MC Final 1

BCAS CAMPUS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Mathematics for
construction
S.Pavishan
J/CE/20/17/01
Mathematics for construction
Acknowledgement
I consider myself quite fortunate to have been able to enrol in a Civil Engineering
programme at the British College of Applied Studies. This campus aims to impart the most
recent and comprehensive information in both theory and practice in the relevant subjects.
The university makes every effort to engage its students, and it strongly promotes academic
excellence. First and foremost,
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Mr.T.Vigneswaran, our instructor from the
Department of Civil Engineering at the British College of Applied Studies, for providing me
with the motivation and direction I needed to accomplish this work successfully. Also, I thank
my parents and colleagues for giving their full support and help in many ways during the
assignments would like to thank my friends as well. They contribute in no small way in
maintaining a homely out friendly environment at the institute. They are all friendly and
helpful to one another. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported
me in any respect during the completion of the assignment.
S.Pavishan 1 J/CE/20/17/01
INTRODUCTION
The gathering, processing, and utilization of numerical data are necessary for the technical
disciplines of construction, civil engineering, and building services engineering. For instance,
in a straightforward construction project, the architect or engineer designs and specifies the
structure's dimensions, the cost of the work is determined by the cost control surveyor, the
buyer decides how much material needs to be ordered, and the contractor may calculate the
setting out dimensions and angles. Design engineers employ a variety of formulae to
determine properties in more complicated scenarios, such as the rate of water flow through
pipes for drainage calculations or the levels of bending moments in beams for sizing
structural elements. It is therefore essential that learners develop an appropriate
understanding of the mathematical methods and techniques required for these key activities,
and of how to apply them correctly. The unit explores the rules for manipulating formulae
and equations, calculating lengths, areas and volumes, olive systems of linear equations
relevant to construction applications using matrix methods, approximate solutions of
contextualized examples with graphical and numerical methods, and review models of
construction systems using ordinary differential equations. As a result they will develop skills
such as communication literacy, critical thinking, analysis, reasoning and interpretation,
which are crucial for gaining employment and developing academic competence.
Table of Contents
P1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
P2 ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
P3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
P4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
P5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
P6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
P7 .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
P8 .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
P9 .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
P1
Apply dimensional analysis techniques to solve complex problems.
D 29.4m A
53.5 A1 c A2 35.2
B x C
BC
P2
Definition of Arithmetic Progression
An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which each successive term is a sum of its
preceding term and a fixed number
We generally use the notation an to represent the nth term in an arithmetic progression or a
geometric progression.
Arithmetic and geometric progression
The grant given in the year 2011 as if was given $5000 in the year 2001 with the increment of 5%
each year,
R = Percentage increased every-year
n = Number of years in-between (2011-2001)
a = First term (a = $5000)
( ) ( )
Total amount of money granted to the charity during the span 2001 to 2011(inclusive),
P3
Determine the solutions of equations using exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic
functions.
The hyperbolic trigonometric functions extend the notion of the parametric equations for a unit
circle (x = \cos t(x=cost and y = \sin t)y=sint) to the parametric equations for a hyperbola, which yield
the following two fundamental hyperbolic equations.
Exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
A – Amplitude A
B – Period | |
C – Phase shift
D – Vertical shift D
a. Application,
b. Voltage; when t=0
c. Voltage; when t = 10ms = 0.01s
d. Time; when voltage reaches 200V
e. Time; when volage is maximum
One cycle of waveform,
Figure 1- One cycle of wave form
P4
Summarize data by calculating mean and standard deviation, and simplify data into
graphical form
Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and

organization of data. In other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect, summarize
data. Also, we can say that statistics is a branch of applied mathematics. However, there are
two important and basic ideas involved in statistics; they are uncertainty and variation. The
uncertainty and variation in different fields can be determined only through statistical
analysis. These uncertainties are basically determined by the probability that plays an
important role in statistics.
Statistics is a branch that manages the investigation of the assortment, investigation,

translation, association, and introduction of information. Numerically, statistics is
characterized as the arrangement of conditions, which are utilized to investigations the
things.
Grouped frequency distribution
When summarizing large masses of row data, it is often useful to distribution the data in to
classes, categorize and to determine the number of individuals ( units ) belonging to each,
class called the class frequency.
General rules for forming frequency distribution
 Determine the largest and smallest numbers in the row data set and find the Range.
Range = Largest value – Smallest value
 Sturge’s Rules
, K The number of class interval.
N Total number of observations.
 Size of the class interval ( C )
Summarization of Data
I. Highest value = 134

Lowest value = 100
Range = Highest value – Lowest value = 134 – 100 = 34
Size of class interval (c) = Range/Number of classes
Table 1- Grouped frequency distribution
II. Histogram
Figure 2- Histogram
III. Shape of histogram

The shape of the histogram is non-symmetrical. The highest frequency on the
histogram has been aligned slightly away from the centre to the left. So the shape
can be described as right skewed bell shaped histogram.
IV. Frequency of polygon
Figure 3- Frequency of polygon
V. Ogive
Table 2- Cumulative frequency chart
Figure 4- Ogive diagram
VI. Calculation
Table 3- Tabulation for calculation
a. Mean
∑
̅
∑
b. Median
( )
( )
c. Mode
d. Standard deviation
∑
√ ̅
∑
√ √
e. Measures of skewness
f.Coefficient of variation
P5
Calculate probabilities within both binomially distributed and normally distributed
random variables.
The binomial distribution and the normal distribution
The binomial distribution with parameters n and p is the discrete probability distribution of the
number of successes in a series of n independent experiments, each asking a yes-or-no
question and each with its own Boolean-valued outcome: success (with probability p) or
failure (with probability q = 1 p). This distribution is used in probability theory and statistics. A
Bernoulli trial, or experiment, is another name for a single success-or-failure experiment, and
a Bernoulli process is another name for a series of results. For a single trial, or n = 1, the
binomial distribution is a Bernoulli distribution. The popular binomial test of statistical
significance is based on the binomial distribution.
The experiment runs n times, which is the first variable in the binomial formula. The
likelihood of a particular result is represented by the second variable, p. Let's state that X is
distributed as a binomial with parameters n and p if X equals the number of r successes.
That is denoted by
r B (n, p)
If r B (n, p), then the general formula of computing the probability of getting r successes can
be specified; r = 0, 1, 2, ……. n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) n
Where;
P= probability of a success on an individual trial
n = number of experiments
r = total number of “successes”
The normal distribution
A continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable is known as a normal

distribution in probability theory. Its other names include Gaussian, Gauss, and Laplace-
Gauss. The mean, or average, which is the maximum of the graph and about which the
graph is always symmetric, and the standard deviation, which indicates the degree of
dispersion from the mean, are the two parameters that define the graph of the normal
distribution. A graph with a small standard deviation (relative to the mean) will be steep,
whereas one with a big standard deviation (again relative to the mean) will be flat.
( )
√
The distribution's expectation or mean is the parameter, while its standard deviation is the
parameter. The distribution's variance is 2 + A normal deviate is a random variable that has a
Gaussian distribution and is considered to be normally distributed.
We write XN (,2) if random variable X has a normal distribution with parameters and. The
representation of real-valued random variables by normal distributions is crucial in statistics and is
frequently utilized in the natural and social sciences.
a)
Normal distribution z=
When
( )
( )
( )
= -1.64
m= 1.474
b) X- probability of none of them takes more than 2 hours to fit
=1- .4772
=0.5228
c)
( )
( )
=1-0.1151
=0.8849
P6
Solve construction problems relating to sinusoidal functions
The Sinusoidal
A curve known as a sine wave or sinusoid that exhibits smooth, periodic oscillation is
referred to as sinusoidal. Its name is derived from the formula y=sin (x). In mathematics,
physics, engineering, signal processing, and many other disciplines, sinusoids frequently
appear.
Graph of y=sin (x)
Below are some properties of the sine function:
Domain: -∞<x<∞
Range: -1≤y≤1
Period: 2π – the pattern of the graph repeats in intervals of 2π
Amplitude: 1 – The x-axis serves as the center of the sine graph. The sine function's midline,
also known as the amplitude, is the line that connects one of its maxima or minima to the
sine function's center.
Zeros: πn – the sine graph has zeros at every integer multiple of π
Sin (-x) = -Sin(x) – the graph of sine is odd, meaning that it is symmetric about the origin
Graphing sinusoids
Most applications cannot be modeled using y=sin(x), and require modification. The equation
below is the generalized form of the sine function, and can be used to model sinusoidal
functions.
y = A sin (B(x -C)) + D
 Where A, B, C, and D are constants such that:
 is the period
 |A| is the amplitude

 C is the horizontal shift, also known as the phase shift. If C is positive, the graph
shifts right; if it is negative, the graph shifts left
 D is the vertical shift. If D is positive, the graph shifts up; if it is negative the graph
shifts down
 The sinusoid is centred at y = D
( )
If d=9.0 and L=92 Substitute,
( )
( )
So,
P7
Represent construction quantities in vector form, and apply appropriate methodology
to determine construction parameters.
The Vector Function
While the range returns a set of vectors, vector functions or vector-value functions have an
actual set of numbers as their domain. A vector function's input can be either a scalar or a
vector (i.e., the domain's dimension can be 1 or greater); the domain's dimension and the
range's dimension are unrelated.
In terms of the standard unit vectors of Cartesian 3-space, these specific types of
vector- valued functions are given b expressions such as,
 Vector function in two dimensions
 Vector functions in three dimensions
Where and are the coordinate functions of the parameter t, and the domain of
this vector valued function is the intersection of the domains of the functions x, y and z. It
can also be referred to in a different notation:
〈 〉
Calculation
01)
a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | √
|⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
02)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is to be drilled in the direction of the vector
So, b = 80
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
03)
We know that the dot product of two products is given as
| || |
Thus, the angle between two vectors formula is given by
| || |
Where is the angle between vectors a, b.
| | | | √
We calculate angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Assume angle
, , c=
Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c-b
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | || |
(40i+40j-20k) (60i+80j+20k) =√ √
√ √
P8
Determine rates of change for algebraic, logarithmic and circular functions.
Differentiation
One of the two key concepts that are kept apart from integration is differentiation. Finding a
function's derivative is a process called differentiation. Mathematicians use a procedure
called differentiation to determine a function's current rate of advancement based on one of
its variables. The most well-known model is speed, which is the rate at which a location
changes over time. Finding an antiderivative is the opposite of differentiation.
If x is a variable and y is another variable, then the rate of change of x with respect to y is
given by ⁄ . This is the general expression of derivative of a function and is represented
as ⁄ , where is any functions.
Differentiation is used to find the gradient of a curve, or line. It can also be used to find the
coordinates of stationary points, whether these be maximum, minimum or points of inflection.
The second derivation can be used to identify if these points are maximum or minimum.
01) Perimeter = 8m
Height – hm
r = rm
d = 21m
Perimeter = 8m
02) Area of the window
( )
03)
( )
( )
04)
A is maximum when r is
P9
The word calculus comes from Latin. Originally a calculus was a pebble used as a reckoning counter.
The Romans used pebbles on a counting board to do addition and subtraction. The plural of calculus
is calculi.
There are two branches of calculus:
 Differential calculus (differentiation) and

 Integral calculus (integration).
Differentiation studies the rate of change (or slope) of a function.
Integration is about adding small slices to make a whole and can be used to find the area under the
function.
Figure shows how small blocks drawn under the function can be added together to find the area
under the function.
Acceleration (A)
An object's average acceleration over a period of time is its change in velocity divided by the
duration of the period. Mathematically
Velocity
Velocity definition, rapidity of motion or operation swiftness speed: a high wind velocity. average
distance over a period of time is its change
V  velocity
A  Acceleration
V = 1m/s
A = 3m/s2
k  Constant
i. A differential equation,
ii. The solution to this differential equation,
∫ ∫
Initial velocity (v) = 2m/s, Time = 0
iii. V= 8m/s
So, the object takes 10 seconds.
Conclusion
The importance of math in building has been highlighted in on-going research, particularly in
mathematical analyses, formal representations of structural ideas and images, and
engineering components of plans. Currently, instructive exams are necessary to enforce the
didactic ways that science is taught in building engineering courses. Due to many factors
and causes before or during the building stage, postponement is a common occurrence in
most construction projects. As the defer sway on schedule and cost invade, analysing of
these postpone makes simple to offer responsibility to concern party. These assist with
avoiding or minimize delays in future work. Various systematic strategies are accessible for
analysing these impacts and choice of appropriate strategy relies on: factual information
accessible, time accessible, restriction of technique and cash accessible for analysing. The
presented research was focused on the appraisal of hydrothermal performance of ceramic
brick blocks, which can be considered as a commonplace case of a perplexing processing
task in the field of building material science. With this unit, we can discover the impacts of
changing conditions on a framework. By contemplating these, we can figure out how to
control a framework to cause it to do what we need it to do. In light of the capacity to
demonstrate and control frameworks, this unit gives us uncommon control over the material
world.
Reference
[1] calculushowto, 2008. calculushowto. [Online] Available at:
https://www.calculushowto.com/vector-function/ [Accessed 12 august 2022].
[2] khanacademy, 2009. khanacademy. [Online] Available at:
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-differentiation-1-new.
[Accessed 12 august 2022].
[3] Mathinsight.org., 2008. Mathinsight.org. [Online] Available at: Mathinsight.org.
[4] Mathsisfun.com., 2007. Mathsisfun.com. [Online] Available at: Mathsisfun.com.
[5] Statistics.laerd.com, 2006. Statistics.laerd.com. [Online] Available at:
Statistics.laerd.com [Accessed 12 august 2022].

MC Final 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MC Final 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BCAS CAMPUS

Arithmetic and geometric progression

R = Percentage increased every-year

n = Number of years in-between (2011-2001)

a = First term (a = $5000)

Exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

b. Voltage; when t=0

c. Voltage; when t = 10ms = 0.01s

d. Time; when voltage reaches 200V

e. Time; when volage is maximum

One cycle of waveform,

Figure 1- One cycle of wave form

Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and

Statistics is a branch that manages the investigation of the assortment, investigation,

Grouped frequency distribution

I. Highest value = 134

Size of class interval (c) = Range/Number of classes

Table 1- Grouped frequency distribution

III. Shape of histogram

IV. Frequency of polygon

Figure 3- Frequency of polygon

Table 2- Cumulative frequency chart

Figure 4- Ogive diagram

Table 3- Tabulation for calculation

The binomial distribution and the normal distribution

P= probability of a success on an individual trial

r = total number of “successes”

The normal distribution

A continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable is known as a normal

b) X- probability of none of them takes more than 2 hours to fit

Graph of y=sin (x)

Below are some properties of the sine function:

Period: 2π – the pattern of the graph repeats in intervals of 2π

Zeros: πn – the sine graph has zeros at every integer multiple of π

y = A sin (B(x -C)) + D

 Where A, B, C, and D are constants such that:

 |A| is the amplitude

If d=9.0 and L=92 Substitute,

The Vector Function

 Vector function in two dimensions

 Vector functions in three dimensions

a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is to be drilled in the direction of the vector

We know that the dot product of two products is given as

Thus, the angle between two vectors formula is given by

Where is the angle between vectors a, b.

We calculate angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = c-b

02) Area of the window

There are two branches of calculus:

 Differential calculus (differentiation) and

ii. The solution to this differential equation,

Initial velocity (v) = 2m/s, Time = 0

So, the object takes 10 seconds.

You might also like