MIC60104 Tutorial 2 August 2020

1. Name 3 modes of fungi existence [3 marks]

Yeast, mold and mushrooms

2. Name 3 modes of asexual reproduction of fungi [3 marks]

Fragmentation, sporulation, budding

3. Contrast infection modes of protozoa and helminths. [4 marks]

Protozoa- acute and fast amplification in host

Helminths- chronic and slow growth in host

4. List 3 infection routes of protozoa and helminth and give example for each routes . [9 marks]

Transmission route Protozoa Helminth

Giardia sp. Enterobius sp.
Fecal-oral Balantidium sp. Trichuris sp.
Cryptosporidium sp. Ascaris sp.
Entamoeba sp. Ancylostoma sp. (infectious larvae)
Taenia sp.
Blood sucking vector Plasmodium sp. Onchocerca sp.
(vector borne) Trypanosoma sp.
Leishmania sp.
Predator-prey Toxoplasma sp. Echinococcus sp.
Snail vector Fasciolopsis sp.
Fasciola sp.
Schistosoma sp.

5. State the similarity and difference between chemoorganotrophy and chemolithotrophy [4 marks]

Both chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs are chemotrophs that obtain energy by the
oxidation of electron donors in their environments.

Chemoorganotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of organic compounds. In
contrast, chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of inorganic
compounds.

6. Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation in terms of efficiency in conservation of energy and the
growth rate of cells. [4 marks]

Aerobic- high amounts of ATP produced, growth rate is fast, complete oxidation of glucose to CO2
Fermentation- low amount of ATP produced, growth rate is slow, incomplete utilization of glucose
lead to production and excretion of organic acids

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 MIC60104 Tutorial 2 August 2020

7. In chemolithotrophy, list 2 common types of electron donor, and 2 common electron acceptors respectively.
[4 marks]
Donor- N2, S
Acceptor- Nitrate, sulphate

8. Name the main light energy absorbing molecules used for conservation of energy in phototrophs
[3 marks]

chlorophyll & bacteriochlorophyll, and bacteriorhodopsin

9. Based on your knowledge of fermentation biochemistry, state 2 characteristics of the pathway. Your answer
must not be the comparison of total energy conserved by this pathway and other glucose metabolism
pathways. [4 marks]

Pyruvate or its derivatives are used as electron acceptor

Loss of carbon skeleton through excretion of organic or alcoholic compounds
Presence of oxygen alters the rate of fermentation but not inhibit the pathway

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