Architectural manifestation of civilization and thoughts during the

era of western dominance towards post modernism.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

ARH0A1

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

 8th Century to 12th Century

ARH0A2
AR. ALMA LIBRANDA
Romanesque architecture emerged in Italy and Western Europe in the 9C and
lasted until the advent of Gothic Architecture in the 12C. Comprising a variety
of related regional styles. Romanesque architecture are characterized by:

➢Heavy articulated masonry construction

➢Narrow opening

➢Use of round arch and barrel vault

➢Development of vaulting rib and shaft

➢Introduction of central and west towers for churches

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Geographical
➢It developed in Western Europe from the 9th to the 12th century.
Geological
➢The most common materials used for construction were stone, brick marble or terra
cota as well as ready-made columns and features from the Roman buildings.
Climatic
➢Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the use of:
a. Large windows to admit light;
b. High pitch roof to throw off rain and snow
➢Southern Portion:
a. Small windows to minimize sun shading;
b. Flat roof ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Religion
➢ Christianity and Roman art had greatly influenced the development of
ecclesiastical architecture as shown in the magnificent cathedral churches, monastic
buildings as well as castles.

Social and Political

➢ Establishment of “Feudal System”, Landlord build “castle "to separate them and
protect them from the peasants. These castle was made with man-made canals.

Historical
➢ The style emerging in Western Europe based on Roman and Byzantine elements
last until the Advent Gothic Architecture in the mid-12th century.
ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

 “Sober and Dignified” – Opposite of Roman
Character

Characteristic and Features:

➢ Developed in Italy, France, Germany and England
➢ Uses “Rib and Panel vaulting”
Two types of Vaulting:
A. Quadripartite (four-part vaulting)
B. Sexpartite (six-part vaulting) both were
supported by “tiers”.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

➢Use of massive, architecture wall structures, round arches and

powerful vaults.

a. In churches they use Latin Cross Plan

b. Use of corbelled arches found underneath the eaves of the

church.

c. Use of rose window or wheel window

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. PLANS - The addition of transepts and
the prolongation of the sanctuary patterned
after the Roman Basilican plan.
- Cruciform-shaped on plan
a. Transepts were generally the same
breadth as the nave
- Usually twice the width of the
aisles
b. In the later churches:
- Aisles were sometimes carried
round the channel to from an ambulatory. ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

c. Choir
Often in front of the nave and over
a vaulted crypt.
“Crypt” – an underground
chamber, especially one beneath the
church that is used as a burial place.

Bayeux Cathedral Crypt

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

d. Cloisters in monastic churches
Elaborately treated with twisted
columns, carved capitals and
sculpture arches.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

e. Towers
- Prominent features of
churches.
- Square, octagonal or circular
in shape. S. Climent de Taull, Italy

- Occurring over the crossing at

the west end of the transepts or at
the eastern ends of the aisles rising
to a great height in well-marked
stages pierced with windows.

ARH0A2
Bamberg Cathedral, Germany AR. ALMA LIBRANDA
2. WALLS- arcades and shallow
buttresses; door and window openings
with receding moulded planes; timber
trussed roofs.
S. Donatus Church, Dalmatia
a. Roman methods of
craftsmanship still influenced
constructive art in Europe.

b. Roughly built walls. ARH0A2

St. Andrew’s Church, Krakow AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. OPENINGS
a. Doors and Windows
- With jambs or sides
formed in a series of receding
molded planes known as
“orders”
Saint Pierre de beaulieu, France
- Circular shafts are
set and surrounded by a
continuous abacus.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. OPENINGS
b. Rose window (wheel
window, Catherine’s window
- Often placed over the
principal west door.

Laon Cathedral ARH0A2

Limburger Dom, Germany AR. ALMA LIBRANDA
4. ROOFS
a. Vaults Durham Cathedral
- Barrel Vault (wagon vault)
- Cross vault
- Semi-circular form of arch
- Often raised or stilted St. Severin
- Generally employed in the 11C
a. Side aisles, naves
b. For fire-proofing

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

5. COLUMNS

The shafts of the columns have a variety of treatments, flutings

being used of vertical, spiral or trellis work form, or the whole shaft is
sometimes covered with sculptured ornaments. In early examples forms
of the Corinthian or ionic capitals occur. The capital in later times was
often of a cushion (cubiform) shape.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

5. COLUMNS
a. Italy
1. Often of Roman origin
2. Traditional monolithic
column
b. France and England
1. Cylindrical columns
2. Massive proportion St. Leo

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

5. COLUMNS

3. Built up with ashlars masonry

4. Have a rubble core

5. Treated with fluting, spiral, trellis or chevron patterns

c. Variation of Corinthians or Ionic Capitals

1. Cushion shape in later times

2. Richly carved and scalloped ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

6. ORNAMENTS
- Vegetable and animal
forms
- Carving and sculpture
were often rough
- Interiors
Fresco, S. Clement
a. Frescoes more usual
than mosaic
b. Stained glass was a
little used

Stained glass of the Prophet Daniel

Augsberg Cathedral ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

➢The ribbed vaulting.

➢The arcades.

➢The timber-trussed roof.

➢The timber scissors-truss.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Churches - for every church there is a “MONASTERY” at the side.

- Monastic church situated in a court open to public.

- Cloister Court

- Inner Court

- Common Court

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Different shapes of Cross
1. Latin Cross or Cruz Emissa
2. Cross of Loraine
3. Papal Cross
4. Calvary Cross
5. Ankh Cross (Egyptian)
6. Celtic Cross

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

8th Century to 12th Century

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. Geographical

The boundaries of Central Italy extended to Florence and Pisa on the

north and west, and to Naples on the south. Pisa was by position a
maritime power, while Florence lay on the great route from south to
north commanding the passage of the Arno.

It developed in the Italian peninsula and Sicily and was exposed to Early
Christian, Roman and Byzantine art from the 9th to the 12th century
A.D. ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. Geological

Tuscany possessed greater mineral wealth than any other part of Italy
and building stone was abundant. The ordinary building materials of
Rome were bricks, local volcanic stone (Tufa or Peperino) and Travertine
stone from Tivoli, a few miles off. Marble was obtained from Carrara or
Paros and the other Greek isles..

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. Climatic

The north has the climate of the temperate region of continental Europe;
Central Italy is more genial and sunny; while the south is almost tropical.

4. Religion

It was during this period that although the Popes had only small
temporal dominions, they began to make their power felt in civil
government and the disputes with the emperors began.
ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

5. Social and Political

In Italy, especially in Tuscany, an artistic movement in which

architecture was most prominent, took place in the 11th century, the
daughter arts of painting and sculpture being in state of inaction. The
growth of an industrial population, the increase of commerce and the
independent views caused by education were important factors in the
rise of Naples, Pisa and Amalfi and other cities of self-defense, owing to
insufficient protection from Constantinople.
ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

6. Historical

Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi sent merchant fleets to the ports of the Holy
Land for the Eastern fair at Jerusalem, and thus were brought in the
contact with Eastern Art.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. Architectural Character
A. Plans – Basilican type of church by addition of transepts and

elongation of the sanctuary.

B. Wall arcades; small windows; timber gables over arcades; coupled

columns and half columns attached to piers; campanili or bell-

towers were added.

C. Arcaded galleries one on top of another.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

 D. Refinement of the classic traditions; delicacy of ornamental
features and ornate decorations.

E. In Central Italy, the style adhered closely to the classics; in the

North, it portrayed an element of the rough outdoor life and the
grotesque; in the South, it had Moslem, Byzantine and Norman influence.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. Structural
A. The application of a new constructive principle using

equilibrium of forces in construction.

B. Development of stilted arcades and semi-circular arches.

C. Development of the rib and panel vaulting.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. Decorative
A. Use of wheel windows of pierced marble.

B. Use of cubi form capitals carrying stilted semi-circular arches.

C. Use of delicate twisted twin columns (coupled capitals) inlaid

with patterned glass mosaics.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. Decorative
D. Elaborately designed bronze doors and window openings
with jambs formed in a series of receding moulded planes called
“orders.

E. Roughly carved grotesques of men and beasts.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. The rib and panel vaulting.

2. Use of wheel windows.

3. Use of ornamentation on Classic Orders.

4. The development of arcades, stilted arch and gables.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

PISA CATHEDRAL

➢With baptistery, Campanile and

Campo Santo

➢One of the finest Romanesque

Cathedral

➢- Design by Architect Dioti Salvi

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

CAMPANILLE PISA CATHEDRAL

➢ Circular Tower

➢ Worlds famous “Leaning Tower”

➢ 8 storeys of encircling arcades

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

CAMPANILLE PISA
CATHEDRAL

➢ Circular Tower

➢ Worlds famous “Leaning

Tower”

➢ 8 storeys of encircling

arcades ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

CAMPO SANTO PISA
CATHEDRAL

➢ Cemetery

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

9th to 12th Century

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Geographical

The French historic highways contributed to the architectural character from

the 9th to the 12th century.

Geological

Materials: fine-grained Caen stone, colored pumice and tufa.

Climate

Climatic conditions determined the pitch of roofs and door and window
openings. ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1.Architectural Character

a. Plans – In the South, cruciform plan of churches; in the

north, Basilican plan with nave and aisles.

b. Massive walls of rubble faced with squared stone; narrow

windows with semi-circular heads and wide splays; steep gabled roofs
with timber trusses and finished with slates.

c. The use of spires.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. Structural

a. The development of sexpartite vaulting.

b. The introduction of pointed arch solved the problem of

vaulting oblong compartments with ribbed vaults.

c. The use of buttress arches to carry weight of intersecting

ribbed vaults thereby increasing the height of clear-storey.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. Decorative

a. Capitals carved with foliage and animal subjects use cubi

form blocks.

b. Corbel tables supported by grotesquely carved heads form

walls.

c. Figure sculpture and moulded ornaments on wall arcades.

d. Rich in carvings of zigzags, rosettes and billets.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. The development of sexpartite vaulting.

2. Use of spires of lofty towers.

3. Use of figure sculptures at the façade of churches.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. Notre Dame du Port
- light stone vaults
- Inlaid décor of different
colors

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. Angouleme Cathedral

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. S. Madeleine, Vezelay

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

4. The Abbey Church

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

5.Notre Dame La Grande,
France

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

10th to 12th Century

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Geographical

➢ On the banks of Rhine and in the south, cities had been established during the

Roman occupation, and it was in these parts that Christianity took root, while in
the north and east, paganism still existed.

Geological

➢ The existence of stone in the Rhine valley facilitated the erection in this material

of churches, rendered permanent and fireproof by the early introduction of

vaulting. No stone being found on the sandy plains of Northern Germany, brick
was there employed, and the style of that district is consequently varied from that
ARH0A2

of the Rhine Valley. AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Climate

➢ The average temperature of Central Germany may be said to be the same as Southern

England, but with wider extremes as the heat in the summer is ten degrees higher and, in
the winter, correspondingly lower, so that carriages in Berlin are converted into sledges.

Religion

➢ In the early period the Germans looked much to Rome and Charlemagne being a strong

supporter of Christianity forced the people of Saxony to embrace that religion. The plan of
a typical church of this period is peculiar in having eastern and western apses. There are
also several important circular churches built as tombs or more especially baptisteries the
conversion of the tribes giving great importance to the ceremony. ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Social and Political

➢ Germany united under Charlemagne afterwards split up into small principalities,

whereas France, originally divided into many distinct nationalities, became fused
into an absolute monarchy and has remained despite all changes the most united
of continental powers. In the later portion of this period, Germany was troubled
by the dissensions of the two rival parties, the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the one
supporting the Church and municipal rights and the other representing the
Imperial authority but the conflict between the two took place mainly in North
Italy.
ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

Historical

➢ Charlemagne, the first Frankish king who became Roman Emperor was crowned

by the Pope at all Rome and ruled over the land of Franks which included all
Central Germany and Northern Gaul and Northern Italy. In a great measure, he
restored the arts and civilization to Western Europe, resulting in the erection of
many important buildings in his dominions.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

➢The plans of the churches are peculiar in having western and eastern apses and no great

western entrance as in France.

➢ Rich in the multiplication of circular and octagonal turrets, in conjunction with polygonal

domes and the use of arcaded galleries under the eaves.

➢ Richly ornamented parts are the doorways and capitals, which are bold and effective in

execution.

➢ Vaulting appears to have been first adopted in the Rhenish churches some fifty years

after its general adoption in France.

➢ The Germany may claim to be the inventors of the Lombardian, or North Italian

Romanesque and their round arched style lasted till about 1268. ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. AIX – LA-CATHEDRAL
- Built by Emperor
Charlamagne as his “royal
tomb-house”.
- Prototype of similar
churches in Germany
- Place of coronation of the
Holy Roman Emperors

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

2. THE CHURCH OF THE
APOSTLES, COLOGNE

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. WORMS CATHEDRAL
- Typical German
Romanesque Church
- Remained the seat of
Bishops, Archibishops &
electors for 1500 years.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

3. WORMS CATHEDRAL

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

1. Dormer Window – a window placed vertically in a sloping roof
with a roof on its own.
2. Groin – the curved arris formed by intersecting vaulting surfaces.
3. Vaults – ceiling designs.
4. Helm Roof – a roof in which 4 faces rests diagonally between the
gables and converge at the roof.

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA

ARH0A2

AR. ALMA LIBRANDA