 10 1R 20
Time (sec) == Time (sec) =
aF bF=
cigK R frpinia=earthquakeW=Base=acceleration=time=histories=along=aF=u=direction=and=bF=v=direction=
=
oesponse Acceleration X (m/s2)

oesponse Acceleration Y (m/s2)

6.00 6.00

4.00 4.00

2.00 2.00

0.00 0.00
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
Time (sec) === Time (sec) =
aF bF=
cigK S frpinia=earthquakeW=Base=acceleration=time=histories=along=aF=u=direction=and=bF=v=direction=
=
4KOK Testing procedure
qhe=test=procedure=consisted=in=a=series= of= seismic=tests=on=the=strengthened=subassemblyI=using=the=
shaking= table= of= iaboratory= of= barthquake= bngineering= at= kqrAK= cor= the= sake= of= comparisonI= the=
experimental= campain= carried=out= by= xNz= on= the= unstrengthened= specimen= was= also= followed= for= the=
strengthened=oneK=qables=N=and=O=show=the=test=protocol=for=the=two=conditionsI=namelyI=before=EBpF=
NSSU=
 =

and=after= strengthening=EApFK= ft= is= noted=thatI= in=both= casesI= the= model= was= subjected=to=subsequent=
increased=scaled=motions=up=to=appearance=of=significant=damageK=
=
Table N=rnstrengthened=specimenW=mrotocol=of=tests=
=

koK=of=test= bxcitation= airection=of= Amplification=of=

excitation= original=record==
EBF=
NBp= thiteJnoise= v= –=
OBp= thiteJnoise= u= –=
PBp= thiteJnoise= w= –=
4Bp= frpinia=earthquake= u= PM=
RBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= RM=
SBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= TR=
TBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NMM=
UBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NOR=
VBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NRM=
NMBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NTR=
NNBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= OMM=
NOBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= ORM=
NPBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= PMM=
N4Bp= frpinia=earthquake= u= PRM=
NRBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= 4MM=
NSBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= 4RM=
NTBp= frpinia=earthquake= u= RMM=
NUBp= frpinia=earthquake= uJv= RM=
NVBp= frpinia=earthqauke= uJv= NMM=
OMBp= frpinia=earthqauke= uJv= NRM=

Concerning=the=unstrengthened=specimenI= the= subassembly= was= tested=under= earthquake= excitationsI=

first=in=the=longitudinal=direction=EuF=and=then=in=both=longitudinal=EuF=and=transversal=EvF=directionsK=
mrior= to=earthquake=testsI= the=dynamic=properties= of=the=specimen= were=assessed=through=whiteJnoise=
testsK=qhe=experimental=campaign=is=shown=in=qable=NK=fn=detailI=the=original=specimen=was=subjected=
to= several= excitations= in= u= direction= with= the= base= acceleration= increased= gradually= up= to= RMMB= of=
original= recordK= auring= qest= NMBpI= where= the= base= acceleration= along= u= direction= was= amplified= to=
NTRB= of= original= recordsI= cracks= appearedK= fn= subsequent= tests= along= u= directionI= the= specimen=
suffered= increasing= level= of= damage= as= the= excitations= became= more=severeK= qhenI= three=biaxial=tests=
were=executed=with=the=base=acceleration=increased=stepwise=up=to=NRMB=of=original=recordsK=

Table O=ptrengthened=specimenW=mrotocol=of=tests=
=

koK=of=test= bxcitation= airection=of= Amplification=of=

excitation= original=record==
EBF=
NAp= pineJsweep= u= –=
OAp= pineJsweep= v= –=
Application=of=vertical=load=of=the=postJtensioned=system=
PAp= pineJsweep= u= –=
4Ap= pineJsweep= v= –=
RAp= frpinia=earthquake= v= RM=
SAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NMM=
TAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= NRM=
UAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= OMM=
VAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= ORM=
NMAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= PMM=
NNAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= PRM=
NOAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= 4MM=
NPAp= frpinia=earthquake= u= 4RM=
N4Ap= pineJsweep= u= –=
NRAp= pineJsweep= v= –=
NSSV=
 =

fn=the=case=of=the=strengthened=specimen=Efor=details=see=qabK=OFI=the=base=accelerations=were=amplified=
to=various=values=of=pgaI=up=to=4RMB=of=the=original=recordK=fn=other=wordsI=the=strengthened=specimen=
withstood= three= times= higher= seismic= input= than= the= unstrengthened= specimen= EqabK=NFI= in= terms= of=
maximum=accelerationK==fn=order=to=identify=the=dynamic=characteristics=of=the=modelI=sine=logarithmic=
sweep= tests= were= also= executedK= ft= is= noted= that= sweep= tests= performed= both= prior= and= after= the=
application= of= the= postJtensioning= systemI= separately= along= each= one= of= the= horizontal= u= and= v=
directionK=joreover=and=in=order=to=determine=the=change=in=the=dynamic=properties=of=the=specimen=
after=the=damageI=this=procedure=was=repeated=after=the=completion=of=shaking=table=testsK=
=
RK TbpT obpriTp
=
RKNK lbserved damages
Both=before=and=after=the=application=of=the=repairLstrengthening=techniquesI=the=specimen=was=visually=
examined=and=the=observed=cracks=were=plotted=after=each=excitationK==
=
RKNKNK rnstrengthened ppecimen
auring=qest=OMBp=ENRMB=of=frpinia= earthquakeFI=the=specimen=suffered=several=damages=as=shown=in=
cigure =TK =fn =detailI =due =to =outJof =plane =bending =the =cross =vault =was =detached =from =the =piersI =cracks =
were=formed=at=the=arches=Eat=the=brickLmortar=interfaceFI=whereas=horizontal=cracks=were=formed=at=the=
piers= Eat=both=sides= of= the= masonryFK= curthermoreI= a= permanent= deformation=Eequal=to=NR=mmF= of= the=
specimen=along=its=vertical=axis=was=recordedK==
=
RKNK2K ptrengthened ppecimen
qhe=damages=observed= in=the=strengthened=specimen=at=the=end=of=biaxial=tests= were=similar=to=those=
presented=by=the=asJbuilt=specimenK=lf=courseI=in=the=case=of=the=strengthened=specimenI=the=damages=
occured= at= higher= values= of= the= base= accelrationK= fn= detailI= during= qest= VApI= in= which= the= base= =
=

====== =
= aF== bF=
=

===== =
= cF== dF=
cigK T rnstrengthned=specimenK=lbserved=damages=at=aF=the=piersI=bF=the=arches=and=cF=and=dF=at=the=vault=
=
acceleration=was=scaled=up=to=ORMB=of=the=original=recordsI=cracks=were=formed=at=the=south=arch=Eat=
the=brickLmortar=interfaceF=of=the=strengthened=specimenK=auring=the=same=testI=cracks=started=forming=
also=at=the=cross=vaultK=qhese=cracks=appeared=at=the=region=of=connection=between==the=vault=and=the=
NSTM=
 =

piers =Ebetween =the =two =prestressed =Ccom =platesFK =fn =subsequent =testsI =the =cracks =became =larger =and =
they=propagated=towards=the=archI= as=well=as=the=top=of=the=vaultK= AdditionallyI=damages= occurred=in=
both=archesK=qhe=crack=pattern=at=the=end=of=the=testing=procedure=is=presented=in=cigure=UK=ft=has=to=be=
mentioned= thatI= no= damages= were= visible= at= the= piersK= eoweverI= after= the= completion= of= the=
experimental=campain=and=the=removal=of=the=prestressing=systemI=the=appearance=of=horizontal=cracks=
at=the=base=of=the=piers= was= evident=as= in=case=of=the=unstrengthened=specimenX=they=were=of=smaller=
opening=thoughK=
=

= =
=
= aF= bF=
=

=
= =
=
=
cF= =dF=
cigK U ptrengthened=specimenK=Cracks=at=the=end=of=qestingW=aF=crossJvault=EintradosFX=bF=crossJvault=EextradosFX=
cFW=north=archX=dFW=south=arch=
=
RKOK aynamic characteristics of specimens
fn =qable =PI =the =frequencies =and =their =damping =are =presented =for =whiteJnoise =tests =along =u =and =v =
directions= for= the= unstrenthened= specimenK= qhe= frequencies= were= calculated= using= the= transfer=
functions=of=recorded=response=acceleration=and=input=base=accelerationK=qhe=damping=was=calculated=
from=the=transfer=function=plots=by=applying=the=halfJpower=bandwidth=method=xPzK==
cor=the=strengthened=specimenI=sine=logarithmic=sweep=tests=were=performed=at=several=stages=of=the=
experimental=campainI=separately=along=the=u=and=v=directionK=qhe=frequency=range=was=between=NKM=
ez=and=PO=ez=at=a=rate=of=one=octave=per=minute=with=an=amplitude=of=MK4M=mLsecO=EMKM4=gFK=fn=qable=4I=
the= natural= frequencies= and= the= damping= ratios= are= given= at= the= several= stages= of= the= experimental=
procedure=for=the=strengthened=specimenK==
=
Table P=rnstrengthened=specimenW=aynamic=characteristics=
=

qest=koK= airection= crequency= aamping=ratio=

EezF= EBF=
NBp= u= NOKPM= NKMM=
OBp= v= RKVS= OKMM=

NSTN=
 =

Table 4=ptrengthened=specimenW=aynamic=characteristics=
=

qest=koK= airection= crequency= aamping=ratio=

= EezF= EBF=
NAp= u= NMKSU= PK4T=
OAp= v= PKRO= 4KST=
Application=of=vertical=load=of=the=postJtensioned=system=
PAp= u= NPKNR= PK4R=
4Ap= v= 4KVU= 4KUM=
N4Ap= u= NOKPU= PK4U=
NRAp= v= PKTU= SKVS=
=
fn=both=the=asJbuilt=and=the=strengthened=specimenI=there=is=a=significant=difference=in=frequency=along=
the=two=main=directionsK=qhe=low=stiffness= of=the=subassembly=along=the=v=axis=is= evidenced=by=the=
lower=frequency=values=as=compared=to=those=measured=along=the=u=axis=Esee=qabK=P=and=qabK=4K=ln=the=
other= handI=the=grouting==together= with=the==horizontal=elements=Esteel=ties=and=wooden=strutsF=led=to=
a =signficant = =increase =of =the =value =of =the =damping =ratio =Efrom =approxK =N =and =OB =at =the =u =and =v =
direction =to =P =and =4BI =respectivelyFI =as =well =as =to =a =decrease =of =the =frequencyI =as =the =subassembly =
became= stifferKqhe= subsequent= application= of= the= external= vertical= prestressing= has= led= to= further=
increase =of =the = =frequency =of =the =specimen =in =both =directions =Eu =and =vFI =whereas = =the =value =of =the =
damping=ratio=remained=practically=the=sameK=
After=the=completion= of=the=tests= Eqest=NPApW=4RMB=of=frpinia= earthquakeI=tabK=OFI=a= decrease=in=the=
frequency=of=the=specimen=mainly=in=v=direction=was=measured=Esee=qests=4Ap=and==NRApI=qabK=4FI=
due=to=the=damage=that=had=occurred=at=the=arches=and=the=vaultK=ln=the=contraryI=the=dampingI=mainly=
in=v=directionI=was=increasedK=
=
RKPK oelative displacement and acceleration at the top
fn=qable=RI=the=relativeI=to=the=baseI=displacements=at=top=of=piers=are=given=together=with=the=absolute=
recorded=peak=values=of=accelerations=for=the=unstrengthened=specimen=Eqests=NVBpW=NMMB=of=frpinia=
earthquake=and=OMBpW=NRMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeFK=fn=qable=SI=the=corresponding=values=are=given=for=
the=strengthened=specimen=Eqest=SApW=NMMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeI=TApW=NRMB=of=frpinia= earthquake=
and=NPApW= 4RMB= of= frpinia= earthquakeFK= Τhe=comparison= of= the=results= presented=in= qables= R= and= S=
shows=that=for=the=same=seismic=input=ENMMB=or=NRMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF=the=relative=displacements=
in =the =vJdirection =are =more =or =less =equal =for =the =two =conditions =of =the =specimen =Ebefore =and =after =
interventionsFK= qhis= proves= that= the= interventions= led= to= reJinstatement= of= the= overall= stiffness= of= the=
subassembly=in=its=weak=directionK=qhe=same=holds=true=for=the=accelerations=measured=at=the=top=of=the=
piers=before=and=after=strengtheningK===
ln=the=other=handI=the=strengthening=of=the=subassembly=has=proven=to=be=efficientI=as=the=strengthened=
specimen= EaF= was= able= to= withstand= significantly= higher= seismic= input= E4RMB= versus= NRMB= of= the=
frpinia=earthquakeF=and=EbF=it=withstood=significantly=larger=deformations=along=both=u=and=v=axes=Esee=
qable=SFK= ft= is= important= to= note=that= the=damages= that= occurred=to=the=strengthened=subassembly=are=
similar= in= morphologyI= as= well= as= in= intensity= with= those= observed= on= the= asJbuilt= subassemblyI=
although=the=specimen=at=its=strengthened=state=was=subjected=to=a=significant=number=of=tests=at=higher=
seismic=input=valuesK==
======
Table R=rnstrengthened=specimenW=qop=acceleration=and=relative=displacement=
=

koK=of=test= Acceleration= oelative=

EmLsecOF= aisplacement=
EmmF=

AOu= ARv= oaOMv=

NVBp=ENMMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= NKST= OKU4= 4KPN=

OMBp=ENRMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= OKPS= RKNN= NNK4O=

NSTO=
 =

Table S=ptrengthened=specimenW=qop=acceleration=and=relative=displacement=
=

koK=of=test= Acceleration= oelative=

EmLsecOF= aisplacement=
EmmF=
ANMu= ANPv= oaOv=
SAp=ENMMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= NKVT= PKPT= RK4S=
TAp=ENRMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= PKMP= 4KUR= VKNT=
NPAp=E4RMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF= NMKPT= VKSP= 4MKRT=

====
SK ClNCirpflNp
=
ln=the=basis=of=the=experimental=results=presented=in=this=paperI=the=following=conclusions=can=be=drawnW=
NK qhe=vulnerability=of=vaulted=structures=perpendicularly=to=the=supporting=masonry=elements=was=
evident= both= before= and= after= strengthening= of= the= subassembly= Edamages= concentrated= in= the=
vaultI=in=the=archesI=as=well=as=at=the=top=and=the=bottom=of=the=piers=due=to=out=of=plane=bendingFK=
OK qhe=selected=intervention=techniques=were=successfulI=as=they=have=led=to=a=significant=increase=of=
the=maximum=base=acceleration=the=subassembly=could=withstandI=as=well=as=to=the=deformation=
capacity=of=the=specimen=along=both=its=main=axesK=
PK ft= should= also= be= mentioned= that= the= intervention= techniques= applied= to= the= subassembly= are=
acceptable=for=historic=structuresK=ActuallyI=EaF=the=use=of=timber=andLor=steel=struts=and=ties=is=quite=
common= in= historic= structuresI= even= at= the= time= of= their= constructionI= EbF= the= external= vertical=
prestressing=constitutes=a=NMMB=reversible=techniqueI=whereas=EcF=grouting=is=of=general=acceptanceI=
although=it=is=clearly=a=non=reversible=techniqueK=cinallyI=
4K ft= is= considered= that= the= scheme= of= interventions= is= acceptableI= as= it= improves= the= seismic=
behaviour= of= the= subassembly= without= altering= the= original= function= of= the= bearing= systemK=
ActuallyI= the= damages= observed= in= the= strengthened= model= are= similar= to= those= of= the=
unstrengthened=specimenI= whereas=the=dynamic=characteristics=of=the=subassembly=at=both=states=
Ebefore=and=after=interventionF=are=similar=for=similar=seismic=inputsK==

AChNltibadbMbNTp
=
qhis= research= was=carried=out= within=the=cmT=funded= buropean=mrogramme=kfhbo= Emroject= Contract=
koK=O44NOPFI=httpWLLwwwKnikerKeuLK=
qhanks=are=due=to=pfhA=ebiiAp=fndustrial=C=Commercial=pKAK=and=ptresseead=Ad=for=the=design=
and=the=application=of=the=external=vertical=prestressing=systemK==

obcbobNCbp
xNz Carydis=mKI=jouzakis=eKI=harapitta=iK=EOMMTF=fnvestigation=of=mechanical=behaviour=of=byzantine=
type= masonry= with= or= without= mosaic= and= evaluation= of= different= interventions= techniquesW=
Application=to=the=hatholikon=of=aafni=jonasteryK=Technical oeport ibbLkTrA Ein=dreekFK
xOz sintzileou= bKI= jiltiadouJcezans= AKI= srouva= AKI= Anagnostopoulou= pK= EOMMSF= jechanical=
properties=of=threeJleaf=stone=masonryK=fnW mroceedings of the fnternational Conference ptructural
Analysis of eistorical Constructions pAeCMSI kew=aelhiI=fndiaK=
xPz Badogiannis= bKI= halagri= AKI= fpsilanti= bKI= aedeloudis= CKI= sintzileou= bK= EOMNOF= jix= design= and=
performance= evaluation= of= grouts= with= superfine= natural= pozzolanI= submitted= fn mroceedings of
the fnternational Conference ptructural Analysis of eistorical Constructions pAeC 2MN2I=
troclawI=molandK
x4z Clough=oKtK=menzien=gKI=ENVTRF=aynamic=of=ptructuresI=edK=jcdraw=eillI=kew=vorkK=

NSTP=