1 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

UMWADUKO W’IBINTU BIZIMA BYOSE

KU ISI.
Abantu hano ku Isi tumeze nk'abana b'ibitambambuga ababyeyi bataye mu nzu bakigendera!

- Nyakwigendera Mwalimu Carl Sagan, Astronome w'Umunyamerika.

INTEKEREZO ZA EVOLUTION (Ihindahinduka) NO KUREMA

(Creation).
Buri shyanga ryose mu isi rifite ibitekerezo bisobanura inkomoko y'abaturage baryo n'ukuntu
bashinze igihugu cyabo,ariko byinshi muri byo ni ibihimbano bishingiye ku migani gusa
bidasobanutse neza.Mu bagerageje gusobanura icyo kibazo mu buryo bunonosoye,bashakisha
inkomoko y'umuntu n'ibindi biremwa byose,harimo izo ntekerezo ebyiri z'ingenzi,kandi reka hano
tuzisuzume mu buryo burambuye.

Ijambo "evolution" risobanura ko ikintu cyakomeje guhindahinduka ntigikomeze kumera nkuko

cyari kimeze mbere.Iyi ntekerezo ya evolution ikoreshwa n'imhuguke zigerageza gusobanura
inkomoko y'umuntu zihakana ko Imana itaremye ijuru n'isi nkuko amadini abitubwira,ahubwo
zikavuga ko ibintu byose byadutse bityo gusa nkuko tuza gusobanura,bikomeza guhindahinduka
bibyara ibindi nkuko tubibona muriki gihe,kandi iryo hindahinduka rizakomeza ntakizarihagarika
kugeza iteka ryose.

Uwo mugani wa evolution dore uko abanyabwenge bawuducira.Cyera cyane nka mbere y'imyaka
miriyari enye n'igice (4,500,000,000) kw'isi ngo nta kantu na kamwe kaharangwaga,uretse
ibirunga byirirwaga byaka umuriro wakishwaga nuko hari inyenyeri yashaje igasandara ibimene
byayo bivamo iri zuba ryacu n'andi masi (planetes) munani duturanye.Nyuma yaho rero,buhoro
buhoro ibyo birunga byatangiye kuzima ubushyuhe buragabanuka cyane,mu myaka ibihumbi
n'ibihumbi yakurikiye hatangira kwadukaho udukoko tuzima ibintu byose bizima byakomotseho.

Utwo dusimba twambere twadutse ku isi twarimo za amiba (amoeba), nyuma dukomeza
kwihinduriza,duhindukamo iminyorogoto,nayo ikomeza guhindukamo utundi,natwo dukomeza
guhindahinduka tuvamo inyoni,ibisiga n'ibindi bikoko byose biboneka muri iki gihe.Iryo
hindahinduka ryarakomeje haza kuvukamo inguge,nazo nyuma ziza guhindukamo za Sokomutu
ngo zaje kubyara umuntu wa mbere nko hirya y’imyaka miriyoni 3 n’igice ishize.Sijye wahera!!

Bwambere tutari twasobanura ukuntu ubwo bukoko bwahindutse nyuma yaho bukaza kuvamo
ibindi bintu bizima,reka tubanze dusuzume ukuntu ubugingo buzima bwatangiye. Isi imaze
gukonja bihagije nkuko bimeze muri iki gihe, mu kirere hari huzuyemo ibintu byose (elements)
biremye ubugingo buzima bugize abantu,ibikoko n'ibimera byose.IBYO RERO NGO NI
2 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

ICYEMEZO CYEMEZA KO UBUGINGO BWARI GUSHYIRA BUKIZANA HANO KU

ISI,KUKO IMIGANDA BWUBATSEMO N'IBINDI BYOSE BWARI BUKENEYE NGO
BUBEHO BYARI BIHARI.

Muri ibyo harimo: oxygene,hydrogene,carboni,azote/nitrogen n'ubundi butare bwose buboneka mu

ngingo ziremye ibintu bizima.Ibyo ariko si ukuvuga ko mu Rwanda niba hari hasanzwe
ibumba,imyaka miriyoni nishira rizibumba mo inkono,kuko kubumba inkono no kwaduka
kw'ubugingo buzima biratandukanye ho gatoya.Iyo nkono yabumbwe mu buryo wa mubumbyi
yabigennye (forme / design / plan),naho bwa bugingo bwa mbere bwadutse hano ku isi nta wuzi uko
bwari buteye,icyo tuzi gusa nuko bwakomeje guhindahinduka nyuma buvamo ibintu byose bizima
nkuko biriho muri iki gihe.

Iyo ntekerezo ivuga ko ibintu byose byadutse bityo gusa byibeshejeho,yadukanywe

n'umunyabwenge w'umurusiya witwaga Alexandre Ivanovich Oparine,wabayeho mu myaka ya
1894-1980.Mu wa 1936,yanditse igitabo cyitwa Inkomoko y'ubugingo ku isi (The Origin of Life on
Earth),asobanura ko niba ibyo bintu byose bigize ubugingo byari bisanzweho,ubugingo bwari
gushyira bukizana.

Mu wa 1954,umunyeshuri w’umunyamerika witwaga Stanley Lloyd Miller yasabye umwarimu we

kumureka ngo akore ubugenzuzi muri chimie yerekana ko uwo Murusiya ibyo yanditse byari byo
koko,umwarimu arabyanga ariko nyuma akomeje kumuhata amuha amezi 6 gusa.Ubwo uwo
munyeshuri yavanze imyuka ya ammonia,methane,hydrogene n'amazi y'umugezi abicaniriza
umuriro wa electricite icyumweru cyose,afunguye asangamo tubiri muri za acide amines (glycine
na alanine) ziremye proteines ibintu byose bizima bikozwemo.Icyo kivange yakoresheje,cyarimo
buri kintu cyose gikenewe kugirango acides amine proteine ivamo zikorwe.Icyatumye akoresha
uwo muriro wa electricite,nuko uboneka mu kirere igihe inkuba ikubise hakavamo imbaraga
zihagije zishobora gusatura uduce (atomes) tw'ibyo bintu zikabisatura ibindi zikabikwikira
hakavamo za acide amines.Umuriro w'inkuba n'uw'indi myambi y'izuba ya "ultraviolet" itera
"reaction chimique" (ingaruka) ishobora gukora acides amines muri icyo kivange.

Imhuguke zindi zakoresheje umuriro wa ultraviolet mu cyimbo cyo gukoresha electricite nabo
bapimye basangamo twa acides amines.Electricite na ultraviolet byombi byari bisanzwe mu kirere
mbere na mbere isi igitangira kubaho.Ubugenzuzi bundi bwinshi bwakomeje gukorwa muri ubwo
buryo,kandi buri gihe cyose hagumyaga kuvamo za acides amines zirushijeho kugwira, bikerekana
nyine ko bishoboka koko,ko ubugingo bwadutse hano ku isi yacu butyo.

Ibyo rero imhuguke zivuga ko byatangiye nko hirya y'imyaka miriyari 3 ishize,za acides amines
zitangira kugwira cyane,kuburyo bibwira ko mu myaka miriyoni 650 ishize,ubukoko
(Bacteries),Uruhumbu (Fungi),n'Urubobi (Algue) rwa rundi rumera ku bitare ariho
byadutse.Urwo rubobi n'ibindi byatsi byambere byabayeho nibyo byatumye umuntu n'ibindi
bikoko bishobora kubaho,kuko aribyo byatangiye gukora umwuka wa oxygene duhumeka.Ibyo
birunvikana nyine ko muri icyo gihe oxygene yari nkeya cyane ku isi,kubera bya birunga
byirirwaga byaka umuriro hacumbekamo umwotsi wuzuyemo gaz
carbonique,ammonia,soufre,methane n'indi myuka y'uburozi itari gutuma hagira ikintu kizima
gishobora kubaho.Ubundi kandi nkuko amateka ya chimie abivuga,umuriro wose urya oxygene
ari nayo ituma waka.Ibyo birunga rero bimaze kuzima,oxygene nayo yariyongereye cyane bituma
ibintu byose bihumeka bishobora kubaho neza.
3 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

Ukuntu ibyatsi bikora oxygene duhumeka, nabyo ni ibindi byakomeje gushoberana.Ibyatsi

bitungwa n'umucyo w'izuba,gaz carbonique n'amazi bivana mu butaka yuzuyemo ubutare bwose
bikeneye.Ibyo byose rero icyatsi kirabivanga kikabikoramo isukari n'ibindi byokurya
bigitunze,gikoresheje umuti wacyo w'ingenzi cyane witwa "Chlorophylle." Uwo muti usa n'icyatsi
kibisi niwo maraso yacyo,kandi niwo utuma ibyatsi n’ibibabi byose bisa bityo.

Mu myambi y'umucyo w'izuba ya "Ultraviolet" harimo umuriro wa radioactivite nka wa wundi

kwa muganga bapimisha amagufwa, utuma mu kibabi habamo reaction chimique itera atomes za
oxygene n'iza carbone kumanyuka,kikazikoramo ibyokurya. Uwo mwuka wa gaz carbonique niwo
ibintu byose bizima bisohora iyo bihumetse,bikinjiza oxygene,kandi uremwe na atome imwe ya
carboni n'ebyiri za oxygene. Ubwo atomes za oxygene zimanyutse kuri carboni zifatanya n'iza
hydrogene na oxygene zikoze amazi yo mu gitaka, hakavamo isukari ikozwe muri atomes 6 za
carboni,12 za hydrogene na 6 za oxygene (C6 H12 O6) itunga icyo kimera,noneho oxygene isagutse
rero ikavamo ikwira mu kirere tukayihumeka.Ibyatsi bimaze kugwira nyine,birunvikana ko
oxygene nayo yagwiriye cyane, ibintu byose biyihumeka birushaho kugwira bikwira mu isi yose.

Ubwo bukoko bwambere bwadutse kw'isi bwakomeje guhindahinduka bikurikije amateka ya

evolution,cyane cyane bitewe n'uko harushagaho kuba heza bugashobora kubaho nta
ngorane.Kuva aho rero ngo bwakomeje kwihinduriza haza kuvukamo inkende nazo nyuma
zihindukamo umuntu wambere abantu bakomokaho.

Umuntu wambere wari umeze nka za sokomutu,ngo abantu bose bakomokaho,yabayeho hirya
y'imyaka miriyoni eshatu n'igice,kandi ngo yari atuye mu bice bimwe bya Afrika
nka:Kenya,Tanzaniya,Somariya,Etiyopiya n'Afrika y'epfo.Ibyo nyine byemezwa nuko bacukuyeyo
bakahasanga amagufwa y'abantu bibwira ko baba barabayeho hirya y'iyo myaka tuvuze.Ayo
magufwa rero iyo bayapimye basanga asa n'ay'abantu bameze nka za Sokomutu bagendaga benze
kwemarara,ariko kandi batandukanye n'umuntu wo muri iki gihe.

Muri ubwo bushakashatsi ariko icyashoberanye cyane kugeza ubu,nuko imhuguke zitiyunvisha
ukuntu izo nkende zabyaraga inkende zaje kubyara icyo kintu gisa n'umuntu abantu bose
bakomotseho.Ubwo mbese twabigereranya n'ihene yagira itya rimwe ikabyara inyana!! Ayo
mayobera niyo bita mu cyongereza "Missing Link," igihuza cyabuze gihuza umuntu na za
Sokomutu zamubyaye.

Iyo ntekerezo yadukanywe n'imhuguke y'umwongereza witwaga Charles Darwin, wavutse mu

mwaka wa 1809,ariko hariho n'abandi bari bahuje nawe izo ntekerezo,akaba gusa ariwe wambere
wabyanditseho mu buryo busobanutse bihagije. Uwo mukurambere twunva ko akiri mu mashuri
yihatiye kwiga inyigisho za Biologie zibanda ku byerekeye ubugingo buzima, mw'ishuri ryiza cyane
rya Cambridge, riri mu ntara ya East Anglia mu Bwongereza.Mu mwaka wa 1833 yagiye muri
Amerika y'epfo, ahasanga ibikoko by'amoko yose bitandukanye n'ibyo yari azi iBuraya, yiyemeza
ko iryo tandukaniro ryatewe nuko byakomeje guhinduka kubera uturere dutandukanye byarimo
ariko mbere byose bikaba byarakomokaga hamwe.

Ibyo byose rero Darwin yarabyize asanga ko ari bimwe mu byemezo byemeza mu buryo
buhagije,ko ibintu byose bizima biboneka kw'isi byakomotse ku kintu kimwe nyuma biza
gukomeza guhindahinduka,uko imyaka yahitaga binakubitiyeho kandi ko byari mu turere
twitaruye.Ubwo kandi binahuje n'amateka agenga ibintu byose nkuko turibusobanure twigiye
imbere,avuga ko iryo hindahinduka rizakomeza ntihagire igishobora kurihagarika.Ibyo byose
yabyanditse mu gitabo cye ctyitwa "Inkomoko y'amoko y'ibintu byose bizima" (Origin of
4 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

Species),nuko rero kimaze gusohoka induru ziravuga,ngo Darwin yavuze ko umwami

w'Abongereza yabyawe n'inkende!

Uwo muntu koko niwe wambere werekanye ko sogokuruza w'abantu yavutse kuri za
sokomutu,nuko amaze kubyandika baramufata bamujyana mu rukiko ngo bamufungishe, kubera
izo ntekerezo nshyashya yari yadukanye.Kugirango izo mhaka zishire,inama nkuru y'igihugu
yatumiye abanyamadini barwanyaga iyo ntekerezo ya Darwin, n'imhuguke zindi zari
zimushyigikiye ngo urwo rubanza rucibwe birangire,ariko kugeza n'ubu rwabuze gica!

INTEKEREZO YO KUREMA (Kurema ikintu gishya kitari gisanzweho).

Intekerezo yo kurema yadukanywe n'abanyamadini batwigisha ko twaremwe na Mungu,ari nawe
waremye ijuru n'isi n'ibindi bintu byose bihaboneka.Uwo mugani w'ukuntu Imana yaremye ijuru
n'isi byenda guhwana mu madini yose,ariko gatigisimu z'amadini ya gikirisitu nizo zabiciyemo
umugani mwiza,kandi uwakwifuza kuwusoma wose yawusanga mu gitabo cyambere cya Bibiriya
bita Itangiriro (Genese/Genesis).

Izo ntekerezo zombi kugeza ubu ziracyapigana,kubera ko nko mu bihugu byakoronijwe n'amadini
ya gikirisitu barwanya intekerezo za evolution,naho mu bihugu bindi byinshi n'ibya gikomunisiti
bagahakana ko Mungu ataremye ijuru n'isi mu cyumweru kimwe nkuko Abakirisitu
babitubwira.Ubyitegereje icyakora usanga ko umunyabwenge hariho hamwe yenda gutsindira
umunyedini muri urwo rubanza.Abanyabwenge bagira bati:twebwe dukora ubugenzuzi kandi
tukagerageza gusobanura dutanga ibihamya byemeza ko ibyo tuvuga ari iby'ukuri,naho
umunyedini we ntabwo ashobora kugishwa imhaka kuko ngo ibyo ari sakirirego! Ibyo ndetse
byazanye ingorane cyane mu bapadiri bambere babanje kugera mu Rwanda,aho bagiye hose
bagahora bagerageza kubabaza no gusiganuza aho inyigisho n'intekerezo zabo zari
zishingiye,abapadiri niko guhimba Abatutsi "religious imbeciles," (ibigoryi kw'idini) kuko ngo
bari baravutse ari abahakanyi badashobora kwemera inyigisho za kiriziya.Kubaza ariko ubundi si
ukuyoba.

Umutwa Padiri ngo yigeze kumubaza ati: "Se wa Yezu ninde?" Umutwa ati:"Nanjye binyobere
Padiri!!" Ibyo niba koko byarabaye cyangwase ari urwenya rwa kinyarwanda,icyo bishaka kuvuga
nuko hari byinshi mu nyigisho za kiriziya byari bikeneye gusobanurwa ariko ntihagire
uwemererwa kubibaza,kuko Padiri atari gushobora kubisobanura mu buryo buhagije.

Natwe rero inkomoko y'umuntu n'ibi byose tubona yaratuyobeye,ariko kubera amatsiko y'abantu
adashira,icyo kibazo kizahoraho mu gihe cyose abantu bazaba bakiriho.Padiri avuga ko twaremwe
na Mungu ariko nta gihamya abitangira.Umunyabwenge nawe kwerekana ko inkende zo
mw'ishyamba zabyaye umuntu byaramunaniye.Kugeza ubu nta munyorogoto twari twabona
uhindukamo isazi,cyangwase ngo injangwe ihinduke imbwa.Nikoko bagerageje gufata ubukoko
bumwe barabugaburira barabusasasira,barabworosa ngo barebe ko bwahinduka ariko
byarananiranye.Kugeza ubu nta gakoko na kamwe kari kahindukamo akandi ngo
tubyirebeshereza amaso yacu.

Abanyamadini bo bagira bati ntabwo tuzi ukuntu Mungu yaremye umuntu,kuko ngo uko yaremwe
ari ibanga n’ibitangaza ashobora gusobanurirwa gusa na roho mutagatifu.Ibyo ariko ntabwo
aribyo,kuko Imana ntigira ibanga nkuko bibeshya,kuko ntacyo ikeneye guhisha,kubera ko ariyo
yaremye byose,igashobora byose,igategeka byose,ikamenya byose, ikaba idakeneye rero kugira
5 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

ibanga.Ibyo bita ibanga ry'Imana uko bigaragara,ni ibyayoberanye kubera ubunebwe

bw’abantu,n'ibizira bindi bigirira binakubitiyeho ingoma mbi zategetse ibihugu byinshi zikabiheza
mu buhanya no mu bujiji,ibyo byose rero bikababuza gukoresha ubwenge Imana yabahaye uko
bungana kose,ngo bashakishe,bihugure, barusheho kumenya no gusobanukirwa.

Ibyo bitangaza by’uko ngo Imana zaremye ibi byose tubona imhuguke zirabihakana,zishingikirije kuri ya mateka
twavuze ahakana ko nta gitangaza gishobora kubaho,kuko bibaye bityo byaba biciye muri ayo mategeko avuga ko
nta kintu gishobora kuremwa cyangwase ngo kirimburwe burundu nkuko turibusobanure twigiye imbere. Imhamvu
ikintu bacyita igitangaza,nuko haba ntawuzi uko gikoze,uramutse rero ushoboye gusobanukirwa nuko gikoze
cyangwase gikora,wasanga nta gitangaza kirimo ndetse ugasanga byoroshye cyane.Ndibuka nkiri umwana nibaza
ukuntu radiyo ishobora kuvuga nk’umuntu ngasanga ari igitangaza.Maze guca akenge rero nkamenya uburyo radiyo
ikozwemo, ifata umuriro wa electricite ikawuhinduramo ijwi nk’iry’umuntu uvugiyemo,nasanze nta gitangaza
cyarimo.Ibyo kuremwa kw’ijuru n’isi nabyo ni uko,imhamvu biboneka nk’ibitangaza Imana zakoze,biterwa nuko
bitadasobanukiye neza.

Mu madini nk'irya Abahindu bo mu Buhindi no muri ba Buddhistes bo mu Bushinwa,Japani

Koreya,Vietnam n'ibindi bihugu byo muri Aziya bihereranye, bavuga ko umuntu iyo apfuye
ubugingo bwe buhindukamo undi muntu,nawe yapfa akongera agahindukamo uwundi,bityo
bityo.Abagaturika bo bavuga ko ngo umugaturika iyo apfuye yarakoze ibyiza roho ye ijya
mw'ijuru,yaba yarakoze ibibi ikajya ahantu bita muri "Purigatori" gucirwa urubanza, yatsinda
ikajya mw'ijuru,yatsindwa ikajya mu muriro w'iteka (enfer/hell).Abaporoso,Abadventiste n'abandi
Barokore ntabwo bemera purigatori, imwe mu ngingo zazanye ishwana ryabo na Kiriziya
Gatorika.

Abanyabwenge nabo ntabwo bari basobanura mu buryo buhagije ko inyigisho zabo zihakana ko
Mungu atariwe waturemye zivuga ukuri.Ibyo aribyo byose ariko,umunyabwenge we aricara
mukajya imhaka akagerageza kugusubiza mu buryo bwose bumushobokeye,ibyo avuga
bigusobanukiye cyangwase bitagusobanukiye ukumva ko ntacyo yaguhishe.Rimwe na rimwe
abanyabwenge baragereranya gusa,byashoboka bagatanga ibihamya byemeza ibyo bavuga,ariko
ingorane zihaboneka gusa nuko gusobanura nyinshi muri izo ntekerezo bigombera ubuhanga
bushingiye ku nyigisho za chimie,biologie,astronomie na physique n'izindi zigishwa mu mashuri
yisumbuye cyane.

Muri izo nyigisho za Sciences harimo amateka agenga ibintu (physical laws) byose bibaho mu isi no
mu ijuru nkuko twakomeje kuvuga,amwe muri ayo akaba ariyo atuma isi yacu izenguruka
izuba,agatuma amazi atemba ajya epfo,yashyuha ntiyibagirwe iwabo wa mbeho,bukira
bugacya,n'ibindi nk'ibyo.

AYO MATEKA AGENGA IBINTU BYOSE IGIHE CYOSE,AHANTU HOSE MU BURYO

BUHWANYE,KANDI TUZAKOMEZA KUYAGARUKAHO TUYITABAZA NGO
TUYASOBANUZE BIMWE MU BYAKOMEJE GUSHOBERA UMUNTU KUVA AGITANGIRA
KWADUKA KURI IYI SI.GUSOBANUKIRWA N'AYO MATEKA NO KUMENYA
KUYAKORESHA,NIKO KURI NYAKO (SCIENTIFIQUE) KWIMUTSAGA IBINYOMA KU
NTEBE,KANDI UBWO BURYA NIBWO BWENGE NYABWENGE.

Rimwe muri ayo mateka mu nyigisho za chimie ritubwira ko "NTAWUSHOBORA KUREMA

IKINTU AKIVANYE MU BUSA,cyangwase KUKIVANAHO UKAKIRIMBURA BURUNDU." Mu
cyongereza babivuga ngo: "Matter cannot be created nor destroyed.” Ubwo ufashe atome
ukagerageza kuyimenagura ngo uyivaneho ntabwo byagushobokera.Biramutse bigushobokeye
6 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

ukoresheje umuriro mwinshi cyane,uduce tuyiremye wamennye, twakongera tukifatanya tukavamo

ibindi bintu ugasanga rero wikojeje ubusa.

Reka rero hano dukoreshe iryo teka turebe ukuntu Imana yaremye ijuru n'ibindi byose nkuko
babivuga, n'ukuntu imhuguke nyinshi zibihakana.Bwambere twibuke ko hariho itandukaniro
rinini cyane hagati yo kurema (creer/create) no gukora (fabriquer/make).Kurema ni uguhanga
cyangwase gushyiraho ikintu gishyashya kitari gisanzweho,kandi gikozwe mu busa kidakozwe mu
bintu byari bisanzeweho.

Ibintu byose biboneka hano ku isi byari bihasanzwe bihamaze imyaka n'imyaka,kandi biremwe
n'ibintu (elements) 103.Ibyo bintu nanone imhuguke zashoboye kubyiga mu buryo
buhagije,zisanga ko byari biriho cyera cyane kurusha uko Abakirisitu babivuga,ko umuntu ndetse
n'isi n'ijuru byaremwe mu gihe kitarenze imyaka 6000.Mu Kinyarwanda cyoroshye,reka
tugerageze gusobanura ukuntu iryo pima ryakozwe rikerekana ko ijuru n'isi ari bikuru cyane
kurenza iyo imyaka 6000.

Muri ibyo bintu 103 bishingiyeho buri kintu cyose harimo ibitandukanyeho gatoya,ariko bihujije
ubwoko muri chimie bita isotope.Imwe muri za isotopes nk’izo ni iyo bita :carbon-14 (radiocarbone
)ikoreshwa gupima ubukuru bw'ibintu byabayeho cyera cyane.Isotopes zigira umuriro wa
radioctivite,wakishwa n'amwe muri ya mateka agenga ibintu byose nkuko twasobanuye
mbere.Imhuguke zashoboye gupima zisanga ko uwo muriro waka buhoro buhoro kugeza igihe
uzazimira,nka carboni ya 14 igahinduka carboni isanzwe,isotopes za uraniyumu zigahindukamo
ubutare bwa plomb/lead bakoramo za batiri z'imodoka n'amasasu ya za Kamaramhaka.Igihe uwo
muriro utangirira kwaka n'igihe uzimira cyashoboye gupimwa, basanga kidahinduka,kandi
n'ukuntu ugenda ugabanuka nabyo ntibihinduka.

Ukuntu isotopes zihinduka biterwa nuko uduce tuziremye dukomeza gushirira/kuvunguka(to

decay) buhoro bohoro, kandi igihe gishira ngo kimwe cya kabiri cya isotope zibe zarashiririye,
muri Physique nicyo bita "Half-life." Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko ufashe ikiro cya carboni ya 14
ukakibika,nyuma hashira imyaka 5,680 wasanga ko hasigaye inusu yacyo iyindi yarahindutsemo
carboni isanzwe nk'iyo bakoramo amakaramu y'ibiti.

Mu mwaka wa 1940,niho ubwo bugenzuzi bwavumbuwe n'umwarimu mukuru witwaga Dr.Willard

F.Libby wigishaga Physique muri Universite nkuru ya Chicago mu ntara ya Illinois
(USA),bumuhesha igihembo cya Nobel muri Chimie mu mwaka wa 1960.Carboni ya 14 ikorerwa
mu kirere igihe imyambi y'izuba ya ultraviolet ikubitanye n'umwuka wa Azote (Nitrogen)
hakavamo Hydrogene na Carboni ya 14.Carboni ya 14 ubwo yivanga na gaz carbonique kuko
bifitanye isano,kandi mu kinyarwanda ibisa birasabirana bikurikije ayo mateka abigenga.

Nkuko twasobanuye mbere,iyo duhumetse dusohora gaz carbonique tukinjiza oxygene,naho ibyatsi
n'ibiti bikinjiza gaz carbonique,bigasohora oxygene.Ubwo nyine niyo mhanvu abashinzwe kurinda
no guhagarikira ibituzengurutse (environement) baduhatira gutera ibiti byinshi,kuko aho bigwiriye
umwuka wa oxygene nawo urahagwira, ukazana umuze muke mu bantu.

Igihe umuntu ariye imbwija n'isogeri na dodo n'imboga zindi,harimo carboni ya 14 iri muri
carboni zihumeka,kandi mu mubiri w'umuntu iboneka cyane cyane mu magufwa.Imhuguke rero
iyo zifashe nk'amagufwa y'umuntu wapfuye cyera cyane ngo zimenye igihe yapfiriye,zipimamo ya
carboni ya 14 zagereranya zikamenya igihe yapfiriye.Umuntu wapfuye cyera,mu magufwa ye
7 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

basangamo carboni ya 14 nkeya kurusha uwapfuye vuba,kuko irushaho kugabanukamo uko ibihe
bihita.

Uretse gupimisha carboni ya 14,ubu hari ibipimisho bindi bakoresha bakamenya igihe ibintu
n'abantu babereyeho mu myaka yo hambere cyane.Gukoresha carboni ya 14 birakoreshwa kugeza
nko mu myaka 40,000 ishize,ariko ibya cyera cyane kurenza aho,bipimishwa Fluorine na
Uranium.Fluorine kimwe na carboni ya 14,ipimishwa cyane cyane ku magufwa y'ibintu
byarenzweho n'igitaka,naho Uranium igapimishwa amabuye n'ibitare ndetse bavana no ku
kwezi,bimaze imyaka myinshi irenga za miriyoni.

Fluorine iboneka mu mubiri ni nke cyane kuberako ari uburozi burya buri kintu cyose.Igihe rero
umuntu apfuye bakamuhamba,ubwo fluorine yo mu gitaka igwira mu magufwa ye kurusha
iboneka mu y'umuntu muzima.Ibyo rero imhuguke zarabikoresheje,zishobora gutandukanya
amagufwa y'abantu n'ibikoko byapfuye vuba n'ibyapfuye cyera,kuko nk'umuntu uwapfuye cyera
amagufwa ye yuzuramo fluorine nyinshi kurusha uwapfuye mu myaka ya vuba.

Fluorine ni umwuka wenda gusa n'umuhondo uboneka mu butare uvanzemo,kuberako ugira

imbaraga cyane (reaction chimique),ukarya hafi ya buri kintu cyose ukozeho.Florine bayikoramo
umuti bogesha amenyo nka za Colgate,kuko bibwirako ngo uyabuza kubora.Icyakora kugeza ubu
hariho imhuguke zimwe zibwira ko uwo muti udakwiye gukoreshwa,kuko uretse ko ari
uburozi,ngo ntacyo umariye amenyo na gito,bo bakavuga ko imiti yindi imeze nk'isabune n'utundi
tumeze nk'utumonyi tuba muri za colgate aribyo biyoza.

Ubundi fluorine bayikoramo imiti yo kwica ubukoko (insecticides), gutunganya Uranium

bakoresha muri za bombes za atomike, mu mwuka ukonjesha za frigo no kwandika ku
birahure.Nkuko twavuze mbere, ufashe ikiro cya carboni ya 14 ukakibika, byatwara imyaka 5,680
kugirango igice cyayo kizabe cyashiririye cyahindutsemo carboni isanzwe.Ukoresheje uranium,
wasanga ko kugirango igice cyayo kizashirire kizahindukemo ubutere bwa plomb,bizagutwara
imyaka itari hasi ya miriyari enye n'igice (4,500,000,000).Plomb ni ubutare buba bwarashizemo
umuriro wa radioctivite bakabukoramo za batiri z’imodoka,n’amasasu ya za kamaramhaka
(Kalashnikov).

Bikurikije rero ukuntu uranium na plomb bingana ku isi,basanze ko igice kimwe cya uranium
cyahindutsemo plomb,bikaba nyine byaratwaye imyaka itari hasi ya 4,500,000,000.Ubwo rwose ngo
nibwo bukuru bw'isi n'andi masi n'izuba riyamurikira, kandi bigahakana ko Imana y'abakirisitu
itaremye ijuru n'isi mu myaka 6000 ishize.Mu kinyarwanda cyoroshye,ubwo ni nko gukora mu
ziko ugasanga ivu rigishyushye nubwo umuriro wazimye,ukamenya ko iyo nzu yari irimo abantu
kuko uwo muriro utari kwicana ubwawo.

Ku byerekeye ijuru n'igihe ryaremewe nabyo ni uko,ntabwo ryaremwe ku munsi wa kane

w'icyumweru cyo kurema mu myaka 6000 ishize nkuko abakirisitu babitubwira.Ukoresheje
Teleskopi ukareba ku mhera y'ijuru,usanga hari urugendo rw'imyaka y'umucyo miriyari hafi 12
kugeza kuri 20, bikurikije rero ya mateka agenga ibintu byose avuga ko umucyo ugenda
ibirometero 300 mw'isegonde,kugirango umucyo w'inyenyeri uvuye ku mhera y'ijuru uzatugereho,
bigomba kuba byarawutwaye imyaka itari hasi ya miriyari 12-20.

Iyo myaka rero ifatwa nkaho aribwo bukuru bw'ijuru, kuko nta buryo mu myaka 6000 umucyo
wari kugenda ahantu hari urigendo rwagombaga kuwutwara imyaka irenga miriyari zingana
zityo.Ibyo ntibyashoboka.Kuva ijuru ryaremwa,ibiririmo byose byakomeje gukwirwa imishwaro
8 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

bitagarana,byuzura mu kirere cyose gipimye uburebure bwahuranije burenga ahantu umucyo

ugenda imyaka miriyari irenga 12 kuva ku mhera y'ijuru kugera ku yindi.Uko niko ijuru rireshya
kandi ni nabwo bukuru bwaryo.

INTEKEREZO YA EVOLUTION IMHUGUKE ZIMWE

NTIZIRAYEMERA
Icyakora nubwo izo nyigisho za evolution zakwiriye cyane kandi zikemerwa mw'isi yose,
ziracyarimo ingorane nyinshi.Imhuguke zimwe zakomeje gutanga bimwe mu byemezo nyabyo
bigerageza kubeshyuza no gusiganuza zimwe mu ntekerezo za evolution bakanahakana ndetse ko
itari gushobora kubaho.Benshi muri bo bemeza ku mugaragaro bakoresheje kwa kuri gacaca, ko
iryo hindahinduka ritabayeho,ariko kandi bagahakana nanone, ko Imana y'Abakirisitu itari
gushobora kurema isi n'ijuru mu cyumweru kimwe gusa nkuko tubyunva muri gatigisimu.

Bimwe mu byitegererezo bashoboye gutanga bahakanya izo nyigisho,ni ku byerekeye amaraso

aboneka mu muntu,mu nyamaswa ndetse no mu byatsi,mu buryo bwa chimie aremwe n'urugingo
rumwe rufite atome y'ingenzi rushingiyeho. Mu maraso y'umuntu n'ay'inyamaswa zimwe urwo
rugingo ruyaremye ni "Hemoglobine," rugizwe n'atome y'icyuma kiyatera gutukura no kuyafasha
kwakira no gutwara oxygene amaraso agemurira umubiri wose.Urugingo ruremye amaraso
y'ibijonjogoro bimwe biboneka mu nyanja ruremwe n'atome y'ubutare bw'umuringa,naho amazi
ya chlorophylle aboneka mu byatsi ashingiye kuri atome y'ubutare bwa magnesium.

Abazobereye mu nyigisho za evolution rero batubwira ko ibintu byambere byabanje kwaduka ku

isi byari ibyatsi,nyuma rero bakurikije ya mateka ya rya hindahinduka ngo ibyo byatsi byatangiye
guhindukamo udukoko twambere,natwo duhindukamo ibikoko bindi byaje kubyara umuntu.

Dukurikije ayo mateka agenga ibintu byose rero, ICYUMA GIHORA ARI ICYUMA,UMURINGA
UGAHORA ARI UMURINGA,MAGNESIUM NAYO IGAHORA ARI MAGNESIUM.Ibiramambu
rero,za mhuguke zitubwira ko icyatsi cyahindutsemo ikijonjogoro,ikijonjogoro nacyo
kigahindukamo igikeri,ibyo kugirango bishoboke,atome twavuze ziremye amaraso yabyo
zagombaga kubanza guhinduka,bikaba rero binyuranije n'ayo mateka bishingikirizaho.NIBA
ICYUMA KIDASHOBORA GUHINDUKAMO UMURINGA,CYANGWASE NGO UMURINGA
UHINDUKEMO MAGNESIUM, ICYATSI NACYO NTICYARI GUSHOBORA
GUHINDUKAMO IKIJONJOGORO,CYANGWASE NGO IKIJONJOGORO GIHINDUKEMO
IGIKERI.IBYO RERO NIBA BIDASHOBOKA,EVOLUTION NAYO NTIYARI GUSHOBORA
KUBAHO.Ngayo amwe mu mayobera ya evolution kandi kugeza ubu ntawari washobora
kuyasobanura!!

IBINTU BYO MW'ISHYAMBA

(HOMINIDES) NGO ABANTU BAKOMOKAHO.

Imhuguke zazobereye mu nyigisho zibanda ku bintu byose bizima byabayeho kw'isi mbere cyane
(Paleontologie),zitubwira ko umuntu wambere wabyawe na za Sokomutu ari we abantu bose
bakomokaho,ngo yabayeho mu myaka miriyoni eshatu ishize.Igituma ubu benshi bamaze
9 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

kwiyemeza ko inkende zabyaye umuntu koko,nuko bapimye bagasanga amaraso yazo n'ay'
umuntu bihwanye cyane kugeza kuri 98% zose!!

NTA BURYO IMANA YARI KUREMA UMUNTU IKAMUHA AMARASO AHWANYE N'AYA ZA
SOKOMUTU. IBYO NI AMAKOSA KANDI IMANA NTIKORA AMAKOSA.KUGIRANGO
AMARASO Y'UMUNTU N'AYA ZA SOKOMUTU AHWANE BIGEZE AHO,BYATEWE GUSA
NUKO UMUNTU N'INKENDE BYAKOMOTSE KU KINTU KIMWE. Uku ni ukuri kutagishwa
imhaka.

Mu mwaka wa 1974,hari amagufwa ya cyera cyane bataburuye muri Etiyopiya,basanga ngo yari
ay'umukecuru wari umeze nka za sokomutu baje kwita Lucy, witiriwe imbyino y'abaririmbyi bo
mu Bwongereza bitwaga: "Beatles." Uwo mukecuru ngo yabayeho hirya y'imyaka miriyoni eshatu
n'igice ishize. Abana be bamukomotseho ndetse nawe ubwe,nibo bitiriye "Australopithecus
Afarensis" (Umuntu wa Afar). Iryo jambo "Afarensis" ryitiriwe intara yo muri Etiyopiya yitwa
"Afar,"aho bataburuye ayo magufwa,naho "Australopithecus" mu kiratini,rikavuga umuntu wo
mu majyepfo.

Ubwo rero hashize indi myaka miriyoni imwe,hadutse umwuzukuru w'uwo mukecuru ariko
bagatandukanaho gatoya,imhuguke niko kumwita "Australopithecus Robustus" (Umuntu
munini).Itandukaniro ryari hagati y'uwo Muntu munini na Lucy,nuko we ngo yagendaga
yemaraye ari na munini kurusha uwo mukecuru.

Hashize indi myaka miriyoni,nanone ngo hadutse undi muntu wari warakomotse kuri abo
bamubanjirije,ariko hakabaho ikintu cy'ingenzi yabarushaga.Uwo niwe muntu wambere wadutse
kw'isi wari uzi gukoresha ibikoresho bikozwe mu mabuye no mu biti,abanyabwenge bamuhimba
"Homo Habilis," mu kiratini bikavuga umufundi karuhariwe.

Ejobundi hirya y'imyaka 500,000 ishize, nanone hadutse uwundi imhuguke zahimbye "Homo
Erectus," bikavuga umuntu wemaraye rwose nkuko tumeze muri iki gihe,ariko ngo yari atari
yamenya kuvuga.Kuva icyo gihe rero hadutse abandi bantu basa naho badukiye icyarimwe mu
Buraya,muri Aziya no muri Afrika, baje kwitwa ba "Homo Sapiens" (Abantu bazi ubwenge).Abo
babaga mu mavumo bazi kuvuga no gushushanya,kandi ngo ni nabo bavumbuye uburyo bwo
gucana umuriro.Muri abo harimo "Umuntu wa Neandertal" witiriwe igisiza cyo mu Budage
cyitwa Neander kiri hafi y'umugi wa Dusseldorf,ngo wari ufite igihagararo cya metero imwe na
centimetero mirongo itanu n'eshanu (1m.55), ugasanga rero ntaho yari ataniye n'abandi bantu
bose bo muri iki gihe ku ngano,ku gihagararo no kw'ishusho.

Muri abo nanone harimo "Umuntu wa Cro-Magnon" wabaga mu majyepfo y'uBufransa hafi
y'umugi wa Bordeaux,undi bamusanze mu Bushinwa bamuhimba "Peking Man" (umuntu wa
Pekin),undi wabaga mu gihugu cya Indoneziya bamwita "Java Man" (umuntu wa Java),abandi
bakaba ngo bari batuye mu bice byinshi byo muri Afrika.Twebwe rero abantu bariho muri iki gihe
ngo tumaze imyaka ibihumbi cumi gusa,kuko nta kintu na kimwe bari bavumbura cyakozwe
n'umuntu wo muri iki gihe hirya y'iyo myaka.Ikintu cyashobeye imhuguke ariko kurusha ibindi
muri urwo ruhererekane,ni ukuntu abantu bo muri iki gihe baje gutandukana n'abo bose tuvuze
haruguru kuva kuri uwo mukecuru wo muri Etiyopiya witwaga Lucy.

Mu mwaka wa 1970 imhuguke zimwe zatangiye kwitegereza bimwe mu bihanga nandi magufwa
byakoreshwaga muri ubwo bushakashatsi kw'isano ry'izo nkende n'umuntu,bo bakibwira ko bitari
iby'abantu,wenda ngo bigashobora kuba byari iby'inkende bitiranije.Izo mhaka zatangiwe
10 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

n'abanyeshuri babiri bigaga mw'ishuri rikuru rya Berkeley,riri mu ntara ya Californiya

(USA).Ubwo bakoze ubugenzuzi bwabatwaye imyaka 17 yose,kugirango berekane ko izo mhuguke
zibeshye.Ibyo rero kugirango bibashobokere,bagombaga gutanga ibihamya bihagije,kuko izo
ntekerezo zivuga ko abantu bose bakomoka kuri sokomutu zari zaremewe zaramamaye cyane mu
mhuguke zose.

Abo banyeshuri batoranije ibihamya byo mu nyigisho za Genetique,bibanda cyane ku maraso

y'umurage umwana aragwa na se na nyina, bita DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), ADN mu
gifransa.Igice abo banyeshuri bakoresheje ni akagingo kamwe kitwa" Mitochondrial DNA,"
umwana aragwa na nyina kakagirwa n'igitsinagore gusa.

Ayo maraso rero kimwe n'ibintu byose nkuko twakomeje kuvuga birahindahinduka bikurikije ya
mateka abigenga byose.Hariho nanone ihindagurika ry'amaraso ndetse n'umubiri wose w'ibintu
byose bizima bita "Mutation,"riterwa ahanini no gusaza,indwara,ubumuga bundi,ndetse n’umucyo
w’izuba cyangwase umuriro wa radioctivite,bituma utugingo (cellules/cells) turemye ingingo zose
zawo duhora duhinduka.Iryo hindagurika (mutation) birumvikana nyine ko ariryo rizana
ihindahinduka (evolution),rigatuma ibintu byose bikomeza guhinduka.Ubwo iryo hindahinduka
ritabayeho ibintu byose byahora bimeze nkuko byakabaye kuva mbere ntibihinduke,umwana
agasa na se cyangwase nyina ntube washobora kubatandukanya.Iryo hindagurika kandi kugira
ngo ribeho nabyo ni ingenzi cyane,kuko ari icyemezo "scientifique" cyemeza ko evolution nayo
igomba kubaho kuko ari ryo riyitera.Ayo maraso y'umurage natwe turagwa n'abatubyaye,nayo
akomeza gusaza uko ibihe bihita,bigatera iryo hindagurika.Abo banyeshuri rero bamaze gupima
iryo hindagurika (mutation), basanze ko ngo umuntu wambere yabayeho bitarenze hirya y'imyaka
200,000.

Ubwo bugenzuzi ukuntu babukoze,bafashe imisatsi n'imira y'abagore bo mu bice byose byo
mw'isi,nuko barabipima ngo bagereranye barebe ukuntu utwo tugingo two mu maraso yabo
twakomeje guhindahinduka.Iyo mira n'iyo misatsi bamaze kubipima,basanze ko abo batega-rugori
bo mu turere dutandukanye amaraso yabo yahindahindutse mu buryo
butandukanye,ay'abanyafrika akaba yarahindutse cyane kurusha aya bagenzi babo bo mu yandi
mahanga.Ibyo rero byabaye icyemezo kindi "scientifique," nanone cyemeza ko umunyafrika-kazi
yabayeho mbere y'abandi bagore,abantu bose bakaba ariwe ngo bakomotseho.

Ibi byo ubu ndetse bimaze kwemerwa n’imhuguke zose mu buryo butagishwa imhaka,ko amaraso
y’Abanyafrika yagize za mutations nyinshi kurusha abandi,kikaba icyemezo cy’uko amaraso yabo
ariyo makuru kurusha abandi bantu ku isi.Ubwo ndetse ngo basanze ko ba bantu bo mu butayu
bwa Kalahari mu majyepfo y’Afrika bita ba Bushmen (abantu bo mu bihuru nkuko abazungu
babatuka) aribo bafite amaraso yahindutse cyane,bikemeza rero ko ngo aribo bantu bambere
badutse ku isi abandi bose bakaba aribo bakomokaho. Kuva aho rero ngo ababakomotseho
bazamukiye mu bice bigana haruguru muri Afrika,bageze muri Etiyopiya barambuka basuhukira
mu bihugu by’Abarabu,bamwe bavayo berekera iBuraya,abandi barakomeza bagana muri Aziya
na Australiya,abandi barakomeza bkwira mu birwa byo mu nyanja ya Pacifique iri hagati y’Aziya
n’Amerika,abandi barambuka batura muri Amerika y’epfo n’iya ruguru.Abo nibo Abazungu bita
ba peaux rouges.

Ibi rero biragaragara ko bitandukanye n'inyigisho za gikirisitu zivuga ko Imana yaremye isi mu
myaka 6000 ishize,ariko kandi bikanatandukana cyane na byabindi bya evolution bitubwira ko
nyogokuruza w'abantu bose yabayeho hirya y'imyaka miriyoni eshatu n'igice,akomotse kuri za
nkende.
11 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

Kuri iyi ntekerezo hari ingorane imwe gusa yakomeje kuruhanya kandi bigasa naho bizatwara gihe
kirekire kugirango izabonerwe ibihamya bihagije byo kuyishyigikira.Uburyo utwo tugingo
twapimwe buragoye cyane kandi imhuguke zimwe ntizirabwemera neza,ubundi kandi zikavuga ko
bibaye aribyo koko,iryo hindagurika (mutation) rishobora kuba ryaratewe n'indwara n'izindi
mhanvu zatumye amaraso y'umugore wo muri Afrika ahinduka cyane kurusha abandi bagenzi be
bo mu bindi bice.

Si ugushidikanya rero iyi ntekerezo izashobora gutangirwa ibihamya bihagije mu myaka mike iri
imbere,urwo rubanza rucibwe birangire.Ubu ndetse bimaze kwemerwa neza neza,ko umuntu
wambere watubyaye twese yari atuye muri Afrika,igisigaye gusa kikaba gushyiraho igihe
yahagereye.

Ariko kandi ikibabaje ni ukubona ukuntu abanyamadini n'abanyabwenge bakirwana bapfa izi
mhaka, kubera ko twese tudasobanukiwe bihagije. Albert Einstein,umwe mu mhuguke mu nyigisho
za physique yabivuzeho neza ati: “Science idakoresha idini ni imhumyi,naho idini ridakoresha
science ni ikimuga.” Icyiza rero ni uko bose bafatanya bakagerageza kwigira hamwe ibyo
bibazo,kuko bose icyifuzo cyabo ari ukumenya ukuri. Science n'Idini byavutse imhanga, bibyawe
n'inyota idashira iboneka muri kamere ya buri muntu imutera guharanira kumenya no
gusobanukirwa,ikanaba ariyo imugira umuntu nya muntu,kuko nta muntu muzima utagira
amatsiko.Science itwigisha kujijuka,kumenya no gusobanukirwa mu buryo bwose bushobotse,
naho idini rikatwigisha kwicisha bugufi no kwizera,kandi rikatuzanira ihumure n'ibyiringiro.

Ibintu byose biboneka mw'ijuru na hano kw'isi witegereje neza ukuntu bikoze nuko bikora,ku
ruhande rumwe usanga ko byose byaremwe kuri gahunda y’iyo Mana abanyamadini
batubwira,ariko nanone ukurikije uko abanyabwenge babisobanura,bishobora kuba
byaribeshejeho nkuko ayo mateka nanone abyemera.Ibyo kugirango bidusobanukire mu nzira
yoroshye,reka dushishoze muri izi ngingo zikurikira,dusuzume ukuntu ijuru n’isi (univers) biteye
neza cyane,bikenda kuvuga ko byashyizweho n'Imana bikurikije uko yariteguye cyangwase
yarigennye.

Dukurikije ya mateka agenga ibintu byose,dore ukuntu byinshi mu bintu bibaho biremye ku
rugero ruringaniye cyane,iyo bitaba bityo n'iryo juru rikaba ritari kubaho,bikerekana rero ko
bigomba kuba byararemwe bitaribeshejeho gusa mu buryo bwa "accident" nkuko imhuguke
zibitubwira.Ubundi kandi niba hariho amateka ibintu byose bikurikiza kandi bigenderaho,ni
ukuvuga ko hagomba kuba hanariho uwayashyizeho,kuko atari kwishyiraho,cyangwase ngo ibintu
byibeshejeho bityo gusa nyuma bikiyemeza kuyakurikiza kandi ntaho ahuriye nabyo.

1.Ubwihute bw'umucyo (ibirometero 300 mw'isegonde).

-Iyo uza kwihuta biruseho,umucyo w'izuba wari kutumena amaso.

-Iyo uza kugenda buhoro,ntabwo wari kugaragara ngo ushobore kubonesha
neza bihagije.

2.Ubukuru bw'ijuru (univers)

-Iyo riza kuba rikiri rito,nta nyenyeri zari kubaho kuko hari kuba hatari
hakonja bihagije ngo inyenyeri n'amasi (planetes) yazo byaduke.
12 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

-Iyo riza kuba rikuru cyane,inyenyeri nyinshi ziba zarashiririye,n'iri zuba

ryacu ryari kuba ritakiriho.

3.Ingano (ratio) ya carboni (0.33%) na oxygene (20%) ku isi.

-Iyo gaz carbonique iza kuba nyinshi birenzeho, ntihari kubaho oxygene ihagije.

-Iyo Oxygene iza kuba nyinshi birengeje,carboni yari kuba nkeya cyane nayo,kandi bintu
byose byari gufatwa n'umuriro vuba bigashya,kuko oxygene ariyo itera ibintu kwaka.Nk'ubwo
izuba rya mu gitondo ku gasusuruko ryari gutwika inzu cyangwase umuriro waryo wari gutwika
ibintu byose bigakongoka.

4.Kuva ku zuba kugera hano ku isi.

-Iyo haza kuba hafi cyane,ubushyuhe bwari kutumara n'ibindi bintu byose
biriho.

-Iyo izuba riza kuba kure birenze,nanone imbeho yari kutwica.

5.Guhengama kw'Isi (burya irahengamye).

-Iyo isi yacu idahengama, nta bihe by'umwaka nk'umuhindo n'imheshyi

byari kubaho.

-Iyo iza guhengama cyane,imbeho n'ubushyuhe mu bice bimwe byari kurenza

urugero.

6. Kwizunguruka kw'isi (mouvement de rotation).

-Iyo isi yizunguriza buhoro,amanywa n'ijoro byari kurushaho kuba

birebire,ku manywa hagashyuha cyane kurushaho,ninjoro naho
hagakonja kurushaho.

- Iyo iza kwizunguriza vuba vuba,umuyaga n'umugaru byari kumara

buri kintu cyose kw'isi.

7.Kurutana kw'amazi n'ahumutse (ubutaka) :Ahari amazi haruta ahumutse inshuro 7

(water/continent ratio).

-Iyo inyanja,ingezi n'inzuzi ziza kuba nyinshi kurushaho,ibizima

byinshi biba ku butaka ntibyari kubaho.

-Iyo ahumutse haza kuruta cyane ahari amazi,nta mvura cyangwase

amazi ahagije byari kuboneka.

8.Amazi atemba ku isi.

Iyi si yacu yonyine mu masi azenguruka izuba,

niyo gusa iriho amazi atemba.Ku yandi masi haba amahindu kubera
13 UMWADUKO W’IBIZIMA BYOSE

ubukonje bwaho,ku yandi naho amazi yaratumutse ashirayo kubera ubushyuhe.

9.Ingano ya gravite hano ku isi.

-Iyo iza kuba nyinshi birenze,ikintu cyose cyari kugira uburemere burenzeho,n'umuntu ubwe
ntashobore no guhaguruka.

-Iyo iza kuba nke birenze, imvura n'ibicu byari gutumuka amazi agashira kw'isi.

10.Ubushyuhe n’ubukonje.

Isi yacu niyo yonyine ifite ubushyuhe bugereranije butuma umuntu n'ibindi
bintu bizima bishobora kuhaba.

Izi ni zimwe mu ngingo nkeya gusa zerekana amayobera menshi yakomeje gushobera
imhuguke,kuko iyo ushishoje usanga ko isi n'ijuru biremye neza cyane bisa naho byaremwe
bikurikije "Gahunda" uwabiremye yari yateguye bitaribeshejeho ubwabyo gusa.Mu yandi
magambo, ukuntu ijuru n'isi biteye kandi bikozwe mu buryo buhimbaje kandi butangaje
cyane,byerekana kandi byemeza ko Imana ariyo igomba kuba yarabiremye koko.Ikindi cy’ingenzi
kandi dukwiye kuzirikana,ni uko science n’idini byombi bishingiye ku kwizera,kuko abazobereye
mu bya evolution ntaho bari bashobora kwerekana uko injangwe ihindukamo imbwa.Umunyedini
nawe ntashobora gusobanura uko ikintu kiremwa kivuye mu busa.

Aho naho imhuguke ntabwo ibyo zibihakana, kubera ko zashobewe cyane n'ukuntu ibyo bintu
biriho mw'ijuru na hano kw'isi ku rugero ruringaniye cyane.Ibyo kandi si ku nyenyeri no ku masi
gusa,ahubwo nkuko twasobanuye, buri kintu cyose kizima cyangwase ikitari kizima iyo
ucyitegereje,ukuntu giteye,uko gikoze n'uko gikora,ni ibintu bidafite ubusobanuro.

Ibyo aribyo byose ni byiza gukomeza gukora ubushakashatsi muri izi nyigisho zose,kugirango
dushobore kwiga ukuntu ijuru n'isi biteye kuko bizadufasha kurushaho gusobanukirwa n'iyo
Mana y'abazungu turamya tutanayizi,kuko ibiremwa byose byerekana ko igomba kuba iriho
koko.Biteye ubwuzu cyane kurunguruka mw'ijuru urebeye muri za teleskope zireba kure cyane,
ukabona ukuntu Imana y'iRwanda yatatse ijuru bikemeza neza neza ko igomba kuba ariyo
yariremye koko.

Ubushakashatsi bwerekeye ijuru (Observatoire Astronomique) ubu natwe turabukeneye cyane mu

Rwanda rwacu,kandi ibyuma biyikoreshwamo twabyigurira,kuko bitakigombeye umuzungu wo
kuza kubidukorera nkuko bari baratumenyereje uRwanda rutari rwabohozwa burundu.Ubundi
kandi wa mugani w'Abarusiya,turagirango natwe tuzashobore kwirebera muri iryo juru
abakirisitu bakomeje kutubwira,tumenye niba iyo mana yabo ibayo koko.

Nubwo ubwenge bwagwiriye cyane mu bihugu bikize nkuko bigaragara,icyo kibazo cyakomeje
gushobera umuntu kuva agitangira kwaduka kuri iyi si,kugeza ubu ntabwo cyari cyasubizwa mu
buryo buhagije.Uko twibwira ko turushaho gusobanukirwa,ni nako turushaho gushoberwa,kugeza
ubu tukaba tutari twamenya inkomoko y'umuntu,aho yaturutse,aho yanyuze,icyamuzanye,uko
yaje n'amaherezo ye.

Umutwa we rero ati: "Ariko ibyo mutazi mwabyihoreye icyo mubishakaho ni iki??"