Offense States with Max States with Max

(RCCA Max Penalty) Lower than RCCA Same as or Within 3 Years of RCCA
Armed Carjacking Alaska – 20 years1 Massachusetts – 20 years8 Delaware – 25 years15
2
(24 years) Arizona – 10 years Minnesota – 20 years9 Hawaii – 25 years16
Note: armed robbery (or a California – 19 years3 New Hampshire – 20 years10 Iowa – 25 years17
4
similar offense) was used as Connecticut – 23 years New Mexico – 9 years11 New York – 25 years18
a comparison for states that Georgia – 20 years5 North Carolina – 13.3 years12 South Dakota – 25 years19
6
do not have a standalone Kansas – 20.5 years North Dakota – 10 years13
carjacking statute. See Kentucky – 20 years7 Ohio – 16.5 years14
endnotes.
Arizona – 10 years20 North Dakota – 10 years23 Alaska – 20 years25 New Hampshire – 20 years31
New Mexico – 9 years21 Ohio – 16.5 years24 Connecticut – 20 years26 New Jersey – 20 years32
Armed Robbery North Carolina – 13.3 Kansas – 20.5 years27 Pennsylvania – no armed
(20 years) years22 Kentucky – 20 years28 enhancement in statute, 20
Maryland – 20 years29 years33
Minnesota – 20 years30
Arizona – 3.75 years34 Kentucky – 10 years44 Alaska – 20 years55
California – 9 years35 Massachusetts – 15 years45 Louisiana – 20 years56
Unarmed Carjacking
Colorado – 6 years36 Mississippi – 15 years46 Minnesota – 20 years57
(18 years)
Connecticut – 13 years37 Nevada –15 years47 Pennsylvania – 20 years58
Delaware – 8 years in New Hampshire – 15 years48
Note: unarmed robbery (or
some cases; 5 years in New Mexico – 3 years49
a similar offense) was used
others38 North Carolina – 31 months50
as a comparison for states
Georgia – 10 years39 North Dakota – 10 years51
that do not have a
Hawaii – 10 years40 Ohio – 16.5 years52
standalone carjacking
Illinois – 15 years41 Oregon – 5 years53
statute. See endnotes.
Iowa – 10 years42 Tennessee – 12 years54
Kansas – 11.3 years43
Arizona – 3.75 years59 Minnesota – 10 years67 Maryland – 15 years74
Colorado – 6 years60 New Hampshire – 15 years68 Michigan – 15 years75
Connecticut – 10 years61 New Mexico – 3 years69 Mississippi – 15 years76
Unarmed Robbery Delaware – 5 years62 North Carolina – 33 months70 Nevada – 15 years77
(14 years) Hawaii – 10 years63 North Dakota – 10 years71 Ohio – 16.5 years78
Iowa – 10 years64 South Dakota – 10 years72
Kansas – 11.3 years65 Tennessee – 12 years73
Kentucky – 10 years66
 Offense States with Max States with Max
(RCCA Max Penalty) Lower than RCCA Same as or Within 3 Years of RCCA
Alabama – 10 year min79 New York – 15 year min84
Murder 1 Arkansas – 10 year min80 Texas – 5 year min85
(24 year mandatory Illinois – 20 year min81 Utah – 15 year min86
82
minimum) Kentucky – 20 year min Virginia – 20 year min87
Montana – 10 year min83
Arkansas – Treats felony murder as manslaughter – 10
Felony Murder years88
(24 years; Hawaii – abolished felony murder89
30 years with Kentucky – abolished felony murder90
aggravating factors) Michigan – abolished felony murder91

Alabama – 20 years92 Missouri – 15 years98

Arizona – 10 to 12.5 Nevada – 10 years99
Voluntary Manslaughter 93
years North Carolina – 13.33
(18 years; 94
Georgia – 20 years years100
24 years with 95
Idaho – 15 years Pennsylvania – 20 years101
aggravating factors) 96
Kansas – 20.5 years Vermont – 15 years102
Maryland - 10 years97 West Virginia – 15 years103
104
Colorado – 6 years North Carolina – 41 months109
Involuntary Manslaughter
Georgia – 10 years105 Ohio – 3 years110
(8 years, 106
Kansas – 10.5 years Pennsylvania – 10 years111
12 years with
Kentucky – 5 years107 South Dakota – 10 years112
aggravating factors) 108
Nevada – 4 years West Virginia – 1 year113
Arizona – 3 years114
Negligent Homicide Arkansas – 1 year misdemeanor115
(4 years) Colorado – 3 years116
Ohio – 1 year misdemeanor117
Burglary (1st degree, New Mexico – 9 years118 Nevada – 15 years while armed, 10 years unarmed.121
119
entering a dwelling) North Dakota – 10 years
(10 years, Wisconsin – 10 years120
12 years while armed)
Burglary (2nd degree, Maine – 5 years122
entering a building)
(4 years)
 Offense States with Max States with Max
(RCCA Max Penalty) Lower than RCCA Same as or Within 3 Years of RCCA
Sexual Assault (1st degree, Maine – 10 years123 Wisconsin – 25 years126
sexual intercourse by force New Jersey – 10 years124
or involuntary intoxication) Wyoming – 20 years125
(24 years, 30 years with
aggravating factors)
Sexual Assault (2nd degree, Maine – 10 years127
sexual intercourse with a South Carolina – 10 years128
physically or mentally West Virginia – 5 years129
incapacitated or
unconscious person)
(18 years, 24 years with
aggravating factors)
Sexual Assault (3rd degree, Pennsylvania – 5 years130
sexual contact by force) West Virginia – 5 years131
(8 years, 12 years with
aggravating factors)
Sexual Assault (4th degree, West Virginia – 12 months132
sexual contact with a
mentally incapacitated
person)
(4 years, 8 years with
aggravating factors)
Sexual Abuse by Maine – 6 months133
Exploitation (1st degree,
sexual intercourse with
secondary education
students under 20 years of
age)
(8 years)
Maine – 5 years134
Soliciting Sex from a
Minor Under 12 Years of
Age
(12 years)
 Offense States with Max States with Max
(RCCA Max Penalty) Lower than RCCA Same as or Within 3 Years of RCCA
Sexual Abuse of a Minor Indiana – 16 years135
(2nd degree, sexual Maine – misdemeanor or 5 years136
intercourse with a minor
under 16 years of age when
the actor is at least 4 years
older)
(18 years, 24 years with
aggravating factors)
Sexual Abuse of a Minor Nebraska – 3 years137
(5th degree; sexual contact Pennsylvania – 2 years138
with a minor under 16 years Washington – 5 years139
of age when the actor is at
least 4 years older)
(8 years, 12 years with
aggravating factors)
Arizona – 8.75 years140
st
Assault (1 degree, Florida – 5 years141
aka mayhem) Nevada – 10 years142
(12 years) Oklahoma – 10 years143

Assault (2nd degree, Arizona – 7 years144

aka Aggravated Assault) Nevada – 5 years145
(8 years, 12 years while North Carolina – 5.25 years146
armed) West Virginia – 10 years147
Assault on a Law Louisiana – 10 years148
Enforcement Officer
(2nd degree)
(12 years, 14 with
aggravating factors)
Maine – Misdemeanor149 South Carolina – 3 years153
Assault (3rd degree, aka
Nevada – Misdemeanor150
felony assault)
Wisconsin – 18 months151
(2 years, 4-8 years while
West Virginia – 12 months152
armed)
 Offense States with Max States with Max
(RCCA Max Penalty) Lower than RCCA Same as or Within 3 Years of RCCA
Trafficking in Forced Arizona – 10 years154
Labor Pennsylvania – 10 years155
(18 years) Colorado – 16 years156
Trafficking in Forced Colorado – 16 years157
Commercial Sex
(18 years)
Intimidation of a Witness Wisconsin – 3 years158
(8 years)
Intimidation of Victims of Wisconsin – 5 years159
Crimes
(8 years)

29 States with MPC-Style Revised Criminal Codes:

Alabama; Alaska; Arizona; Arkansas; Colorado; Connecticut; Delaware; Hawaii; Illinois; Indiana; Kansas; Kentucky; Maine; Minnesota; Missouri;
Montana; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; North Dakota; Ohio; Oregon; Pennsylvania; South Dakota; Tennessee; Texas; Utah;
Washington; Wisconsin

41 States that Guarantee Jury Trials when Defendant Faces Any Prison Time:
Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Actual sentencing practices and data are available from a number of states across the country, including from Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia,
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. The data
indicates that maximum penalties are rarely used and that the District’s truth-in-sentencing policy requiring at least 85% of a sentence to be served
would result in longer sentences than are seen in many states that permit parole much earlier.
1
Alaska Stat. Ann. §§ 11.41.500; 12.55.125(c). No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
2
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1904; 13-702. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
3
Cal. Penal Code §§ 215; 12022.53 (b).
4
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 53a-134; 53a-136a; 53a-35a. No carjacking statute, armed robbery of an occupied vehicle used as a comparison instead.
5
Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-44.1(c)(1). Carjacking offense named motor vehicle hijacking.
6
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5420. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
7
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 515.020; 532.060(2)(b). No carjacking statute, first degree robbery used as a comparison instead.
8
Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 265, § 21A.
9
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 609.245. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
10
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 636:1; 651:2. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
11
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 30-16-2; 31-18-15. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
12
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 14-87; § 15A-1340.17. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
13
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. §§ 12.1-22-01; 12.1-32-01. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead. If defendant uses a gun and actually fires the gun during
the crime, max is increased to 20 years.
14
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2911.01; 2929.14(a)(1)(a); 2929.144(B)(1). No carjacking statute, aggravated robbery used as a comparison instead.
15
Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, §§ 832; 4205(b)(2). No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
16
Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 708-840; 706-659. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
17
Iowa Code Ann. §§ 711.2; 902.9(b). No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
18
N.Y. Penal Law §§ 160.15; 70.00. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
19
S.D. Codified Laws §§ 22-30-7; 22-6-1. No carjacking statute, armed robbery used as a comparison instead.
20
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1904; 13-702.
21
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 30-16-2; 31-18-15.
22
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 14-87; § 15A-1340.17.
23
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. §§ 12.1-22-01; 12.1-32-01. If defendant uses a gun and actually fires the gun during the crime, max is increased to 20 years.
24
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2911.01; 2929.14(a)(1)(a); 2929.144(B)(1).
25
Alaska Stat. Ann. §§ 11.41.500; 12.55.125(c).
26
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 53a-134; 53a-35a.
27
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5420.
28
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 515.020; 532.060(2)(b). Using the penalty for 1st degree robbery as a comparison.
29
Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 3-403.
30
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 609.245.
31
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 636:1; 651:2.
32
N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:15-1; 2C:43-6.
33
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 3701.
34
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1902; 13-702. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead. Maximums penalty increase to 8.75 years if multiple persons
are involved in commission of the offense. 34 Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1903; 13-702.
35
Cal. Penal Code § 215.
36
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 18-4-301; 18-1.3-401. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
37
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 53a-135; 53a-136a; 53a-35a. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery of an occupied vehicle used as a comparison instead.
38
Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, §§ 831; 4205(b)(4) and (b)(5). No carjacking statute, motor vehicle subparagraph of robbery statute used as a comparison instead.
39
Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-44.1(c)(2). No carjacking statute, unarmed hijacking a motor vehicle used as a comparison instead.
40
Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 708-841; 706-660. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
41
720 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 5/18-3; 730 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 5/5-4.5-30. No carjacking statute, vehicular hijacking used as a comparison instead.
42
Iowa Code Ann. §§ 711.3; 902.9(c). No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
43
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5420. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
44
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 515.030; 532.060(2)(c). No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
45
Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 265, § 21A.
46
Miss. Code. Ann. § 97-3-117. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
47
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.380. No carjacking statute, robbery used as a comparison instead.
48
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 636:1; 651:2. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
49
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 30-16-2; 31-18-15. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
50
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§14-87.1; 15A-1340.17. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
51
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. §§ 12.1-22-01;12.1-32-01. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
52
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2911.01; 2929.14; 2929.144. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
53
Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 164.395; 161.605. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
54
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-404; 40-35-112 (a)(2).
55
Alaska Stat. Ann. §§ 11.41.500; 12.55.125. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
56
La. Stat. Ann. § 14:64.2 (B)(1).
57
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 609.24. No carjacking statute, unarmed robbery used as a comparison instead.
58
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 3702; 1103 (1).
59
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1902; 13-702. Maximums statutory penalty increases to 8.75 years if multiple persons are involved in commission of the offense. 59 Ariz. Rev. Stat.
Ann. §§ 13-1903; 13-702.
60
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 18-4-301; 18-1.3-401.
61
Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 53a-135; 53a-35a.
62
Del. Code Ann. tit. 11, §§ 831; 4205(b)(4) and (b)(5).
63
Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 708-841; 706-660.
64
Iowa Code Ann. §§ 711.3; 902.9(c)
65
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5420.
66
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 515.030; 532.060(2)(c).
67
Minn. Stat. Ann. § 609.24.
68
N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 636:1; 651:2.
69
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 30-16-2; 31-18-15.
70
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. §§ 14-87; § 15A-1340.17.
71
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. §§ 12.1-22-01; 12.1-32-01.
72
S.D. Codified Laws §§ 22-30-7; 22-6-1.
73
Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401; 40-35-112(a)(3).
74
Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 3-402.
75
Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 750.530.
76
Miss. Code. Ann. § 97-3-75.
77
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.380.
78
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 2911.02; 2929.14; 2929.144.
79
Ala. Code §§ 13A-5-6, 13A-6-2(c).
80
A.C.A. §§ 5-4-401(a)(1), 5-10-102(c)(1).
81
720 ILCS 5/5-4.5-20(a), 5/9-1(g).
82
KRS §§ 507.020(2), 532.030(1).
83
Mont. Code Ann. § 45-5-102. child
84
McKinney's Penal Law §§ 70.00(3)(a)(i), 125.25.
85
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02; § 12.32.
86
Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-203 (3)(a)(ii).
87
Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-32; Va. Code Ann. § 18.2-10.
88
Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-104. Felony murder is treated as manslaughter in Arkansas.
89
Haw. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 707-701; 707-701.5.
90
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 507.020.
91
People v. Aaron, 299 N.W.2d 304, 324 (Mich. 1980) (“Although there are no Michigan cases which specifically abrogate the felony-murder rule, there exists a number of
decisions of this Court which have significantly restricted the doctrine in Michigan and which lead us to conclude that the rule should be abolished.”).
92
Ala. Code § 13A-6-3; Ala. Code § 13A-5-6.
93
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1103; 13-702. Maximum statutory penalty increases to 12.5 years with aggravating factors.
94
Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-2.
95
Idaho Code Ann. §§ 18-4006; 18-4007.
96
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5404.
97
Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 2-207.
98
Mo. Ann. Stat. §§ 565.023; 558.011.
99
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.080.
100
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 14-18.
101
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2503; 18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 106.
102
Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 2304.
103
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-2-4.
104
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-3-104.
105
Ga. Code Ann. § 16-5-3.
106
Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-5405.
107
Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 507.050.
108
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.090.
109
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 14-18.
110
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.041. Analysis uses Ohio’s reckless homicide statute for comparison.
111
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2504; 18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. § 106.
112
S.D. Codified Laws § 22-16-20.
113
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-2-5.
114
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1102; 13-702. Maximum statutory penalty increases to 3.75 years with aggravating factors.
115
Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-105 (b)(1).
116
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-3-105.
117
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2903.05.
118
N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 30-16-4; 31-18-15.
119
N.D. Cent. Code Ann. §§ 12.1-22-02; 12.1-32-01.
120
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 943.10.
121
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 205.060.
122
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 401(1)(A); 1604.
123
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 253(2)(A); 1604.
124
N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 2C:14-2(c)(1); 2C:43-6(a)(2).
125
Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 6-2-303; 6-2-306.
126
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 940.225.
127
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 253(2)(B)-(D); 1604.
128
S.C. Code Ann. §§ 16-3-654; 16-3-651(h).
129
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-8B-5(a)(1), (b).
130
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 3126(a)(2); 1104 (1).
131
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-8B-7(a)(2), (b).
132
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-8B-8.
133
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 254(1)(C); 1604.
134
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 259-A(1)(B); 1604.
135
Ind. Code Ann. §§ 35-42-4-3(a); 35-50-2-5.
136
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 254(1)(A) and (A-2); 1604.
137
Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 28-320.01; 28-105.
138
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 3126(a)(8); 1104 (2).
139
Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§ 9A.44.089; 9A.20.021.
140
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1102; 13-702.
141
Fla. Stat. Ann. §§ 784.041; 775.082.
142
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.280. 10 years if armed.
143
Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 21, §§ 646; 647.
144
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 13-1204.
145
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.481. Battery statute is comparable to RCCA assault state.
146
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 14-32 (b).
147
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-2-9(a).
148
La. Stat. Ann. § 14:37.2.
149
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 17-A, §§ 207; 1604.
150
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 200.481.
151
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 940.19 (2).
152
W. Va. Code Ann. § 61-2-9(c).
153
S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-600 (D)(1).
154
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13-1308; 13-702. Maximum statutory penalty increases to 12.5 years with aggravating factors.
155
18 Pa. Stat. and Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 3011(a)(3); 1103 (2).
156
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-3-503.
157
Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 18-3-504.
158
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 940.43.
159
Wis. Stat. Ann. § 940.45.