For the Student

Welcome to the General Education Readings in Philippine History Module

This module was designed to provide you with meaningful opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

  What I Need To Know   This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you a`

What I know In this part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know
about the lesson to take

What is the Lesson About?  This section provides a brief discussion of the
lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.

  What I Have Learned?  This section provides the summary of the lesson

What I can do?  This section provides activities which will help you transfer
your new knowledge and skills into real life situations or concern.

Assessment   This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in

achieving the learning competency

Answer Key this contains answers to all the activities.

The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 
4. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
5. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
6. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

Module 1 Understanding History, Relevance, Sources and

Methodology

What I Need To Know

          History is the analysis and interpretation of the human past enabling us to study
continuity and changes that are taking place over time. It is an act of both investigation
and inquiry that seeks to explain how people have changed over time. Historians use all
forms of evidence to examine, interpret, revisit, and reinterpret the past. These include
not just written documents, but also oral traditions, testimonies and objects such as
buildings, artifacts, photographs, and paintings. Historians are trained in the methods of
discovering and evaluating these sources and the challenging task of making historical
sense out of them. History provides us with a sense of identity. By understanding where
we have come from, we can better understand who we are. History provides a sense of
context for our lives and our existence. It helps us understand the way things are and
how we might approach the future.

          With that, this module was designed and written to help you understand the
meaning and relevance of history as a discipline and as a narrative. It presents how
history has been defined differently by different scholar. Hence, they are often
contradictory and conflicting. This means history is subject to constant revision and
reinterpretation. Each generation looks at the past through its own eyes. It applies
different standards, priorities and values and reaches different conclusions about the
past. The differences between primary and secondary sources are also tackled in
connection to the historical event being analyzed and the historical methodology used
by the historian in reconstructing the past.

After going through this module, you are expected to demonstrate on following
competencies:
1. To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be familiar 
 With the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline,
2. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility authenticity and provenance.
3. To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and sources
4. To appreciate the importance of history in the life of the Filipino people.

Lesson 1: Meaning of History, Relevance, and Sources 

        In this lesson, you will earn about the meaning and relevance of history. You will
be introduced also to the concept of historical sources: Primary vs.  Secondary sources.
You will be given the chance to identify primary and secondary sources and finally to
practice research to find primary and secondary sources.

What I Know
          Using the diagram below, show the similarities and differences between primary
source and secondary source.  Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper. 
                       
                         

What is the Lesson About?

                  What is History?
Definition of History
  derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία  ἱστορία (historia) = learning; inquiry
 “the past of mankind”
 Geschichte  = the German word for history
Geschehen = to happen
           Source: - Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History
 History - chronological record of significant events, the study of past events.
Source - Webster’s Vest Pocket Dictionary(Springfield:  Merriam Webster, Inc.,
Publishers),

KASAYSAYAN IN THE LANGUAGE AND PERSPECTIVE OF FILIPINO

KASAYSAYAN 
• saysay (narrative or salaysay) 
• saysay (relevance, importance) 
• If relevant, for whom? 
  Source: - Zeus Salazar definition:  Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayan
ng grupo ng tao (Relevant stories/narrative of the people).

History as Reconstruction
 the historian is many times removed from the events under investigation  
 historians rely on surviving records 
History Defined by E.H. Carr
 the inquiry conducted by the historian and the series of past events into which he
inquires
 is the continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an
unending dialogue between the present and the past
 History means interpretation
 History is what the historian makes
Definition of History from other scholars
 History is the re-enactment in the historian's mind of the thought whose history
he is studying.-Collingwood
 History is the historian's experience. Oakeshott
 History is “a selective system” not only of cognitive, but of causal, orientations to
reality -Parsons
               
 “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who
observed it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded; only a part of
what was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to
the historian’s attention; only a part of what has come to their attention is
credible; only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what
has been grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian.” 
           Source- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History 
        Historical Sources
 Materials used for the writing of history.
   They are classified into two:
1.  Primary Sources
2.  Secondary Sources 
 Another type of classification are:
1. Written and non-written, 
2. Published or unpublished, 
3. Textual, oral or visual sources
Written Sources 
1. Published materials 
 Books, magazines, journals, 
  Travelogue 
   transcription of speech 
2. Manuscript [any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed] 
 Archival materials
  Memoirs
                 Non- written Sources 
 Oral history 
 Artifact 
 Ruins 
 Fossils 
 Art works 
 Video recordings 
 Audio recordings 
       What are Primary Sources? 
 Testimony of an eyewitness
 A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of the
event it narrates 
 materials produced by people or groups directly involved in the event or
topic being studied.
 they are either participants or witnesses.
 these sources range from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, legal
documents, and official documents (government or private) and even
photographs   
                               Source -Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History 
        Four Main Categories of Primary Sources 
1. Written sources 
2. Images 
3. Artifacts 
                   4. Oral Testimony
        What are Secondary Sources? 
 A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These
sources are one or more steps removed from the event. 
  Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary
sources in them. 
-                                                               
http://www.princeton.edu/~refdesk/primary2.html 
        Examples of Secondary sources:
 History textbook 
 Printed materials (serials, periodicals which interprets previous research) 

       Kinds of Primary Source

                         
Human Fossil                                         Artifact

                     
           Royal Decrees and Laws                      Official Records 

Kinds of Primary Source

                               
                 Chronicles                                     Friar Accounts

                              
                                                  Maps

                                
  Memoirs                                  Personal Accounts

Kinds of Primary Source

                             
                         Newspaapers                              Magazines

                             
                     Legislative Journals                     Court Records

                      
                  Speeches                                                       Personal Letters
 
Kinds of Primary Source
                   
              Online Data Bases                                      Blogs   

           
              Documentary Films                                     Recorded Interview

 What I Have Learned?

 Historians used evidences about the past to be able to
understand the past
 :These evidences are of two kinds: primary sources and
secondary sources
  Primary Source is an eyewitness account or a testimony by a
person directly involved in the event; or it must have been
produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates or
information that was created at the same as an event. 
   Secondary Source is information from somewhere else or by a
person not directly involved in the event; it interprets and
analyzes primary sources. 
 One must know how to analyze a primary source.

       What I CanDo?

Comparing Primary Sources

        Direction: Have student choose an historical event in the Philippines that they
would like to know more about Then, have them research to find 1 source about this
event. They should then identify if this source is a primary or secondary and explain
why.

 Submit your answer using Google classroom

Assessment

TRUE OR FALSE. Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect
on the space provided.

__________  1. Historical sources that were not written should not be used in writing
history.

----------------- 2. External criticism is done by examining the physical characteristics of a

source.

__________  3. Internal criticism is done by looking at a source”s quality paper and type
of ink among others.

___________ 4.The historians are the only source of history.

___________ 5. Symbols do not affect the overall idea of the source.

References

Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History, (pp. 41-61; 117-170).

Lesson 2: Historical Methodology

     Lesson 2 tackles about Historical Methodology. We will learn how history is
constructed based on evidences and how various interpretations are formulated.

     

  What I Know
Explain the relationship of History to the four disciplines. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper. Submit your answer using Google classroom
     
        Wheel of Relationship

                            

                                                     
   What is the Lesson About?

What is Historical Methodology?

=History is more complex than many people realize. No, It is so much more than
memorizing names, dates, and places. History is very much 'scientific.' It involves
critical thinking. It involves formulating hypotheses based on evidence and testing them.
That is what this lesson is about.
Historical methodology is the process by which historians gather evidence and
formulate ideas about the past. It is the framework through which an account of the past
is constructed.
Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify
their intended functions. The process of critically examining and analyzing the records
and survivals of the past is called Historical Method
                               Source -Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History 
What is Historical Criticism? 
Historical criticism (also known as historicism or higher criticism) refers to the
study of literary texts, particularly ancient texts. Historical criticism is not criticism in the
sense of disapproval or the examination of faults and mistakes, but instead is an
analysis of the text in the hope of better understanding it.. 
In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its
form and content must be settled 
1. External Criticism 
2. Internal Criticism 

What is  External Criticm?

 The problem of authenticity  
 To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents  
 To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation 

Tests  of Authenticity

1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic  
e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century 

2. Determine the author    

e.g. handwriting, signature, seal 
 
3. Anachronistic style  
          e.g. idiom, orthography, punctuation 

4.  Anachronistic reference to events    

           e.g. too early, too late, too remote
 
5. Provenance or custody    
     - determines its genuineness 

6.Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word 

7.Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities  

  
What is Internal Criticm

 The Problem of Credibility  

 Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible?  
 Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best
available sources

Tests of Credibility
1. Identification of the author  
e.g. to determine his reliability; mental processes, personal attitudes 
2. Determination of the approximate date      
3.  Ability to tell the truth  
- nearness to the event, competence of witness degree of attention 
4. Willingness to tell the truth    
- to determine if the author consciously  or unconsciously tells falsehoods 
. 5/ Corroboration  
i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the independent testimony of two
or more reliable witnesses  

                               Source -Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History 

 What I Have Learned?

  The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and
survivals of the past is called Historical Method
 In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters
about its form and content must be settled 
  External criticism refers to the evaluation of a. document in order
to test its authenticity: Is the information concerning the author, the
place, and the time it was written correct? Internal
criticism concerns the contents of the document; 

       What I CanDo?

Analyze the Map using the given information below Submit your answer
using Google classroom.

                         

Meet the map. What is the title? Is there a scale and compass? What is in the legend? 

Type (check all that apply): ❑ Political ❑ Topographic/Physical ❑ Aerial/Satellite ❑

Relief (Shaded or Raised) ❑ Exploration ❑ Survey ❑ Natural Resource ❑ Planning ❑
Land Use ❑ Transportation ❑ Military ❑ Population/Settlement ❑ Census ❑ Other

Observe Its Parts

What place or places are shown? 
What is labeled?
 If there are symbols or colors, what do they stand for? 
Who made it? When is it from?
Try to make sense of it.
What was happening at the time in history this map was made? 
Why was it created? List evidence from the map or your knowledge about the
mapmaker that led you to your conclusion.
Write one sentence summarizing this map
How does it compare to a current map of the same place?

Use it as historical evidence

What did you find out from this map that you might not learn anywhere else?
What other documents or historical evidence are you going to use to help you
understand this event or topic?

Assessment
Now it is time to put what you have learned into practice. Look for at least three
(3)  recent FAKE news stories and its corresponding REAL news in the internet and fill
out the matrix below. Submit your answer using Google classroom.

Fake News VS Real News

Fake Real How did you able to determine the validity/falsity of the given
News News news?
References

 Ma. Florina Orillos-Juan, Ph.D.  Department of History, De la Salle University

Manila 
 Gottschalk, L.(1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method. New
York: A.A. Knopf.
 Howell, M. & Walter, P.(2001).From Reliable Sources:An Introduction to
Historical Methods.Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press.