Bridge Design PROJECT 2012/13

GIRDER BRIDGE DESIGN PROJECT

Given data:

Assumptions:

Number of lane ( )

Therefore,

Preliminary Dimensions
Girder Depth determination:
, For simple span T-beams…….AASHTO Table 2.5.2.6.3-1

Use girder depth

Width of web determination:

According to ERA manual Article 7.3.2

Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars

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For cast-in-place concrete, the clear distance between parallel bars in a layer shall not be less
than:

 1.5 times the nominal diameter of the bars,

 1.5 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate, or
 38 mm

Assume

bar

Minimum cover shall be in accordance with ERA design manual section 9.4.2

4 in a row require a beam width of

Take

Web thickness = 400mm

Spacing of T-girder,S
S varies from 1.8m to 3.6m

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Assumption:

Number of girders=3

From the figure above we can see that:

Take:

Determination of slab thickness

According to ERA design manual section 7.4.1 minimum slab depth of a concrete deck, excluding
any provision for grinding, grooving, and sacrificial surface, should not be less than 175 mm.

According to AASHTO Table 2.5.2.6.3-1

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Take

Diaphragm
For T-girders besides, diaphragms should be provided at ends and at least one diaphragm at
mid-span. Use 0.6m deep and 0.4m wide diaphragm at both at mid span and at ends of the
support.

Fig.1

 Railing(parapet)

Use continuous concrete wall of height 850mm and thickness 300mm at the bottom and 100mm
at the top.

Design of slab (slab between girders)

Design loads

 Dead Load:

 Wearing surface: take 75mm thick asphalt wearing

Dead load moment:

Although AASHTO offers no specific dead load moment equation, for slabs continuous
over more than two supports the generally accepted expression is:

Live load:

According to Table 4.1 of AASHTO design manual maximum live load moments per unit width
(Nmm/mm):

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S Positive Negative
moment moment

2.7 28120 30680

Load factors and load combinations:

According to AASHTO Table 3.4.1-1 and Table 3.4.1-2

For strength I limit state load factors are:

 Weight of super structure (DC): 1.25

 Weight of super structure (DW): 1.50
 Live load (LL): 1.75
 , for ductile components and connections
 , for redundant members
 , for important bridge

FACTORED MOMENT:

o Check minimum depth required for flexure:

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( )

Reinforcement design:

* √ +

* √ +

Therefore, provide

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Distribution reinforcement:

Secondary reinforcement is placed at the bottom of the slab in the longitudinal direction to
distribute wheel loads on the bridges to the primary reinforcement in the transverse
direction.

According to Eq. 12.12, the amount of distribution reinforcement shall be the percentage of
the reinforcement steel required for positive moment as given by the following formula:

Where S is the effective span in mm

Use

Therefore, provide

Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement:

According to ERA Design manual Section 9.4.6:

For components less than 1200mm: Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature shall
be in the form of bars, welded wire fabric or pre-stressing tendons. For bars or welded
wire fabric, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be less than:

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Where: = gross area of section (mm2)

= Specified yield strength of reinforcing bars (Mpa)

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than either
3.0times the component thickness or 450mm

Using

Therefore, provide

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Design of Overhang Slab
Load Calculation
DEAD LOAD

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Depth of post=0.25

Width of post=0.3

C/c post=1.5

Height of post=0.8

Dead load
Top slab

Table

Item Dead load Moment Moment

moment per linear arm Knm/m
meter of slab
railing 1.800 0.995 1.796
post 0.96 1.095 1.051
Top slab 6.906 0.635 3.871
Bottom part of edge 1.972 1.70 2.111
beam
Wearing surface 0.956 0.435 0.416
total 11.785 9.236

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LIVE LOAD
A. railing load

From Art 3.24.5-2. The effective width of slab resisting post loading shall be equal to

According to Art 2.7 of AASHTO /1996, the design load, p is,

P=44.51KN

Height of the top of the railing from top of curb =0.90m

( )

=1.26m

( )

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B. Truck Load

According to Art 7.4 slabs/longitudinal edges, the wheel is part 300mm from face of rail,

Distance width according to Art 7.4

X=distance from load to point of support

X=1.15m-(0.3m+0.3m+0.1m)

X=0.45m=450mm

E=1140+0.8339(450) = 1514.85mm=1.51m

X, p=72.5kN for design truck

( ) KNm/m

*(1+IM), IM=33%

LANE LOAD MOMENT

 Distance from face of rail to overhang girder face=(1.15-0.4)m=0.75m

Lane load moment= = = 0.872kNm/m

=28.644+0.872= 29.516kNm/m

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Total moment

 Dead load plus rail live load

= 1.25 +1.75
=1.25(9.236)+1.75(30.833)
=65.503KNm/m

Design load plus truck live load

=1.25
=1.25(9.236)+1.75(29.516)=63.198
 Design moment
( , )
= 65.503kNm/m
Design for flexure and shear

=√ , b =1m

=0.028875

=√

+ +cover
+50
=230mm, ok!

= mm -50mm

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Provide Φ ⁄

SERVICE-1 LIMIT STATE

Check crack control /serviceability limit state

According to Art 5.7.3-4

Cracking is controlled by limiting the tensile stress in the reinforcement under service load
to an allowed tensile stress

The crack width at the service limit state is proportional to steel stress

≤ = ≤ 0.6

Where, measured from extreme tension fiber to center of barrier

Crack width

Es=200Gpa

Ec=0.043 √ =0.043* √

Ec=27691.467Mpa

Take n=7.00, The modular ratio is rounded to the nearest tenth The modular ratio must not be
less than 6.

Load Combination for service-I Limit state

For service-I Limit State, the load factors are:

DC=1.0

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DW=1.0

=1.0

Service load Moment,

Check crack Width for overhang slab

Modulus of rupture, √ √

0.8

Therefore Section is cracked

Cracked Moment of Inertia,

Where: b=spacing of bars=100mm

( ( ))

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B=14.07

( ( ))

C=4841.571

X=√ √

X=56.919mm

( ( ))

Available tensile stress in the reinforcement, with z=23000N/mm for moderate exposure

A=2

126.14Mpa

So use c/c 100mm bar for Interior strip

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T-GIRDER
DESIGN OF GIRDER
EXTERIOR GIRDER

Load calculation

DEAD LOAD

= 0.3*0.25*24=1.80

= 0.96

= 0.8*0.25*24=4.8

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= (0.05+0.3)(1.15)

=1.1*0.4*24= 10.56

=0.075*(2.70-0.8)*22= 3.202625

=1.15*(0.6m-0.23)*0.3*24= 3.0636

=214.6302 - 29.3755X - 10.212

=214.6302X - 29.37755 – 10.212

Span=14.3

A X
0.00 0 214.63 0
0.05 0.715 193.63 153.62
0.10 1.430 172.62 292.22
0.2 2.145 151.62 425.8
0.15 2.860 130.62 524.37
0.25 3.575 109.62 617.92

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0.3 4.205 88.609 696.45
0.35 5.005 67.606 759.96
0.4 5.720 46.602 808.46
0.45 6.435 28.599 841.94
0.5 7.150 4.5954 860.4

= 0.4*1.1*24 = 10.56

= 2*(1.15*0.23)*24 = 12.696

(Wearing) =

Diaphragm 2*(0.6-0.23)*1.15*24=6.1272

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6.1272(14.3) + 6.1272 + 27.822*

=208.0466 - 27.812X - 6.1272

=208.0466X - 27.812 -6.1272

a X
0.00 0 208.05 0
0.05 0.715 188.16 141.64
0.10 1.430 168.28 269.07
0.2 2.145 148.39 382.28
0.15 2.860 128.5 481.27
0.25 3.575 108.62 566.04
0.3 4.205 88.733 636.59
0.35 5.005 68.848 692.93
0.4 5.720 48.962 735.04
0.45 6.435 29.076 762.94
0.5 7.150 9.3908 776.62

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LIVE LOAD

DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD TO STRINGER, LONGITUDINAL BEAM, AND FLOOR BEAMS

Distribution factors for moments

Interior beam with concrete deck

Art.3.8 Lateral distribution of wheel loads at ends of beams or stringers shall be that produced
by assuming the flooring to act as simple span between stringers or beam. For wheels or axles in
other positions on the span, the distribution for shear shall be determined by the method
prescribed for moment (lever arm)

Art.13. Bending moment in stringers and longitudinal beams

In calculating BM in longitudinal beams or stingers, no longitudinal distribution of the wheel load

shall be assumed.

From AASHTO table 4.6.2.2.2b-1:

a. One lane loaded:

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b. Two or more design lanes loaded:

Exterior Beam

The live load bending moment for outside roadway stringers or beams shall be determined by

a. One lane loaded:

To the stringers or beams the reaction of the wheel load obtained by assuming the flooring to act
as a simple span between the reaction of the wheel load obtained by assuming the flooring to act
as a simple span b/n stringers or beam (lever arm rule )

According to Art.3.8 Live load/multiple presence of live load, the multiple presence factor is
applied where the lever arm is used.

b. For two or more design lane loaded,

According to Table 13.4
g=e*

e=0.77+

Where =distance in mm from the face of rail to exterior face of exterior girder
300≤ ≤1700

e=0.77+

Distribution factor for shear in exterior girder

a. One lane loaded:
According to Art.3.8

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b. More than one lane loaded:

( )

Distribution factor for shear

a. One lane loaded

According to Art 3.8 live load/multiple presence of live load, the distribution factor where single
lane approximation distribution is used has to be divided by 1.20

( )

=( )

b. More than one lane loaded:

=0.886
Therefore or for half lane loading (i.e. one line of load) multiplied by two and
the maximum is taken.
2

Therefore =1.772

Longitudinal distribution of wheel load for interior girder

Bending moment due to live load

a) Truck loading

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?1 ?2

From influence line diagram

Y=7.88 1=6.42 2
2=1.23 1 1

1+ 2=1

2.23 1=1

1=0.448rad

2=1.23 1=0.55104 rad

Y1=358 1=3.58(0.448) =1.604

Y2=2.02 2=1.168

Y=7.88 1=3.53024

MT= 145(1.604) +145(3.53)+1.168(35)

MT=785.368Knm

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B) TANDEM LOADING

T 1+ 2=1

?1
?2

Y1=6.85 1=7.45 2

2=0.919 1

1+ 2=1

1.919 1=1

1=0.521rad

2=0.479

Y1=6.85 1

Y2=6.25* 2=2.994

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Comparing the results for design truck and design tandem, Design truck governs.

785.368KNm/m

Design lane: =

The design moment including dynamic effect is

=1047.55KNm

Factored Moment,

Shear force due to live load

Design Truck

( )

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Design Tandem

VTa=110(1) +110(13.1/14.3) =210.769KN

Lane load

Therefore, design truck, governs

And consider dynamic effect of the vehicles

LONGUTUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOAD FOR EXTERIOR GIRDER

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Factored Moment, MU

Shear Force

Design for flexure

Exterior girder governs
Design moment,

Effective flange width according to AASHTO Art.8.10.1

Check section adequacy for compression

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Reinforcement

( )

be=2700mm

( √ )( )

( √ )( )

Provide 15 32 bar

Development length

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Design for shear
According to art 12.8 design shear stress V, shall be computed by,

Where β= factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension.

β=2.0 (Art 13.7) for non- pre stressed concrete sections and not subjected to axial
tension and containing at least minimum.

Transverse reinforcement and overall depth of <400mm

Using two legged diameter 12mm bars

Serviceability limit state design

From flexural members designed with reference to load factor and strength design
method, stresses at service load shall be limited to satisfy the requirements for fatigue and for
distribution of reinforcement. The requirement control of deflection shall also be checked.

Control of crack by distribution reinforcement

To control flexural crack of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed
over the zone of maximum concrete tension.

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To prevent such kind of crack the calculated steel reinforcement at service load shall not exceed

Z= crack width parameter (30KN/mm moderate exposure condition)

dc= depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber center of bar or wire located
closest the there to, shall be greater than 50mm

A=area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforced bounded
by the surface of the cross-section and a straight line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the
number of bars

(the thickness of clear of cover shall not be >50mm)

The maximum live load and dead load moment =426.5KNm

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