SAMPLES

EXERCISE- 10: LIVING ORGANISMS IN WATER

water samples.
Aim: To analyze living organisms in
number and type of organisms present in a water body determi
Principle: The
productivity and nature of trophic levels. Awater body with rich phytoplankh
the is usually turbid with high amount t
per unit area is said to be productive. It poor in organisms is said toe
nutrients and dissolved oxygen, A water body which is amounts af
more or less transparent with fewer
be a non-productive. It is usually samples help us to know the
nutrients and dissolved oxygen. The analysis of water
time. It also helps to find out
number and type of organisms present in it at a given
organisms are strong indicators of
whether a water body is polluted; as some of the
water pollution.
river, lake, etc.).
Requirements: Water samples from different water bodies (pond,
watch glasses, droppers,
beakers, small test tubes or vials, corks, slides, cover slips,
molten wax, and 5%
measuring jar (1000 ml), compound microscope, nail polish or acid: Ethanol) as
Acetic
FAA (Formalin Aceto Alcohol) or 5:5:90 Formalin:
preservative.

Preparation:
water bodies (pond, river,
1. Collect about a litre of water sample from different
lake, etc.) in a beaker.
immediately after
2. Add about Sml of FAA to fix and preserve the living organisms
samples are collected.
3. Transfer the water samples into a one litre measuring jar and label each water
sample to indicate the site at which the water sample has been collected.
4. Keep the samples undisturbed for about 2-3 days.
5. Remove the upper clear water and retain the concentrated sediment at tne
bottom.
6. Transfer the sediment into vial or test tube. Cork and label it for future use.
Procedure:

1. Take few drops of diluted sediment sample on a slide.

2. Place a cover sip over it. Remove excess water using blotting paper.
3. Seal the margin with nail polish or molten wax.
4. Observe the organisms under the microscope.
5. Repeat the procedure with other samples.
Observation: ldentify, record and sketch the different types of organisms seen.
 FIG.10. DAPHNIA yosToc AMOEBA

COMMONLY
BIOLOGY

o
RNATAKA
FORUM OF FOUND OSCILATORIA

MICROORGANISMS PARAMECIUM O
COPEPOD
DIATOM

CHLAMYDOMONAS

IN VORTICELLA
A
WATER

SAMPLE ROTIFER

CERATIUM
EUGLEEA

25
 EXERCISE- 20: COMMON DISEASE CAUSING ORGANISMS
and the symptoms of the
Alm: To identify common disease causing organisms
diseases.
diseases resulting from
Principle: Commonly, the term disease is used for infectious
multicellular
pathogens and parasites such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
knowledge of
organisms etc. The state of discomfort is referred to as a disease. The
to control a disease.
the morphology and life cycle of pathogen/parasite helps
Specific symptoms also aid in early identification of a disease.
and
Requirenments: Permanent slides or preserved specimens or aids (charts
and
photographs) of Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichophyton rubrum.
Entamoeba
Phylum Protozoa
Class Rhizopoda
Type Entamoeba histolytica
1. Entamoeba histolytica is an endoparasite in the intestine of human.
2. Features:
a. Microscopic and acellular form.
KARYOSOME
b. Body is irregular in shape due CHROMATIN GRANULES
to pseudopodia. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
C. Nucleus is large, single and
FOOD VACUOLES
eccentrically placed.
d. Nucleus has a central dot like
karyosome (nucleosome or
endosome) and a peripheral
ring of nucleo protein.
e. Cytoplasm contains variable
number of food vacuoles.
f. Contractile Vacuoles are FIG. 20.1. ENTAMOEBA (TROPHOZITE STAGE)
absent.
3. In the life cycle the parasite passes through stages like binucleate and
tetranucleate cyst.
4. Causes amoebic dysentery or amoeblasis.
5. Symptoms:
a. Frequent loose mucous filled watery stool (mucoid loose motions)
b. Severe abdominal pain an
C. Blood in motion (Dysent
 Plasmodium (Malarial parasite): Signet ring stage

Phylum Protozoa
Class Sporozoa
Type Plasmodium vivax

1. Plasmodium is an intracellular digenic parasite,

which requires two hosts namely human and
mosquito to complete its life cycle.
2. Features:
FIG.20.2. RING STAGE IN RBC
a. Microscopic and acellular form. (PHOTOGRAPH)
b. Diagnostic stage of the
parasite is signet ring stage in rPLASMODIUM
the RBCs of human host. In -CYTOPLASM
VACUOLE
this stage it appears like a ring
NUCLEUS
or rounded body with large
RBC
central vacuole. The cytoplasm
is concentrated with nucleus FIG 20.3. RING STAGE IN RBC (DIAGRAMMATIC)
towards place.
3. Female anopheles mosquito is the vector (carrier) for the parasite. The parasite
enters the human host in the infective stage called sporozoite.
4. Plasmodium causes malaria fever in human host.

5. Symptoms:
a. Intermittent high fever with chills.
b. Profuse sweating.
C. Headache and muscular pains. -MOUTH
-EXCRETORY PORE
d. Loss of appetite and sleeplessness.
-LATERAL LINE
Ascaris (Round worm)

Phylum : Aschelminthes GENITAL PORE

Class Nematoda
: Ascaris lumbricoides
Type .CLOACA
PENIAL
man.
1. Ascaris is an endoparasite in the intestine of SETAE

2. External characters: A

a. Long, unsegmented and cylindrical body with

tapering ends. ANUS

with TAIL
b. External surface of the body is covered
FIG. 20.4. ASCARIs
cuticle. A. MALE, B. FEMALE
C. Anterior tip has mouth bounded by three lips
d. Dorsal, ventral and two lateral lines run all along the length of the body.
BIOLOGY FORUM OF KARNATAKA 57
 mouth on the ventral surface.
e. ExCretory pore lies slightly behind the
dimorphism.
f. Sexes are separate and exhibit sexual straight
short with curved posterior end. Females are long with
8- Males are
In male. the cloaco bears paired penial setae that help in
posterior end.
females, the genital aperture is located mid-ventrally about
copulation. In
1/3° the distance from the anterior end.
3 Ascaris causes a disease called ascariasis.
4 Symptoms:
a. Irregular bowl with abdominal pain.
b. Indigestion and loss of appetite.
C. Anaemia and fatigue.
d. Occasional vomiting.

Trichophyton (Ringworm fungus)

Kingdom Mycota (Fungi)
Class : Ascomycetes
Type : Trichophyton rubrum

Trichophyton rubrum is an ectoparasite on man that feeds on skin and nails via
1.
keratin degradation.
2. Features: MACROCONIDIUM
a. Texture is waxy, smooth and even to -MICROCONIDIUM
cottony.
b. Hyphae have white to cream color
pigmentation on its surface and
yellow-brown to wine-red on the
FIG.20.5. TRICHOPHYTON
opposite side.
3. It is the most common cause of ringworm (contagious fungal infection of skin).
4. Symptoms:
a. Ring shaped fluid filled lesions in the skin, between toes and on scalp.
b. Itching in the region of infection.
Nails become discoloured, thickened and brittle.