PSD Final Pavi

BCAS CAMPUS
PRINCIPALS OF
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
S.PAVISHAN
J/CE/20/17/01
PRINCIPALS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Eng. Mr. A.Muhunthan for providing their
invaluable guidance, comments and suggestions throughout the assignment. I would
specially thank you sir for constantly motivating me to work harder. I am very happy to be a
BCAS student as I get the chance to improve my career qualification. I thank to our chairman
of this institute as well as our lectures. Finally, I thank to my supportive family and my dear
friend for your encouragement when the times got rough. Finally, I apologize all other
unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a god training.
S.Pavishan
J/CE/20/17/01
S.PAVISHAN 1 J/CE/20/17/01
Introduction
The fundamentals of structural design are the basis for this task. One of the modules for the
BTEC HND in civil engineering is this one. It is the first semester's subject. The construction
and built environment industries will benefit greatly from this task. All of the tasks in this
assignment will increase your knowledge and mental capacity. There are four learning
objectives for this subject. Each learning objective offers a wide variety of tasks.
Congregation members used material from the lectures and their notes to complete this
homework. civil engineers can use this curriculum to work in the construction business.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Task -02 ................................................................................................................................................... 5
P4. Beam Deflection................................................................................................................................ 8
Task -03 ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Task -04 ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Slenderness ratio and effective height ................................................................................................. 11
Task -05 ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 25
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Effective hight ......................................................................................................................... 11
Task -02
Scenario – 02
8N
2 4m 2
Acting load p= 8KN
E=200+4x
=200+4×1
=200+4
=204 gpa
Step -01 8KN
𝐻𝐴
6m
𝑅𝐵
𝑅𝐴
( )
𝐻𝐴 𝐾𝑁
𝐻𝐵 𝐾𝑁
( )
( )
∫( )
( )
∬( ) )
Kinetic boundary condition
X=0 y=0
Put the condition on equation no-01
* +
[ ]
X=0 y=0
* +
[ ]
[ ]
Rotation support A
When x=0
* +
[ ]
( )
( )
Rotation at support B
When x=8m
* +
* +
* +
Deflection at point A
When the x=0
* +
𝐼
[ ]
𝐼
( )
𝐼
( )
Deflection at point D
When the x=6m
* +
𝐼
* ( )+
𝐼
P4. Beam Deflection

Beam deflection means the state of deformation of a beam from its original shape under the work of
a force or load or weight. One of the most important applications of beam deflection is to obtain
equations with which we can determine the accurate values of beam deflections in many practical
cases. Deflections are also used in the analysis of statically indeterminate beams. The primary
function of a beam in a structural system is to resist loads that are perpendicular to the beam's axis.
Its primary method of deflection is bending. The reaction forces at the beam's bearing points are a
direct result of the applied loads. Forces operating on a beam cause shear forces and bending
moments within the beam, which in turn cause stresses, strains, and deflections. Beams can be
distinguished from one another based on their length, material, profile (the shape of their cross
section), and how they are supported.
Its affect building architectural shape, this is the end limit of carrying capacity of the beam so it will
be facing the structural failures. Affected beams have cracks so here reinforcement contacts the air
so corrosion will come here. So overall it will produce the structural failures and collapse of the
buildings
Task -03
Scenario 3
FAB
°
FAC
E=150+1=151GPa
Vertical detlection at point A
Compressive tensilc stess
For the static of the three forces
FAB 𝑃
FAB=
√
FAC+FAB
FAC
FAC=
√ √
=101N/
A=100mmx50mm
=500
( )
101=√ √
P=
√
=291561.89=291.56KN
Task -04
Slenderness ratio and effective height

The slenderness ratio compares the effective length of the column to its minimum radius of gyration.
The effective length is the length of a column with hinged ends that is constructed from the same
materials and can support the same amount of weight. In a similar vein, the center of mass is
assumed to be at the gyration radius, which is the location with the smallest moment of inertia. The
program measures the stability of an RC (Reinforced Concrete) column against crushing and
buckling. Columns with a smaller radius are more prone to buckling, whereas those with a larger
radius are more prone to crushing. The minimal radius of gyration is used by engineers to determine
the effective length of the column.
To classify columns as either short, long, or slender, we employ the slenderness ratio. The
characteristics of the material and the particulars of the column determine whether a short or long
column will be designed. Skinny columns can only be created with the same attention to detail given
to their narrow diameters.When the ratio of the cross section's dimensions to the column's length is
small, we call the column thin. If the slender ratio is large, the column will be more likely to collapse
with a moderate compression load. The slimming impact is important enough to warrant our full
focus.
Figure 1 Effective hight
4-a)
P=100+5 1
=100+5
=105
Height of the column =4.5m
Assumed cross section – 152 152 30
D=157.6
B=152.9
t=6.5
T=9.4
=8.13
b=102.95
Ixx=1750
Iyy=560
Zxx=222
Zyy=73.3
Sxx=248
Syy=112
A=38.3cm2
Reference Calculation output
ultimate load = 105 kN
BS5950 cl section classification

4.7.4 b
⁄T = 8.13
The value of b⁄T < 15 . this is plastic because b ⁄T < 8.5

ε.
Therefor the P c = Agpc
Ag = 38.3 cm4
Design strength
Table 6 BS4360 Grade 43
T = 9.4mm
Py = 275 N⁄mm2
=Leffective/r
Table 24 Leffective=height of the column
r=radius of gyration
r=√
r=√
=√
BS 5950-1:
2000
r =6.760cm
=0.0676m
ryy=√
=√
ryy= 3.824cm
=0.0382m
So =
Table 27(a) -
table 27(b) Pcs=103
Pcc=Ag Pcs
38.3 102mm2 103N/mm2
394490 N
Pcc=394.490 KN
Pmax=105KN
Pcc> P max
Section selected
4-B)
=10 + (1 × 4)
= 14 𝑘 /
𝐿=7
R + R𝐵-14KN/m =0
R + R𝐵 =98 𝑘
Moment at point A with anti-clock wise
−(98 𝑘 ×3.5 ) + (R𝐵 × 7 ) = 0
(R𝐵 × 7 ) = (98 𝑘 × 3.5 )
RB= kN = 4.9
ℎ R kN = 49kN
A length x taken between A to B
R − 𝑆 − 14 = 0
− 𝑆 − 15 = 0
𝑆 = − 15
Moment at point x anti-clock wise

( ) =0
( 2) + 49 )
Maximum bending moment

2
=( )−( )
)
=
This gives the 𝑆 equation. So, when the 𝑆 = 0 the bending moment will be higher in
that value of x.
𝑆 = −
0= −
X= 3.5
When the x = 4.5 the bending moment will be higher.
2
=( )−( )
Insert the value of x to find the maximum bending moment
M= ( × 3.5) − ( × 3.52)
= 85.75kNm
When the → 9 the Sx will be lower.
𝑆 = − 14(7) = −49 𝑘
Maximum design bending moment = 85.75𝑘
Maximum 𝑆𝐹 = 49 𝑘
Minimum 𝑆𝐹 = − 49 𝑘
Assuming the cross section as 406 × 178 × 54
Cross section area = 69.0 2
Reference Calculations Output
BS5950 Section classification
Part 1
There for the section is plastic.
We need to find the

= 275 ⁄ 2
Clause = 0.6 = 72.6 2

4.2.3 = 0.6 × 275 ⁄ 2 × 72.6 × 100 2
= 1197900
= 1197.900 𝑘
Shear max<<<
Shear capacity check is satisfied.
Clause We have to find out the

4.2.5 .6 = 0.6 × 1197.9 𝑘
= 718.74 𝑘
≪ Satisfied the shear
𝐹 < 0.6
There for low shear loading
= 𝑆
= 275 𝑘 ⁄ 2
𝑆 = 1010 3
= 275 × 106 ⁄ 2× 1010 × 10 6 3
= 277750
≫
277.750 85.75𝑘
Moment capacity check is satisfied. Section is selected

356×127×33 is satisfied
Task -05
5-a)
Reinforced concrete Beam
Reference Calculation Output
Beam span = 8m
Dead load Wd = 3×1 = 3kN/m
Imposed load Wi = 5+1 = 6kN/m
Assume beam size = 350mm × 500mm
Dead load of self-weight = 0.35×0.5×24 = 4.2kN/m
Therefore,
The ultimate load Ude = 1.4GK + 1.6QK
Ude = 1.4(3+4.2)+ 1.6(6)
Ude = 19.68kN/m
Maximum bending moment of mid span =
= 157.44kN
Maximum shear force =
= 78.72kN
Cover
Assume these,
Maximum aggregate = 20mm
Main diameter = 20mm
Link diameter = 10mm
Expose condition mild Jaffna
Fire resistance 1 hour
Nominal cover main bar diameter 20
Nominal cover Nominal Maximum aggregate 20mm
Exposure condition mild
Concrete grade
Cl 3.3.1.3 Nominal cover 25mm
Cl 3.3.1.2
Fire resistance 1hour, simply supported Beam
Nominal cover 20mm
So nominal cover = 25mm
d=h cover
= 500 25 5 10 = 440mm
Bending
Cl 3.4.4.4
= 0.058 < 0.156
Z= , √ -
Cl 3.3.3
= , √ -
Table 3.3
= 0.93d < 0.95d
Z = 0.93 × 440 = 409.2mm
Table 3.4 Z = 0.93 × 440 = 409.2mm
As = =
Bottom
= 880.44mm2
reinforcement
Select T16@225mm (Asprovided=893mm2)
Minimum spacing of reinforcement Select

T16@225mm
If the bars are placed horizontally assuming a gap of 25mm; hagg
893mm2
= 20mm
Hagg+5mm =25mm
The minimum width required = (3×25) + (4×25) + (2×10) +

(2×20) = 235mm < actual width = 300mm
r/f in one line
Minimum percentage of tension reinforcement

Cl 3.12.11.1 Rectangular section with 𝐹 = 250 ⁄ 2
Simplified rules for curtailment of steel in beams designed for

Bar spacing
predominantly uniformly distributed loads.
adequate
50% of main steel is curtailed a distance 0.08L from the support.
At support As = (0.5×893) = 446.5mm2
Cl 3.12.11.2
Cl 3.12.10.2
Figure 3.25
Shear resistance
Shear stress
= 0.45N/mm2
Cl 3.4.5.2 Maximum shear √
Cl 3.5.5.3 √ N/mm2
N/mm2
Interpolate between values given in Table 3.8

Effective depth d
0.25 0.40
0.50 0.50
0.26 x
X=0.404
Vc=0.404
0.5Vc = 0.5 × 0.404 = 0.202
Vc + 0.4 = 0.404 + 0.4 = 0.804
√ √
Vc < V
Minimum links in areas where v> vc required
Deflection
Table 3.7
( )
Basic ( ⁄ )ratio = 20
Service stress
Cl 3.5.7
= 311.041N/mm2
Use conservative estimate of modification factor = 1.082
Cl 3.4.6.3 Table 3.9 value × Table 3.10 value = 20 × 1.82 = 21.64
( )
Table 3.9
Minimum % tension reinforcement

Table 3.10
Minimum As required =
= 227.5mm2 << 893mm2

Adequate with
Hence satisfied
respect to
deflection
Curtailment
Curtailment distance of main steel from support
= 0.08 ×6000 = 480mm
The steel should have a full anchorage into the support.
5- B)
BS8110 My serial number – 01

𝐺 = 15 + (5 × 1)
𝐺 = 20 𝑘
𝑄 = 15 + (6 × 1)
𝑄 = 21 𝑘
The column is braced.

Cl 3.8.1.3
𝐼 ℎ
ℎ
Ultimate load = (1.4 × 20) + (1.6 × 21)

= 61.6 kN
Assuming,
Width(b) = 350mm
Depth(d)= 500mm
→ Direction
Table 3.19
End condition at top = 1
End condition at bottom = 2
𝛽 = 0.80
=𝛽 .
0.80 × 8 = 6.4
ℎ
=12.8
𝑌→𝑌
End condition at top = 1
End condition at bottom = 2
𝛽 = 0.80
=𝛽 .
0.80 × 8 = 6.4m
=12.8
So, Short Braced column
= 0.35 𝑢. + 0.7 .
61.6 × 1000 = 0.35 × 40 ⁄ 2. ( ℎ ) + 0.7 ×
460 ⁄ 2.
61.6 × 1000 = 0.35 × 40 ⁄ 2. (350 ×

500 ) + 0.7 × 460 ⁄ 2.
61600 = 14 ⁄ 2 ( )+
322 ⁄ 2.
61600 ⁄ 2. 2450000 +
322 ⁄ 2.
The area is negative value so no need to add reinforcement.
But have to add the minimum reinforcement.
Have to add minimum area of compression reinforcement

Have to add the minimum size of 12 mm bars. For rectangular
column is 4 bars has to be applied.
So the applicable detail is

Provide 4Y12 @ 452.4 2 is suitable.
Minimum link diameter 𝑔
mm
3mm link diameter.
Spacing of links
125mm selected.
Conclusion
By the time I finished my project, surfing the internet and reading books had given me more
knowledge about the difficulty module, evaluation, and layout. When I’m doing this project
have gained better understanding of group works, designs of every structural part. My
knowledge has been expanded by looking up information online and in books, and this has
made me look up more information because the crew dreams and works together every
day. After completing this mission, I have a comprehensive understanding of the structural
evaluation and layout module. Got abilities approximately the bar selection and the
comparatively cheap designs and felt the importance of blue book.

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BCAS CAMPUS

Acting load p= 8KN

Step -01 8KN

Kinetic boundary condition

Put the condition on equation no-01

When the x=0

When the x=6m

P4. Beam Deflection

Vertical detlection at point A

Compressive tensilc stess

For the static of the three forces

Slenderness ratio and effective height

Figure 1 Effective hight

Reference Calculation output

ultimate load = 105 kN

BS5950 cl section classification

The value of b⁄T < 15 . this is plastic because b ⁄T < 8.5

Therefor the P c = Agpc

Table 6 BS4360 Grade 43

Moment at point A with anti-clock wise

−(98 𝑘 ×3.5 ) + (R𝐵 × 7 ) = 0

(R𝐵 × 7 ) = (98 𝑘 × 3.5 )

A length x taken between A to B

Moment at point x anti-clock wise

Maximum bending moment

Insert the value of x to find the maximum bending moment

When the → 9 the Sx will be lower.

Maximum design bending moment = 85.75𝑘

Assuming the cross section as 406 × 178 × 54

Cross section area = 69.0 2

Reference Calculations Output

BS5950 Section classification

There for the section is plastic.

We need to find the

Clause = 0.6 = 72.6 2

Clause We have to find out the

= 275 × 106 ⁄ 2× 1010 × 10 6 3

Moment capacity check is satisfied. Section is selected

Reference Calculation Output

Dead load Wd = 3×1 = 3kN/m

Imposed load Wi = 5+1 = 6kN/m

Assume beam size = 350mm × 500mm

Dead load of self-weight = 0.35×0.5×24 = 4.2kN/m

The ultimate load Ude = 1.4GK + 1.6QK

Ude = 1.4(3+4.2)+ 1.6(6)

Maximum bending moment of mid span =

Maximum shear force =

Maximum aggregate = 20mm

Main diameter = 20mm

Link diameter = 10mm

Expose condition mild Jaffna

Fire resistance 1 hour

Nominal cover main bar diameter 20

Nominal cover Nominal Maximum aggregate 20mm

Exposure condition mild

Cl 3.3.1.3 Nominal cover 25mm

Fire resistance 1hour, simply supported Beam

Nominal cover 20mm

So nominal cover = 25mm

= 0.058 < 0.156

Z = 0.93 × 440 = 409.2mm

Table 3.4 Z = 0.93 × 440 = 409.2mm

Select T16@225mm (Asprovided=893mm2)