Quayrum Mecuames [ICSE] 9 Scuropincer's Wave Equation ‘The Schrodinger equation has not been proved or duduced from the fundamental properties of jum. It is fundamental equation of wave mechanics in the same sense as the Newton’s second fwafmotion in classical mechanics. It is not derives from the fundamental properties. Now any problem in wave mechanics can be started with the knowledge of potential energy ssafunetion of space coordinates and then substitute this V in Schrodinger’s equation and search frasolution for wave function Y. The desired information is extracted through the operators. Quantum mechanics was established with the hypothesis given by De-Broglie. According to sin all material particles in motion posses a wave character, but it was successfully developed and fnished with the help of the mathematical derivation given by Schrédinger known as Schrodinger's rave equation, which is now a days becomes heart of theoretical physics research. Schrédinger in \mSusing De-Broglie's concept of matter wave set-up a wave equation to describe anew mechanies ofthe particle. The derivation of schrédinger wave equation is as follows — Schrédinger start with the mathematical theory of the wave motion which is furnished by double differential equation. By using electromagnetic wave equation derived by Maxwell's equations, we can write 1@E ‘OS ra -..(123(@) @E 185 ar? ar Wave amplitude and function of position rand time Velocity of electromagnetic wave ‘a three dimensional system of a stationary wave to be associated with the ‘the wave function for De-Broglie wave (matter wave) at any time f. 123(a)) wave propagation equation can be given as ---(123() i (124) (125)[EEE Perma Pee wir) =Aew| (Er po} 2 Here p= iP. + jPy +P: 12) Fert jytk (28) From equation (126), we can write wo) = Aer {a (Be—(pea By Bet 2) for 3D case -(h esi) =Aepl (Er p.a)} for 1D case (11) v6) =acw{“eihenl in, | (131) ve) =wen{ fer] (32) Let wod=Acr{tr, | (133) Here w(x) =Amplitude for particle wave 9.1 Time DerenveNT SCHRODINGER's Wave Eguation Leta particle ‘of mass m is moving along x-direction in conservative force field. If the potential total energy of the particle is V, p, (along x - direction) and E respectively | for the moving particle can be given as — (from equation (130))__ Quawrcim Mecuantcs. on differentiating equation (134) with respect to Positi sition x, we get aoe “Ryne eral i = 5 Pw (x1) - (135) hay(x. ge — SO, 20s) a rs --(136) oli. Here |p, + -in—| is known as Momentum Operator in x-direction. anaes) On differentiating equation (135) with respect to position x, we get --(137) By means of the principle of conserv ation of energy in non relativistic mechanics, we have Total energy = Kinetic energy + Potential energy > E-2+v (138) 2m by w(x, 0) in equation (138) from left, on both the sides 2 Zey(anevo) (139) (134) and (137) in equation (139), we Bet (140) ‘one dimension (1D) time dependent wave equation. ; schradinger ao sidered to be zero). 'V = 0 (the potential enerey is co" ces to -(41) one dimension (1D) time dependent wave equation[EEEH] Excineerne Puvsice A free particle is a particle which not bound by an external force or in field. ee Space ty the Mum mechanics, it means a region of constant potential, usually pin Aaa to cera te region of interest since potential can pe arbitrary set to zero at any point in space, In three dimensional case -on generalizing equation (140), we get mov(r.t) -( a? gt gt ia a Die. = wind +Vw(r.t) (149) | Gr? eg Here Poiohieee a a) known as Laplacian operator. From equation (142) and (143), we have inQvGnt) _-# ih Vv oo at am VO) + Vy (r,0) (a Equation (144) known as the Schrodinger three dimensional (3D) time dependent waye equation. For free particle V = 0, equation (144) reduces to neo) = vw(ns) (145) Equation (145) known as schrddinger three dimensional (3D) time dependent wave equation for free particle. On rewriting equation (144), we get w = pve) Ee sv ulna ned (146) ye v) is called Hamiltonian operator (11), (4D/EPENDENT Quanrum Mecuanics 9 Tome IND} : ENT SCHRODINGER Wave Eg Lo = ious problem fast a Ne Pillvary aa positon ca ati the potential enen i Se the Position only. In such ca: nergy of the particle is not a function ted with the help of time indepe Ses the quantum mechanical behavior of particle 4 «gem ndent schrisdii S is moving along x-direction under, influence of, ‘ei wie Suation, Consiga x particle cf mass led force. For such cases V(v; £) = V(r) Ifthe momentum and total energy +(149) of particle is p, grenas— from equation (132), we can write and E respectively its wave function can be u(x,t) =y (exp a h Pe (x) = Aap|t fe =| Time dependent 1D schrédinger wave equation can be given as (from equation (140) ~ Be route nv. FMV). v(su(as) Here V(x,t)=V(x) On differentiating equation (132) with respect to time, we get Oy(x,t) _-i & | A = Ey (x)expj— Et = (150 ae ica Py (150) (132) in equation (140), we have ion (150) and equation se (SI) «+(152) sehrdinger one dimensional (1D) time independent waveFor free particle V(x) = Vy (r) 2m (E-V()) yO) =o) 0 then equation (152) reduces to (153) (154) Equation (154) is known as schrédinger three dimensional (3D) time independent waye equation. For free particle V(r) = 0 then equation (154) reduces to Viv) + Ew(r)=0 +(158) Equation (155) is known as schrddinger three dimensional (3D) time independent wave equation for free particle.