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Bridge Engineering
CONCRETE BRIDGES
Lecture 4
(II)
CONCRETE BRIDGES
Presented To:
Presented By:
CONCRETE BRIDGES
Topics to be
Presented:
7.10.1
CONCRETE DECK
DESIGN
4
A. DECK THICKNESS
h min
181mm175mm
30
30
Barrier
Pb = 2400 x 10-9 Kg/mm3 x 9.81 N/Kg x 197325 mm2
= 4.65 N/mm
Cantilever Overhanging
Wo = 2400 x 10-9 x 9.81 x 230 = 5.42 x 10-3
N/mm
C. BENDING MOMENT
FORCE EFFECTS GENERAL
1. DECK SLAB
h = 205 mm,
Ws = 4.83 x 103 N/mm,
S = 2440 mm
WsS 2
(4.83 10 3 )(2440) 2
FEM
2396 Nmm / mm
12
12
Fig.E7.1-2: Moment
distribution for deck
slab dead load.
1. DECK SLAB
10
2. OVERHANG
Fig.E7.13
Overhan
g dead
load
placeme
nt
11
2. OVERHANG
12
3. BARRIER
Fig.E7.14
Barrier
dead
load
placeme
nt
13
3. BARRIER
= -4013 N
14
15
16
Overhang, 1140+0.883 X
Positive moment, 660+0.55 S
Negative moment, 1220+0.25 S
19
IM
l 2.28 1
P
100
Where
is the load factor, IM is the
dynamic load allowance and P is the
Wheelload.
Here
21
22
Back
23
24
mm
25
26
200
204
27
30
31
32
Back
33
1.
Deck Slab:
34
3. Barrier
200
35
5. Live Load
36
37
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
The effective concrete
depths for positive and
negative bending will
be different because of
the different cover
requirements
as
indicated in this Fig
shown.
38
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
39
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
40
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
Maximum reinforcement keeping in view
the ductility requirements is limited by
[A5.7.3.3.1]a 0.35d
As
fc '
0.03
(bd )
fy
41
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
42
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
1. POSITIVE MOMENT REINFORCEMENT :
43
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
Check Ductility
44
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
2. Negative Moment Reinforcement
Back
45
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
Check Moment Strength
46
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
3.
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
Secondary reinforcement is placed in the bottom of the
slab to distribute the wheel loads in the longitudinal
direction of the bridge to the primary reinforcement in the
transverse direction. The required area is a percentage of
the primary positive moment reinforcement. For primary
reinforcement perpendicular to traffic [A9.7.3.2]
3840
Percentage
Se
67%
3840
Percentage
84%, Use67%
2090
47
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
So
So
Dist.As = 0.67(Pos.As)=0.67(0.889)
= 0.60 mm2/mm
For longitudinal bottom bars,
Use No.10 @ 150 mm,
As = 0.667 mm2/mm
48
F. Selection Of
Reinforcement
4.
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPRATURE REINFORCEMENT.
Ag
fy
Where Ag is the gross area of the section for the full 205 mm
thickness.
Temp . As 0.75
(205 1)
0.38mm 2 / mm
200
1
(Temp . As ) 0.19mm 2 / mm
2
Use No.10 @ 450 mm, Provided As = 0.222 mm2/mm
49
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
Z
f s f sa
0.6 f y
1/ 3
(d c A)
Where
Z = 23000 N/mm for severe exposure conditions.
dc = Depth of concrete from extreme tension fiber
to center of closest bar
50 mm
A = Effective concrete tensile area per bar having
the
same centroid as the reinforcement.
50
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
51
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
Where
= 30 MPa.
So that
52
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
1.
53
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
54
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
sa
sa
s
55
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
2.
56
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
Balancing the statical moments about the
neutral axis gives
57
G. CONTROL OF CRACKINGGENERAL
sa
sa
58
59
I.
60
62
63
64
K. COMPARISON OF REINFORCEMENT
QUANTITIES
The weight of reinforcement for the traditional and
empirical design methods are compared in
Table.E7.1-1 for a 1-m wide transverse strip.
Significant saving, in this case 74% of the
traditionally designed reinforcement is required,
can be made by adopting the empirical design
method.
(Area = 1m x 14.18m)
65
69
70
71
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
75
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
Rw
2 Lc Lt
M L
8 M b 8M w H c c
..(E7.1-8)
76
77
78
79
nI
80
n
pos
n neg
n II
81
nIII
nI
nII
nIII
82
83
II+III
86
w
c
87
c c
88
89
cv
vf
90
cv
vf fy
91
vf
v
y
92
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
100(16)
292mm
30
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
94
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
96
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
97
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
98
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
st
100
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
101
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
102
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
103
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
104
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
105
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
106
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
db
107
M. CONCRETE BARRIER
STRENGTH
108
7.10.2
109
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Design the simply supported solid slab
bridge of Fig.7.2-1 with a span length of
10670mm center to center of bearing for a
HL-93 live load. The roadway width is
13400mm curb to curb. Allow for a future
wearing surface of 75mm thick bituminous
overlay. Use fc=30MPa and fy=400 MPa.
Follow the slab bridge outline in Appendix
A5.4 and the beam and girder bridge
outline in section 5-Appendix A5.3 of the
AASHTO (1994) LRFD bridge specifications.
110
111
A. CHECK MINIMUM
RECOMMENDED
DEPTH [TABLE A2.5.2.6.3-1]
112
1. One-Lane loaded:
113
114
115
116
117
D. SELECTION OF RESISTANCE
FACTORS (Table 7.10 [A5.5.4.2.1]
118
119
120
1. INTERIOR STRIP.
121
122
123
124
125
1. DURIBILITY
126
127
b. MOMENT-EDGE
STRIP
128
2. CONTROL OF CRACKING
s
a.
sa
INTERIOR STRIP
r
c
s
c
129
cr
130
STEEL STRESS
s
y
sa
131
b. EDGE STRIP
cr
132
STEEL STRESS
s
133
3. DEFORMATIONS [A5.7.3.6]
c e
cr
cr
cr
134
135
136
137
4607mm
138
Back
139
140
Lane
141
142
143
5. FATIGUE [A5.5.3]
145
146
b. REINFORCING BARS:[A5.5.3.2]
min
147
a. INTERIOR STRIP:
148
149
150
151
152
b. EDGE STRIP
153
STRENGTH I:
154
2. SHEAR
Slab bridges designed for moment
in conformance with
AASHTO[A4.6.2.3] maybe
considered satisfactory for shear.
155
K. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
[A5.14.4.1]
The amount of bottom transverse
reinforcement maybe taken as a
percentage of the main reinforcement
required for positive moment as.
156
K. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
[A5.14.4.1]
a. INTERIOR SPAN:
157
K. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
[A5.14.4.1]
b. EDGE STRIP:
158
159
M. DESIGN SKETCH
160
TABLE A-1
BACK
161
BACK
162
163