rart One. General i Part One. G the special method employed in either unstable or rigid rocks ‘vith sigoiicant water inflow or in beds susceptible to sidden vio Tent outbursts of coal gas, te, (epecial methods of driving» ‘openings are discussed in Part Nine). 2 vith reteronce to the nature of operations porformed in the heading and depending pon the uniformity of the ground traversed by it ‘ve distinguish the following types of exeavation of openings ‘drivage in homogeneous hard ground with the use of drilling and blasting, which determines the cyclic character of the ope- ions; nical excavation with combines, which determines operation in the heading, or machine breaking along w' of drilling and blasting’ operations, which determines the character of work; NeXtavauon in heterogeneous ground with enclosing rocks of varying hardness necessitating selective or separate extraction, which determines the eyclic nature of driftage. Mine openings ate driven either with a full face (cross sect up to 15 9 in uniform ground) or witha stepped face (eros eesion exceeding 43 sq m in non-uniform groum aici ical bed whose tick pi for the opening to be made according to the planned dimen: Hee eit ek i slashed oF ripped. In this event the extraction of the mined bulk can be flected by either of the following patterns: diving with a narrow face ani bulk or selective extraction of coal and barren rock (also called natrow work); ye ldriving with a broad face and separate and autonomous extraction of coal and barren rock (also called wide work). Bach of these patterns determines one or another method of work: ‘and application of different types of machinery and nding upon the available machinery and equipment zontal openings ean be excavated in one of the following ways ind mechanization of driving operations using a and waste) lows that the method of ig mechaniza } Ch. IV. Mine Opening Shapes and Dimensions 23 is. Broaking of coal and country rock and ve. ing face are mechanized in all these cases. The availability of coal and muck loaders mit of coal and waste by hand in driving headings However, in driving with a broad and reshovelling it to the gate pack is stil! pra mplete mechanization of mining opera machine finds ever-increasing application. driving machines permits more exte progressive method of making hi lation of the e uti outal mine openings. Chapter 1V ‘SHAPES AND CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF MINE OPENINGS 1. Factors Determining the Cross-Sectional Shape of Mine Openings The cross-seetio shape of a mine opening is contingent upon the physical and mechanical properties of the wall rocks tho pres: exerted hy’ the ground on the opening, the direction of the pressure, the service life of the opening, and the material of the Support, which. in turn, depends upon the first four factors, The propertics of solid rocks upon which the choice of the cross- mal shape of the opening depends include hardness, toughness, hy stability, and jointing. The cross-sectional shapes af g3 in loose or running ground are determined by the special rlies of this ground. Loose ground is characterizeil by its ty to retain its original shape owing to the weight of ite par- rnd internal friction, with the flat side susface lying at sucl rizon which does not exeeed the ang of ts n ning ground is set in motion under the effect. 0 atic head when mine open mu Pressure upon iniie workings depends on the rate © support, the distance from the breast of the active face, the ht of the ground in the deme space over the ope: coefficient of internal friction of the rock. Rock fram the back, walls and/or oor, it niligant, vortigal or hori The sorviee life of a devel 4 act iy he eoaslderably or ince ved or unhala: z nal shape of Timber, aen Port One. General lity. The stability of a ciroular opening depends upon t of stresses and their distribution around it. The stressed ingle opening is determined the method of the theory of elasticity. This method, however, is hardly applicable whon the solid block is weakened by the drivage of several mine openings. magnitude driven at various distances from one another. Investigations have shown thai stressos or three ope the degre depth at w and physi the spacing ing country between openings reaches five times fluence disreg However, in going aver to interaction of workings should be rec pted standard ‘The shape of a sh but preference inzes are commonly of rectangular shape. ss of incli are: rectangular, tra- of Cross-Sectional Dimensions of Mine Openings the type and ALY. Mine Opening Shaper and Dimensions their te have been brought in line openings. The cor follows: ‘nventional designations of the mine-car types are as YBL—unified self-dischangi YBI—unitied solid-end ears ¥BJl—unified self. i FBO _Uniled sell-diseharging drop-bottom ca of the letter desi ation denoto the ca two standard nel ihe setae dels have the same capaci weight in exeuss of 1.8 t/m®, Some of fore-mentioned standard models are used lieries, others i Las ‘es, others at mines of the ferrous and non-ferrous of mlne-cars ranges trom 0.7 rom 800 to 1,300 mm, wi 300 mm, and. the he3 Port One. General opening the minimum clearances eased by widening nd in double-track openings—also between Une tracks. The oxtent of such widening depends upon the curvature radius and the wheel base of the rolling stock. The widening should 200 to 300 mm) as to provide the necessary of the rolling stock. ing) support. is adopted in openings where top sub- expected. ‘The extent of subsidence is to be taken in in determining the section of openings provided support. curvilinear port indicated in the it on the outsid ith pli ‘Tho rough ot overall section area of an opening adding the thickness of support pieces, packwall and ballast layers to its finished soct the crost-sectional area of the drain account with all types of support, and the cross-sectional Substructural trenches for stone wall when concrete and st port is used. The obtained dimensions 1 open sufficient to seeure passage of air current at a veloci ing the one stipulated hy the Sefvty Regulations, whi for crosseuts and m: By way of exam} ff rectangular, trapezoid: mber, concrete, and steel Support. Calculation formulas for lateral (horizontal) openings of rectargular section. A schematic drawing showing the cross section of a lateral jotrack opening of rectangular shape with masonry walls and is given in Fig. 3. Gough) width of the op: estimated by ing cross sections ‘workings with in the clear, mun support, mim wall (wa €h. IV. Mine Opening Shapes ond Dimensions 2Part One, Generat Ch IV. Mine Opening Shapes and Dimensions st Fig. 8. Cross-sectional 3 in a steeply. ef mine opening hha = ha, height, from the fig'= hey, height of the 0) o)® Part One. General for a single-track opening (Fig. 4a) k= +h + 2d + 100, ® for a double-track opening (Fig. 48) Ig hy t+ ly + b+ 28 + 100, (10) track centre-line to the support of the opening not intended for assage of men (see Fig. 4a) Ip =a) +h +h, cot ap, mm 1, = distance from the second track axis to the support post along the portion of the opening free for passage of men (see Fig. 40) fy = Pap + (h + h,) cot a, + @% =distance from the electric loco support post at the height h al not intended for passa; ine-car) axis to the the portion of the the opening, im + ha) cot ep Ch. WV. Mine Opening Shapes and Dimensions a tor of the opening for main entries with « steeply (3) rawin of horizontal openings of domelike shape with stone (Concrete, masonry) walls are shown in Fig. 6.1% Part One. Generat he IV. Mine Opening Shopes and Dimensions ie ‘The overall width of a single-track openiug with masonry support supported with conerete B, =B + 2P +100), mm (7) a ‘ Q er Ea = Sint Bhy 267 £047 (14-8) (B29, sq m (25) ‘The overall width of « double-track opening with masonry support Tho mes hoes or 4 a me tes) sectional area with a semicircular yaw whore B = width of the opening in the clear, mm. In the case ‘of a single-track opening B =a) + Pap, mm and for « double-track one B =a; ++ b+ Pap, 400 and 140 — thickness of waste fil with masonry suppor ‘The overall height of the opening Hah +h, thy + dq mm (ag) where ij = height from the rail head to the abutment, mm hg = arch rise, mm dy = thickness of support at the keystone, mm. ‘The height of a hox-shaped lig 8, mm semicircular hy = 5B, mm. ‘The axial bow radius in a box-shaped vault R = 0.6928. mm. The lateral bow radius in @ box-shaped vault r = 0.2628, mm. The tadins of a semicircular vault & = 0.58, mm. ‘The finished sectional area (in the cleat) of an opening with a box shaped vault : z sein = B (lj-+ 0.268), 5q (20 where kj—height from the ballast top to the abstment, 1m al area of an opening with a semicirewlar vault Spin = B (hi + 0.398), sq m 1) we clear of an opening with a box-shaped vault Poy = 2, 42.338, mm 2 The finished secti perimeter I the clear of an opening with a semieireular v 2g 40.17 (14) Bi- B+ som hz = height from tho rail head to the floor of the opening, mm masonry supported Stn + Blot T0419 (1 + 2) BB+ syn, 50m (26) supported with concrete 5 = Shin + Bhs + WT $0.49 (1+) (B— BY, sq.m ay Calculation formulas jor arched Fe fs yr arched openings. For standard openings with compressible arch support a vault of three-centrespoint eee Aguration is adopted, i.e. it consists of three circular ares: that of mB Teg at by . x = é Y oo ‘the upper portion of the vault down to the height k’with the central angle B ~ 120°, and two la Ae with an angle y the sill of the opening ay = 85 ius of the lateral vaull ares Ry = 1.32R, mm where Ry — radius of the vault top are, m The height h; of the opening (fro the axial are of the vaul i eevee ion nso aS to provide (after set lateral ates of the Vault up to the height 25" (Pig. 7). The slope angle between he sep. is height, trolley wire is suspended. of th required clearances between the current cullectar ==!x Part 01 the mine support, and also hetween the electric loco body and the support. piect The radius of vault top are Vr ETF be, oP + (He, om Ry where m! = mi | clearance aoe the current collector and thine support, set at 200 sam rr, = hall of the eavrent colletot width, set at 450 mm ‘= trolley suspension height, mm nee between. the track ‘centre of the opening, mm. For a single-track opening ine and the axis ers mm for a double-track opening he height of the opening from the lower ends of the lateral arcs a ng Sarat of the vault top are with y = 25 W =041R., mm the opening from the rail head to the starting point height hy =, — 0.033R,, mm of the opening from the fateral arcs 160 mm. ‘of the oper Hyn=h, +h +h, om (28) ening at the begi 1 vault ares Ch. 1V. Mine Opening Shapes and Dimensions 2 The width of the opening at the beginning of the top v be =1.73M, min . The inside width of the opening at the level of the ballast top: with support props directed away from the centre of the opening 1; 0.A7h;, mm tod towards the contre of the opening 0.1765, mm with support props i ad to the centre of the top vault are) may be for trolley locos, but the width of the opening at the level of the loco body top should be: for single-track openings B>mtntd, mm 5 — sing) + jay —8in y) . Sqm Subsi y= 25", we obtuin 1 0.01R; + 0.142, sam The 2.01hg+ 0.9Rs-+ 2.42, an) nal area of the openings before subsidence i the same values of standard section is set at 1,450 mm fo8 Port One. General wgle-track opening and at 1,300 mm i uble- he respective figures for trolley locos being 1,620 a track gauge of 900 mm and 2-ton mine-cars used the ws ight i, is adopted irrespective of the number of rail tracks: ,300 mm for storage battery locos and 1,500 mm for trolley locos. Tn openings with a track gauge of 900 mm and haulage by 3-ton mine-cars the wall height 4, is set at 1,600 mm both for storage bat- tery and trolley locos, regardless of the number of rail tracks. Part two TECHNIQUES OF DRIVING MINE OPENINGS workings ineludes successive or parallel i off the heading face or making a cut, ind firing, aeration of the face. excavation of Chapter V DRILLING AND BLASTING IN EXCAVATION OF MINE OPENINGS and blasting are essontial operations in the extraction wuck during the excavation of mine workings. Thei gely dependent upon the proper choice of yht of the charge, the num ing operations In con wwersed and the cross for drilling and blasting operations sh sd shape and dimensions of the w tion factor, uniform fragmenta al scattering over the opening. drill hole util ‘the blasted. po: determined by . The ing and. blasting operations consists of drilling. ring shot-holes, and aera ie heading face. ne of the most labour. and time-consuming