With the beginning of modern period it was first Locke who gave, Theory of Consent, to govern the

state. This meant that state to be governed by the parliament which was to be created through
representation of people. Thus a modern era developed concept of democracy as a system of
government.

Genuine consent of the people to make government democratic. Majority rules

popular sovereignty, liberty, social justice, consent, participation, mobilization, expression of thought,
fundamental rights and a smooth transformation of power. These values make a democratic society
pure and effective for making a state strong enough to provide welfare for its people.

It is a society of free, equal, active, and intellectual citizens in which each man and woman choose his or
her own way of life for himself / herself and also willing that others should choose theirs

Culture means It is represented by the group of people who live together in a surrounding of common
interest.

“culture” in the sense that Almond and

Verba meant it: habits of mind broadly
shared within a society, a set of common
assumptions about how individuals ought
to behave

Process:
democracy means, first and foremost, government institutions that are representative and accountable,
whose occupants may be periodically removed through regularized accepted procedures; and who, when
occupying office, are held accountable to the rule of law.

Under the rubric of “limited constitutional democracy,” they lay out the mechanical specifics of a
legitimate election: “Periodic free elections . . . [in which1 all adult citizens must have the right to vote . . .
any group of citizens must have the right to form a political party . . . a secret ballot . . . the winning party
must have the right to form a government with the real power to govern . . [all1embodied in the
constitution [which] must provide
protection for the rights of individuals, and, if appropriate, of minority group~.

(quote) Stephen Solarz has stated that “what we are seeking to promote is a system and not a particular
leader or party.”

Democratic Culture
 9….. Tolerance
 1… Rule of Law --- Thus, the Conference for Security and Cooperation, in the Copenhagen
document of June 29, 1990, significantly moved beyond the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by linking the issue of human rights to
democracy, by which it explicitly includes political pluralism, free multiparty elections, an
independent judiciary, and the subservience of the political echelons to the rule of law. The rule
of law vouchsafes the principle of respect for human rights in a democratically run polity, along
with another set of ideas and institutions,
summed up by the term “civil society.”
 Last …. The democratic countries do not go to war with one another, they don’t sponsor terrorism or threaten each other
with weapons of mass destruction. Precisely because they am more likely to respect civil liberties, property rights and the
rule of law within their own borders, democracies provide the best foundation on which to build international order.
Democracies make more reliable partners in diplomacy and trade, in protecting the global en~~ent.
 2nd Last…. Soft Power ---- joseph
S. Nye has put it, “The ethnic openness of the American culture and
the political appeal of the American values of democracy and human rights are
 Civil Society -- no single locus of authority predominates and in which men and women interact
with each other in a series of overlapping relationships and associations-communal, civic,
religious, economic, social, and cultural – Schmitter says civil society as “autonomy from both the
state and from primary groups . . . organizational continuity . . . a ‘corporateness’ that rests on
rights and entitlements protected by the state
 2 ….. Peace ----- Joshua Muravchik has said that promoting democracy would create “a Pax
Americana unlike any previous peace, one of harmony, not of conquest.
 3….. (as Kloppenberg puts it) that democracy must be more than “merely a set of institutions.” It has to be a “way of life.” ---

''Democracy is a way of life in which high value is placed on the

development of reason and principles such as freedom, truth-telling,
impartiality, and respect for persons, which the use of reason in social
life presupposes.''
 4 ….. Toward Democracy identifies three central premises or values of a democratic culture: “deliberation, pluralism, and reciprocity.”
Democracy demands that citizens resolve their conflicts through deliberation, or at least try to do so. It requires respect
for the views and diversity of others; it is necessarily “both liberal and pluralistic. reciprocity, in which everyone
recognizes the value and legitimacy of
Kloppenberg
their fellow-citizens
 5…. Freedom and liberty --- freedom of the individual requires a free society, which in turn is not
possible without broadly accepted social goals and values, including substantive notions of the
just and the good,
 6 ….. Equally access to the resources
 7…… participation of people in policy making --- general will of people, express
collective will --- LOCK , RAUSSSEAU
 8……. no gender discrimination

“civil democracy,” a concept that incorporates the political and sociocultural dimensions of the democratic
experience. In practical terms, it would combine the procedures of democratic governance that are sine
qua non, with the fostering of those social realitiesfreedom of expression, association, and worship, the
rule of law and an open society-that make those procedures both possible and meaningful, that make
the “consent of the governed” a reality.
Success of democracy depends on the functioning of
democratic norms
2 Social Peace, Economic Growth, political freedom for all --- promise (goals)

Social peace --- equality in the society, otherwise civil war, people are not marginalized, less crime and
more cohesion, tolerance, pluralism,

Economic Growth --- cooperation among the people ---- inclusive institutions (based ion competition and
innovation), extractive (based on nepotism) Why Nations Fail, genius does not perform well in the
society, equality of opportunity, inclusion of the women increases and competition increases and

Political Rights – rule of law maintains civil rights, freedom of expression, press freedom, restraint on
massive abuse of power “Liberal Democracy” which implies that a democracy in which economic
independence are freely permitted for the people to lead their lives according to their will

replace the dangerous period of the Cold War with a democratic peace --- peace built
on the twin pillars of political and economic freedom
values can ensure an enduring and stable peace in a way the balance of terror never
Could (James Baker)

Vibrant democratic culture in Nordic Countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark) --- Human
Development index, freedom house index, gender perception index (Norway on 1 st and Denmark on 4th
in Press Freedom Index), Norway is 5 th in list, Sweden 1st, Denmark 4th which cares about the Human
rights U.S. News reports

Pakistani Sense

Rural and industrial elites provides a non-participatory way for the others

Non Participatory and exclusionary lead to steady Economic growth a nd ineffiecent governance

3. If Democratic Culture is not sustained

One Party Rules --- Populist

Hijack Democratic process ---- nazi party 83pc vote

Economic System collapses --- democratization of Colonian Africa in 1980s and internal riots and
stagnancy of the economic growth

Intollerance and Polarization increases

Elitite captured social for some people

Suggestions:
Mutule role ---- Civil society and state

Progressive educational system

Participatory form of governance

Provision of civil rights and liberties