TITLE: BASIC ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT AND ITS IMPLICATION TO THE

ENVIRONMENT
TOPICS: BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY TO HUMAN
IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
PROFESSOR: CRISTITA O. SUBERE, FOR

FACILITATORS: JERALDINE I. CUI

LOU B. BALDOMAR
JENNIFER C. CEBLANO

I. INTRODUCTION
Management for biodiversity conservation requires that it be built into all aspects of
management through: Inventory. Setting aside important biodiversity areas. Managing
appropriately to promote and enhance those resources.

II. OBJECTIVES
1. Define Biodiversity Management
2. Explain the Value of Biodiversity to Human
3. Differentiate In-Setu and Ex-Setu Conservation
4. Discuss the Environmental Management Approaches

III. CONTENT ON TOPICS AND DISCUSSION

BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT
 Biodiversity — that is, the interconnectedness of all forms of life on our planet — is in
jeopardy as ecosystems and habitats degrade and disappear. On the heels of a
landmark global agreement to protect our lands, ocean, and waters, discover what
biodiversity really means and what it will take to preserve life on Earth.
 Biodiversity is responsible for our food, our soil, our water, our weather, even the air
we breathe. Yet despite being a crucial foundation for our collective future,
biodiversity is often lost amid conversations on climate change — until recently.

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 12 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT BIODIVERSITY

1. Biodiversity is more than just the total number of species on earth.

2. We’re only just beginning to understand biodiversity’s influence and importance in
our lives.
3. The planet’s biodiversity holds enormous, untapped potential for medical and
scientific breakthroughs.
4. Climate change and biodiversity are interconnected.
5. Biodiversity can help us adapt to climate change.
6. Less biodiversity means a higher risk of disease.
7. Biodiversity on land depends on biodiversity in water
8. Our planet’s biodiversity is on the brinkint
9. Sustainability is the only way forward.
10. Indigenous communities are crucial
11. Conservation is critical
12. We need cooperation — and revolution — at all levels

WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

Identification, analysis and evaluation of best practices and outstanding actions in the
field. of biodiversity developed by the various business areas, with the aim of recognising
and making known those that are most significant both within and outside the organization.

MAJOR FUNCTION OF BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT

Promulgate and implement rules and regulations governing the exploration,

development, extraction, disposition, and use of the forests, lands, minerals, wildlife, and
other natural resources.

 Biodiversity — that is, the interconnectedness of all forms of life on our planet — is in
jeopardy as ecosystems and habitats degrade and disappear. On the heels of a
landmark global agreement to protect our lands, ocean, and waters, discover what
biodiversity really means and what it will take to preserve life on Earth.
 Biodiversity is responsible for our food, our soil, our water, our weather, even the air
we breathe. Yet despite being a crucial foundation for our collective future,
biodiversity is often lost amid conversations on climate change — until recently.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY TO HUMAN LIFE

Biodiversity supports human and societal needs, including food and nutrition security,
energy, development of medicines and pharmaceuticals and freshwater, which together
underpin good health. It also supports economic opportunities, and leisure activities that
contribute to overall wellbeing.

The importance of biodiversity to human health. Health is our most basic human right.
For most people, it does not just mean freedom from illness, but a state of overall social,
emotional, physical, spiritual and cultural welfare. Being well, and having the capacity to look
after our health and that of our family or community, depends upon a range of factors,
including our economic status and ultimately on our environment. Health is therefore one of
the most important indicators of sustainable development.

 Biodiversity supports food security, dietary health, livelihood sustainability

Genetic diversity in food systems provides the foundation of crop development and food
security, and promotes resistance and resilience to environmental stresses including pests
and diseases of crops and livestock. Diets based on a diversity of food species promote
health, and can help to protect against disease by addressing the problem of micronutrient
and vitamin deficiencies. Loss of agricultural biodiversity can therefore threaten health,
livelihood sustainability and our future security of food and nutrition.

 Biodiversity provides important resources for medical research

Studies of wildlife anatomy, physiology and biochemistry can lead to important

developments in human medicine.

Examples of species of interest to medical science include bears (for insights into
osteoporosis, cardio-vascular disorders, renal disease and diabetes), sharks
(osmoregulation and immunology), cetaceans (respiration and treatments for divers suffering
from decompression sickness) and horse-shoe crabs (optometry / ophthalmology and
molecular cell biology).

 Biodiversity provides important resources for traditional and modern medicine

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Biodiversity loss can impact on community traditions and livelihoods centred on traditional
medicinal practices that utilise wild animals and plants, particularly for indigenous and local

communities. Millions of people depend upon traditional medicines for their primary health
care. Modern drugs derived from wild species include inter alia pain killers (e.g. Zinconitide
from cone snail toxin), cardiac drugs (e.g. Lanoxin from Digitalis plants), anti-cancer drugs
(e.g. Taxol from Taxus trees and Hycamtin from Camptotheca t es) and treatments for
diabetes (including Exanitide from Heloderma lizards). Many other potentially re important
species are yet to be investigated or discovered.

 Biodiversity plays a role in the regulation and control of infectious diseases

Biodiversity loss and ecosystem change can increase the risk of emergence or spread of
infectious diseases in animals, plants and humans, including economically important
livestock diseases, zoonotic outbreaks and global pandemics. In recent years outbreaks of
SARS, Ebola, Marburg, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, avian influenza and malaria have
been attributed to human impacts on biodiversity, the wildlife trade or unsustainable land use
change. Without a greater understanding of disease ecology, there is also a risk that
programmes to tackle infectious diseases may impact negatively on biodiversity, through use
of biocides and other chemicals and wildlife culls.

 Biodiversity has social, cultural and spiritual importance within communities

Ecosystem change can result in disconnection of populations from open spaces or the
wider countryside, with negative implications for physical and mental well-being and loss of
“sense of place”. This has been linked to an increased prevalence of ‘diseases of affluence’
(diabetes, obesity, cardio-pulmonary illness) and psychological disorders in many
communities. Conversely, access to ‘greenspace’ (natural and artificial) are associated with
better health outcomes, shorter hospital visits and reduced convalescence time for patients
than purely urban environments. An awareness of environmental values and respect for
other species has been associated with reduced propensity towards anti-social behaviour in
children and young adults.
 Conservation of biodiversity is essential for climate change adaptation

Climate change will have a range of significant impacts on human health, many of
which are directly associated with climate impacts on ecosystems. For example, changes in

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the ecology of pathogens, or in the populations or distribution of disease vectors such as
mosquitoes,

could lead to changes in disease patterns and increase the risk of outbreaks. Loss of
ecosystem services also places communities at greater risk from other climate impacts, such
as extreme weather events, drought and crop failure.

 Intact ecosystems can reduce disaster risks and support relief and recovery
efforts

Biodiversity and healthy ecosystems can provide important natural buffers against
natural disasters such as floods, drought and landslides. Habitat loss is also a contributory
factor in desertification and dryland salinity, impacting on livelihoods community stability.
Those who are poor or sick, or who experience low levels of livelihood security, are likely to
be at greatest risk from such events. In many regions, rural communities and the poor are
typically more dependent upon ecosystems for their livelihood security and well-being, and
they are therefore most vulnerable to the impact of disasters if these ecosystems are
compromised before or by disaster impacts. People who have been displaced by disaster or
conflict may be more susceptible to illness, and more dependent on ecosystem services for
food, shelter and medicine. Sustainable management of biodiversity can help to provide
essential resources for promoting health and rebuilding livelihoods in post-crisis situations.

IN-SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural

habitat. In this method, the natural ecosystem is maintained and protected.

The in-situ conservation has several advantages. Following are the important
advantages of in-situ conservation:

1. It is a cost-effective and convenient method of conserving biodiversity.

2. A large number of living organisms can be conserved simultaneously.
3. Since the organisms are in a natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can
easily adjust to different environmental conditions.

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 Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes place include national parks,
wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

National Parks

These are small reserves maintained by the government. Its boundaries are well
demarcated and human activities such as grazing, forestry, habitat and cultivation are
prohibited. For eg., Kanha National Park, and Bandipur National Park.

Wildlife Sanctuaries

These are the regions where only wild animals are found. Human activities such as
timber harvesting, cultivation, collection of woods and other forest products are allowed here
as long as they do not interfere with the conservation project. Also, tourists visit these places
for recreation.

Biosphere Reserves

Biosphere reserves are multi-purpose protected areas where the wildlife, traditional
lifestyle of the inhabitants and domesticated plants and animals are protected. Tourist and
research activities are permitted here.

EX-SITU CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Involves the breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial

ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc. There is less
competition for food, water and space among the organisms.

 Ex-situ conservation has the following advantages:

1. The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity.
2. The species bred in captivity can be reintroduced in the wild.
3. Genetic techniques can be used for the preservation of endangered species.

APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ASPECTS AND TYPES

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 The best approaches to environment management is an integrated approach in
which all the components of environment are taken into consideration and its proper
management, as a whole, is done. While doing so, the following aspects should be taken
into account:

1. Perception and awareness of environment :

a. Source of perception and awareness,
b. Level of perception, and
c. Role of perception in environmental planning.

2. Environmental education and training:

a. At school, college and university levels,
b. Through media, and
c. At research and training institutes
3. Resource management ;
a. Classification of natural resources,
b. Survey and evaluation of eco-resources,
c. Conservation of energy, mineral, forest, soil and water resources, and
d. Proper utilization of human resources
4. Environment impact assessment:
a. Assessment of present conditions
b. Assessment of the impact of industrial and technological development
c. Assessment of the efforts done for eco-balance, and
d. Development of eco-friendly techniques.
5. Control over environmental degradation and pollution:
a. Purification control,
b. Pollution control,
c. Monitoring, and
d. Forecasting of natural hazards and to minimize the losses.

There are two approaches of managing environment, vis..:

(i) Preservative approach, and

(ii) Conservative approach.

World Conservation Strategy

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 1. Maintenance of essential ecological process
2. Preservation of genetic diversity
3. Sustainable utilization of natural resources.

IV. REFERENCES:

https://byjus.com/biology/biodiversity-conservation/

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