1

Main learning outcomes

Unit-01-Chemical basis of life
1.State carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids as major bio molecules of living
matter.
2.State that carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are most abundant elements in living
matter.
3.State the composition and examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Biological Composition Examples Presence places

molecule
Carbohydrate C,H,O Monosaccharide
1.Glucose Blood
2.Fructose Ripen fruits
3.Galactose Yogurt

Disaccharide
1.Moltose Germinating seeds
2.Sucrose Sugar cane
3.Lactose(Milky sugar) Milk

Polysaccharide
1.Starch Rice
2.Glycogen Animal liver/Muscles
3.Cellulose Plant cell wall

Protein C,H,O,N Enzymes Digestive system

sometimes S
Lipids C,H,O Fat and Oil
Nucleic acids C,H,O,N,P DNA,RNA Nucleus of cell

4.That enzymes is a proteins which catalyze chemical reactions in the cell or body.
5.Conduct simple activities to demonstrate the action of enzyme.
Practicals related to the lessons.

1.Benedict’s test

Activity of Amylase on Starch

Materials required
Flour, Amylase, Test tube, white porcelain tile, Iodine solution

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Method

 Put 2ml of Starch solution into a test tube.

 Add 2ml of Amylase (Filter a solution of ground germinating green gram (Mung)
seedlings) into it and mix well
 Get a drop from the solution after 2 minutes and place it on a white porcelain tile and
add a drop of Iodine onto the drop of mixture.
 Continue same procedure for about 20 minutes in 2 minute intervals.
Observation

 The blue colour of the drop obtained from the mixture gradually reduces with time and
finally obtains the colour of Iodine (yellow /brown colour)
 Starch gives black blue colour with Iodine but it does not give colour change with Iodine
after 20 minutes as there is no Starch there.
 That is because Starch is converted to Maltose by Amylase enzyme.

6.Briefly explain unique characteristics of water related to life

a.respiratory medium, b.as a solvent,c. thermal regulation of body,

d. as a medium of transport, and living medium

7.Describe the roles of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, minerals, vitamins and
water.
8.illustrate the importance of minerals and vitamins to the biological systems.

Unit-06- Discovers the structure of plant and animal cells

1.Who observe the cell first? Robert hook
2.Who introduce the cell theory? Schleiden, Schwann and Radolf Virchow
3.Facts of the cell theory
1.The structural and functional unit of life is the cell.
2.All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
3. New cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
4. Epidermal peel of onion/Rhoeo/betel leaf under a optical microscope,to learn about the plant
cell.
5.Parts of the light microscope

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6.Specific feature of plant cell.

1.Having cell wall 2. Having a vacuole 3.Presence of chloroplast

7.Observe the plant cell by light microscpoe in three steps.

1. Remove a peel from inner or outer surface of it and transfer it on to a watch
glass containing water.
2. Put a water drop on to a clean glass slide and transfer the specimen on to the slide
using a paint brush.
3.Cover it with a cover slip without trapping any air bubbles and observe it.

8.View of onion feel cell under light microscope.

9.Animal cell

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10.Observe cheek cell by light microscope in three steps.

1. Wash the mouth and scrape the inner side of the cheek using a yoghurt spoon.
2. Obtain a clean glass slide and put a drop of water and transfer the specimen on to
the slide.
3.Cover the specimen using a cover slip without trapping any air bubbles and
observe through the light microscope.

11.View of cheek cell under microscope

12.Stae the concept of the typical cell.

1.The cell is the smallest structural unit of the organization of the living body.
2.The organisms composed of a single cell are called unicellular organisms and those
of many cells are called multi-cellular organisms.
3.Cells perform different functions in the body.

13.Uni-cellular organisms.

Clamydomonas Euglenas Amoeba Paramaecium Bacteria

14. Light microscopic cell organelles.
Cell walls, vacuoles, cytoplasm,
chloroplasts, nucleus Cell membrane.

15. Difference of animal cell and plant cell.

Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell wall absent Cell wall present
Large content of it contains cytoplasm Cytoplasm is pushed towards periphery
A large vacuole is absent. (Sometimes few A large central vacuole or few vacuoles may
small vacuoles may present) present
Chloroplasts absent Chloroplasts present

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16.Cell organelle and functions

Cell organelle Function
Cell wall 1. maintain the shape of the cell
2. support and protection of the cell
Plasma membrane 1.Enclose the cell,
2.Allow entry of water, ions, some molecules and thereby control
the entry
3.Exit of materials into and out of the cell.
Nucleus 1.Controll all the cellular activities
2.Sorage of genetic material and transfer inherited characters from
generation to generation.
Mitochondria 1. Aerobic respiratory reactions take place
Ribosome 1. Protein synthesis
Golgi bodies 1. Production of secretary substances, packaging and secretion.
Rough endoplasmic 1. The function of it is the transportation of proteins within the cell.
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic 1. Synthesis of Lipids, steroids and to transport them within the
reticulm cell.
Vacuole 1. Maintenance of water balance,
2. Support and provision of colour to the cell by the pigments
within it
17.Diagrams of the cell organelles.
Mitochondria Golgi bodies

Chloroplast
Endo plasmic reticulum Nucleus

15.Special point about the cell .

Cell wall is made of cellulose/Permeable membrane
Plasma membrane - phospholipids and proteins/Semi-permeable membrane
Ribosome- Does not have a membrane..

17. Explain cell growth and cell division.

What is cell growth?
Growth of a cell is the irreversible increase of size or dry mass.
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What is cell division?

The cell division is the process by which new cells are formed by the division of cellular
materials.

The appearance of chromosomes  [Type a quote from the document or

in an ordinary cell before the
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17.What are the cell division methods?

1.Mitosis 2.Meiosis

18.What is mitosis?
In this cell division method from

one mother cell produce two

identical daughter cells equal to

mother cell.

19. Significance of Mitosis

1. For the growth of multicellular
2. As an asexual reproduction method.
3. Wound healing and cell replacement.

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20.The number of chromosomes in an ordinary somatic cell of a species is

constant. That is specific to a species.

21.Meiosis
The cell division that halved the number of chromosomes is the meiosis.

 Meiosis takes place in 2 stages.

1. The first stage is a meiotic division
(reduction division)
2. Next is a mitosis.

Advantage
 New variations or new characters appear in organisms. It is essential for evolution.

Significance of Meiosis
1. Maintenance of the constant number of chromosomes from generation to generation.
2. Help in evolution due to variations occur in chromosomes.

22.What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis
1. Takes place in two divisions Only one
division
2. Takes place only in diploid cells
3. Variations occur Thus changes take place
in chromosomes
4. Four daughter cells result at the end of the
division
5. Daughter cell receives half of the
chromosomal number of mother cell
Daughter cells are different from mother cell
Meiosis
Only one cell division
Takes place in both diploid and haploid cells
No variations. The changes in chromosome
are rare
Two daughter cells result at the end of the
division
Two daughter cells receive the same
chromosomal number as the mother cell
Daughter cells are similar to mother cell

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Unit 3- Structure of the matter

1.Classification of the matter

2.The building unit of the matter.- The atom

3.Dolton’s atomic theory-Atom cannot divisible any further.
4.New atomic theory- There are three sub atomic particles in the atom.
5.Planetory model of the atom - Introduce by Ernest Rutherford
Electrons move around the nucleus in which the
positive charge of the atom is concentrated.
This is similar to the solar system where the
planets revolve around the sun.

6.Bohr model of the atom.

7.There is a maximum number of

electrons that each energy level can occupy.

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K-2 L-8 M-18 N-32

8.Atomic number - Number of protons of the atom
9.Mass number - Sum of the number of protons and neutrons of the atom
10.Number of neutrons=Mass number – Atomic number
11.Standard way of mass number and mass number

13.Electronic configuration
Representing how electrons are filled in the respective energy levels from the one
nearest to the nucleus of an atom and outwards is called electronic configuration
It is two ways. 1.Writing 2.Drawing
13.How to write the electronic configuration using atomic number.
Atomic number = no. of protons = no. of electrons

Ex - 11Na electronic configuration is 2,8,1

14.How do you find the group number and period number of the elements by
electronic configuration
2,8,1 1 electron on last energy level. Therefore group number is I.
There are three energy level. Then period number is 3.
Learning point-Group number equal = electron on last energy level
Period number = number of energy levels
Then we can find the position of the Na,
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Group number is I Period number is 3

14.Details of some elements.

15.What is valence of the element?

The combining ability of an atom of an element is known as the valency.
This is measured relative to hydrogen.
The electrons present in the outermost energy level of an atom of an element are called valence
electrons.

Does elements have one valence? No some elements have several valence.
What is this combining ability?
The valence of an element is equal to the number of electrons lost from or gained by an atom of
that element or the number of pairs of electrons shared between the atoms during chemical
combination.

Example- 1.Electronic configuration of Chlorine is 2,8,7.

It gains one electron to become noble gas configuration. Then its valence is 1.

2. Electronic configuration of Chlorine is 2,8,3.

It releases 3 electron to become noble gas configuration. Then its valence is 3.

16.Periodic table- Discovered by Dimitri Mendaleef.

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 Periods-Horizontal rows of the periodic table. Name by Hindu Arabic numbers

 Groups-Vertical columns of the periodic table.
Name by Roman numbers.
17.What is the relationship of the group number and valence?
Group number I- - valence is 1 Group number II- -valence is 2
Group number III- -valence is 3 Group number IV- -valence is 4

18.Why does noble gas have no combining ability?

Because they have stable electronic configuration.

19.What is isotopes?
The atoms with different mass numbers in the same element are known as isotopes of that
element.

20.Find the isotopes.

Particles L and P have same number of protons.They are isotopes.

Observe the change of the nucleus of following isotopes.

21.Writing chemical formulae using valence.

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Compounds are formed by the attachment of atoms or ions of elements by chemical

bonds.
Therefore, to write the formula of a compound, their combining powers or valencies
should be known.

Sodium chloride Magnesium nitride

25.Polyatomic Ions (Radicals)

A polyatomic ions is an orderly arranged group of atoms of elements
with a charge.

Valency of the polyatomic ions keep your mind. (page no.78 of text book part I)

The chemical formula of aluminium carbonate is Al2(CO3)3

What is the chemical formula of the aluminium oxide.

Al2(CO3)3
The combining ability of the Al is 3 according to the formula.
Therefore formula of the aluminum oxide is,

26.Metals and non metals.

Across period from left to right metallic property decrease and non metallic property increase.

Physical Properties of Metals

1. Have a metallic lustre (have a shiny surface).
2. Sonorous (give a ringing sound when struck).
3. Exist in solid state at room temperature (mercury, though a metal is a liquid )
4. Malleable (can be hammered into sheets) and ductile (can be drawn into wires)
5. Good conductors of heat and electricity
6. Generally have a high density

Chemical Properties of Metals

1.Metals form positive ions or cations by losing electrons.
2.They combine with oxygen to form basic oxides.

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3.The oxides when dissolved in water form basic solutions.

27.Special fact about the sodium metals.

1. never exists as the native metal. Because of its high reactivity it exists only as
compounds. Sodium and Magnesium
2. Store in kerosene oil – Sodium
Because its high reactivity.
3.Soft metal – Sodium-Because it can cut by knife.
4-Sodium floats on the water- Because its density is high

production of
Making
Na uses
street lamps
sodium with a yellow
amalgam Production of sodium cyanide glow

Production of indigo dye

28. Special fact about the magnesium metals.

1. Magnesium is a light, reactive metal. It does not exist as the native metal in nature.
29.Burning of magnesium in air
 Before burning surface should be clean by sand paper.
 When burning it gives bright white flame.
 Product is white colour magnesium oxide.

30.Magnesium and water reaction.

 Does not reacts with cold water.
 When reacts with hot water, it forms magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
 Strongly heated in steam, magnesium oxide and hydrogen gas are formed
 Magnesium rapidly reacts with dilute acids and forms the corresponding
magnesium salt and hydrogen gas.

Mg uses

Produce alloy magnelium prevents corrosion of iron

Production of medicines (e.g. milk
of magnesia).

31.Non metals Solid non metals-Sulphur,Carbon,Iodine,Phosphorus

Liquid non metals – Bromine
Gas- Hydrogen,Nitogen,Oxygen,Floorine,Chlorine

32. Chemical Properties of Non – metals

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 Non - metals form negative ions (anions)

 Many oxides formed by non – metals with oxygen are acidic. Mostly these
exist in the gaseous state. They easily dissolve in water and form acids.
33.Gases Mono atomic gases – Helium, Argon, Neon
Di-atomic ions - Hydrogen,Nitrogen,Oxygen,
Tri atomic gases Ozone
34.Nitrogen

 Most abundant gas of the atmosphere – 78.1%

 Inactive gas- Therefore use to fill the milk packets.
 Use to fill electric bulbs.thermometers and vehicle tyres.
 Use as a blanketing gas and coolant.
35.Sulphur

 Yellow colour Having allotropes.

some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in

the same physical state, known as allotropes of these elements.
Sulphur occurs in crystalline form as a yellow brittle solid

and in amorphous form as a white powder.

 Found both as a native element as well as compounds like sulphates and sulphides.
 occurs in crystalline form as a yellow brittle solid and in amorphous form as a white
powder.
 insoluble in water Poor conductor of electricity
Chemical Properties of sulphur
1. Sulphur burns with a blue flame in air and forms sulphur dioxide gas.
2. When heated with sulphur, many metals form the metal sulphide.
36.Uses of sulphur
1.Used to produce sulphuric acid, vulcanize rubber,and make calcium and
magnesium sulphites which are used to bleach wood pulp.
2.Used to produce paints containing sulphides, solvents like carbon disulphide,
sulphur dioxide gas, matches, crackers, and gun powder.
3. Production of vine, beer and medicines and is used as a fungicide.
\
Chemical properties of sulphur
 Burn with blue flame.
 Sulphur dioxide gas is an acidic.
37.Carbon

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 In atmosphere contain as carbon dioxide.

 Have allotrophs. 1.Graphite 2.Diomond
 Crystalline carbon (allotrops of carbon) : diamond, graphite, Fulorine
 Amorphous carbon : charcoal, lamp soot, coal
38.Properties of some types of carbons.

 Diamond is the form with highest density. Diamond is much valued because of its high
refractive index and hardness. Diamond is a poor conductor of electricity.
 Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
 Charcoal has the ability to absorb gases.
39.Chemical properties of carbon

 Combines with oxygen at very high temperatures.

 Does not react with substances like acids, bases and chlorine.
 Amorphous forms like charcoal react chemically.
 At high temperatures, carbon reacts with calcium oxide forming calcium carbide

Calcium carbide is also used in some countries for artificially ripening

fruit.When calcium carbide comes in contact with moisture, it
produces acetylene gas, which is quite similar in its effects to the natural
ripening agent, ethylene.
Acetylene acts like ethylene and accelerates the ripening process.
Uses of the different forms of carbons.

 Amorphous carbon - Production of black colour ink / Vulacanizing rubber

 Carbon fibres and Carbon tubes -Used to produce goods reinforced by Nano materials.
Carbon fiber is very light and it is very strong.

Some Metalloids Silicon Boron

Silicon

 Amorphous form of silicon- Clay

 Crystalline silicon compounds- Quartz,/ sand
/gems

The melting point of silicon is 14100C.

Second most abundant elements of the earth crust.

Uses Of Silicon
1.Used in making transistors and diodes.
2. Used in making solar cells.
3.Used in makings computer equipments.

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Boron
 Black, crystalline solid. It melts at 2200 0C and has a density of 3300 kg m-3.
 Amorphous boron reacts with substances like oxygen, nitrogen,nitric acid, concentrated
sulphuric acid, carbon and sulphur to form the corresponding compounds.
Uses of Boron
1. Used in welding metals.
2. Used in making skin cream.
3. Used in making glass that can be heated into a high temperature.

Acidic, basic and amphoteric nature of oxides

Acidity of the oxides increases . Basicity of the oxides decreases through the group.

 Special things.
1.Answer with elements which reach to Nobel gasses by removing an electron only is,
(1) Ca Na K (2) Cl, Br, I (3) H, Li, C (4) N, O, F
Answer is 4. Reason-
 Group number V,VI,VII elements reach to
Nobel gasses by removing an electron only
 Group number I,II,III, elements reach to
Nobel gasses by removing an electron only

 Name four elements form basic oxides.

 Elements in group number I,II,III form basic oxides. Li,Na.Mg.K.Ca
2.Which oxide has the high acidity?
1. NO2 2.SO2 3.CO2 4.F2O7

 Answer is 4.( F2O7)

 Reason –Because acidic property is increased left to right through the period.
3.Which oxide is the amphoteric oxide?
1. NO2 2.Al2O3 3.CO2 4.F2O7
Amphoteric oxides form by elements in group III.-

4. D, E, G, J, L, M, Q, R, and T are nine consecutive elements in the Periodic Table. R is a

noble gas belonging to Period 3.
i. Of these elements, identify the two elements belonging to the same Group.
How find the answer.
Because R is a noble gas, it should be in group number VIII.Then R should be in period 4.

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Motion in a straight line

1.What are known as physical quantity?
The quantity that can be measured by a scale.

Definitions
1.Distance- The length of the path pass by the object.
2.Displcement- The shortest distance between any two points to the particular direction.
3.Speed- The rate of change of distance or distance travel per unit time.

4.Velocity – The rate of change of displacement.

5.Writing displacement correct way.

Magnitude + direction

Displacement between-A and C

5k m to the East

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6.Acceleration- The rate of change of velocity.

7.Force -A push or a pull.

8.Friction –
The forces that act between the surfaces of two objects in contact with each other, to
oppose the relative motion when the objects are moving relative to each other or, to oppose the
tendancy to move when the objects have a tendancy to move relative to each other, are called
frictional forces.
9.Static frictional force
This frictional force exerted on the body before the motion starts is called static friction.
10.Limiting frictional force
Maximum frictional force between the surfaces of two bodies in contact with one another is
known as the limiting frictional force between the two bodies.

11. Dynamic frictional force

The frictional force acting on the body after the body starts to move, is known as dynamic
friction between the two surfaces.
12.Mass - The amount of matter
13.Weight – the force with which it is attracted to the center of the earth.
W=mg 10kg mass its weight is W=mg
= 10x10=100N
14.Newton’s 1st law –
Until an unbalanced force acts on it, a stationary body remains at rest and a moving body
continues its motion at a uniform velocity.
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15.Newton’s 2nd law

The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely
proportional to its mass.
16.Newton’s 3rd law
For every action, there is a reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the action.
17.Momentum The product of the mass and the velocity of the object.

 SI unit is kgms-1
17.Newton’s 2nd law proving.

18.Think action and reaction

18.Velocity-time graph Apply the brake.

Turn the direction to the opposite side

Apply the brake.

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19.Draw the path

Total displacement =Area of A-Area of B

Total distance = Area of A + Area of B

20.Displaceemnt-time graph
Velocity-time graph

Describe the motion Describe the motion

 Start at rest position  Start at rest position

 From 0s to 5s travel with uniform
velocity
 From 5s to 10s rest.
 At 10s turn to the opposite
direction
 10s to 12.5s travel to the opposite
direction
 Final displacement is zero.
 Maximum displacement is 5m.
 Hg
 Total distance travel
5m+5m=10m
 From 0s to 5s travel with uniform
velocity
 From 5s to 10s travel with uniform
velocity.
 At 10s brake applied
 10s to 12.5s has deceleration.
 Final velocity is zero.
 Maximum velocity is 5ms-1
 Maximum displacement=Area of the
graph

 Velocity=gradient of the graph

 Acceleration = gradient of the graph
= 5m
= 5ms-1
5m
21.Turn ms-1 in to kmh-1
10 ms-1 = 10m Multiple by 3600 10x3600km =36 kmh-1
1s Multiple by 1000 1x 1000 h
22. Turn kmh-1 in to ms-1
36 kmh-1 = 36km Multiple by 1000 36x1000m =36 kmh-1
1h Multiple by 3600 1x 3600 s
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23.Unbalance force/balance force and Newton’s law

R
If object is rest R=W
Therefore forces are balance
If we push or pull the block, it is an unbalance force. w
24.When an object falling towards the earth, unbalance force acts on the object.It is gravity.
Weight is an unbalance force.Then object has acceleration.

W (weight)
25.Essential velocity-time graphs
a.An object falling freely from a tree b.An object thrown vertically upward
/Uniform velocity

To find the height tree To find the maximum height

Find the area of the graph find the area of the triangle
c. An object thrown vertically upward
and falling again towards the earth
Direction has change
at the maximum height
Find area of this part =Maximum height

d.An object close to the iron fin.

VELOCITY

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e.
Area of A=distance travel with acceleration
B
A C Area of B=distance travel with uniform velo.
Area of A=distance travel with deceleration
 Un-balance force act on A part.That motion can be explained by Newton’s
2nd law.
 B part uniform velocity.No unbalance force.
 Find the total distance= Area of the trapezium
f. Displacement time graphs.
Rest position turn to the oposite

uniform velocity travel to the initial

point
A
Final dis.=zero
Velocity = Gradient of A

Friction
1. When one of two bodies in contact with one another moves or tries to move relative to
the other, the second body exerts a force that tends to stop this relative motion. This
phenomenon is known as friction.
2. Types of frictional force
a.The frictional force that acts before the body begins to move is the static friction.

Static friction between the bodies varies with the external force that tries to cause the
relative motion.

b. Limiting friction between two bodies depends on the nature of the contact surfaces
and the normal reaction.
Limiting friction does not depend on the surface areas of the contact surfaces.

c. The frictional force acting on a moving body is the dynamic friction

● The frictional force that acts when the relative motion

between the two bodies just starts.
3.Factors effect on the frictional force
1.Nature of the contact surfaces 2.
Perpendicular reaction(weight)

 Friction can be measured by Newton’s balance.

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Disadvantages of the friction.
1.Ware out the machines.
Advantages of the friction
4.
SCIENCE-SHORT NOTES
23
Unbalance force till it contact with the
ground.
Till the weight contact with the ground, the object
travels in acceleration.
After the object contact with the ground, no
unbalance force.
Then wood block travel with uniform velocity if
table frictionless.
2.Producing sound 3.Producing heat
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Methods of reducing friction

● Reducing the roughness of contact surfaces or polishing them.
● Applying lubricators such as graphite, lubrication oil or grease between the
contact surfaces.
● Inserting balls that could roll between the contact surfaces.
Methods of increasing friction
1.Cut groves on tyres and shoes.
2.Rough the surfaces.
Modern vehicle brake system
In modern motor vehicles, disc-breaks are
used to stop the vehicle.
Such a break system is shown in figure.
In such systems, the frictional forces caused by
pressing the break-pads against a disc
attached to the wheel, are used to stop the
wheels from rotating.

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Less friction

High friction

Harmful effects of vitamin and mineral short quizs.

1. Potassium - Weakening of muscles • Psychological disorders
2. Sodium - Respiratory disorders • Cramps • Nausea • Diarrhoea
3. Magnesium - High heart beat • Nerve irritability
4. Calcium - Weakening of bones and teeth , Growth disorders • Osteoporosis
5. Phosphorous • Growth of bones and teeth -For carbohydrate and fat
metabolism • Instant release of energy in muscles and nerves, Weakening
of bones and become fragile
6. Iron - Anaemia • Sleepiness • Hypoactive nature • Weakness in
psychological development
7. Iodine - Synthesis of Thyroxin hormone,, Affects development of
intelligence • Lethargic attitude towards studies • Limits body height

Functions of minerals in plants and deficiency symptoms of them

1. Nitrogen - l • Retardation in growth • Chlorosis in mature leaves
2. Phosphorous - As a constituent of nucleic acid and ATP (Adenosine Tri
Phosphate) • Retarded growth of roots • Red and purple patches on leaves
3. Potassium - Protein synthesis • Opening and closing of stomata,• Chlorosis in
leaves • Yellow or brown patches in leaves
4. Iron - ynthesis of respiratory enzymes • Chlorosis in tender leaves
5.Calcium - Dying of tissues at the tips of the leaves
6. Zinc - Dead cells and tissues throughout the plant. Extra thickness in leaves
7. Sulphur - Chlorosis in veins and areas between veins.

Uses of vitamins and their deficiency symptoms

1. Vitamin A -• Night blindness • Bito patches in the eye • Dryness in
the skin • Blisters on knees and elbow • Diseases
associated with respiratory tract
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2.Vitamin B - To maintain a healthy skin • Formation of bone marrow

• Maturation of Red Blood Cells • Antibody production
• Beri beri • Anaemia • Dryness in skin
• Change in complexion • Reduction in antibody
production
3.Vitamin C - Weakening of gum • Internal bleeding • Delays
recovery from diseases • Scurvy
4.Vitamin D - Rickets
5.Vitamin E - Premature births • Increase rate of breaking down of
red blood cells • Weaknesses in cell division •
Weaknesses in reproduction
6.Vitamin K-• Delays blood clotting
List of practical you must pay your attention
1.Identification of Major elements present in living matter
A. Identification of presence of Carbon(C) in bio-molecules page -13
B- Identification of presence of Nitrogen(N) in bio-molecules Page 14
C- Identification of water as a constituent in food Page-13

2.Identify the nutrients of the food.

A- Test to identify lipids
Sudan III test
• Some amount of gingelly oil or coconut oil is added into a test tube. y Sudan III
reagent is added into it.
Observatio -Appearance of red fat globules

B- Test to identify proteins

Biurette test
A solution made by grinding dhal or an egg yolk is obtained into a test tube. Œ
An extra amount of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then few drops of Copper
Sulphate is added in to it.(CuSO4)
Observation- Solution turn to purple colour

C- Starch test
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Small amount of food is obtained and grind well with water.

A drop of Iodine solution is added to the above solution.
Observation - Purplish blue colour appears

D-Test for Glucose

A solution of Glucose is obtained into a test tube.
Few drops of Benedict solution to the above solution is added.
The above solution is immeased in a water bath and heated.
Observation
Can observe colour changes as below.
Blue Green Green yellow Orange Brick red precipitate

Test for (Sucrose)

A sucrose solution is obtained into a test tube.
Few drops of Benedict solution is added to it.
The test tube is immersed in a water bath and heated. No colour change.

Few drops of diluted Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is added to a freshly

prepared sugar solution and heated.
Next few drops of Benedict solution is added to it.
Can observe colour changes as below.
Blue Green Green yellow Orange Brick red precipitate

3.Demonstration of enzymatic activity

Activity of Amylase on Starch
Materials required y Flour, Amylase, -Test tube, white porcelain tile, Iodine
solution
Method
1.Put 2ml of Starch solution into a test tube.
2.Add 2ml of Amylase (Filter a solution of ground germinating green gram
(Mung) seedlings) into it and mix well.
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3. Get a drop from the solution after 2 minutes and place it on a white porcelain
tile and add a drop of Iodine onto the drop of mixture.
4.Continue same procedure for about 20 minutes in 2 minute intervals.
Observation
The blue colour of the drop obtained from the mixture gradually reduces with
time and finally obtains the colour of Iodine (yellow /brown colour)
Starch gives black blue colour with Iodine but it does not give colour change with
Iodine after 20 minutes as there is no Starch there.
That is because Starch is converted to Maltose by Amylase enzyme.

3. Investigation of the variation of displacement with time of an object in a

straight line motion.
4.Finding the factors which affect the acceleration of an object moving under
constant acceleration and verification of Newtons 2nd Law.

2nd Term
Characteristic's of living matter to differentiate the living from nonliving
1. Characteristics of living things
a. Cellular organization-
b. Nutrition- The process by which the energy and the materials are obtained for the
maintenance of life is known as nutrition.
c. Respiration- The process by which the stored food is transformed into energy
inside the cells is known as cellular respiration
d. Sensitivity-
e. Excretion- Removal of the byproducts from the body that are produced during
metabolism is known as excretion.
f. Movement- The act or process of moving organisms or things from one place or
position to another.\

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g.Reproduction- Production of a new generation by a unicellular or a multicellular

organism for the continuation of their species is known as reproduction.
h.Irritability- The ability to respond to the changes in the external or internal
environment is known as irritability.
I.Coordination-The adaptation of the body functions according to those changes is the
coordination.
2 Virus is an a cellular form which cannot be differentiated into living or non living..
Only one living character of the virus-Reproduction.
j.. Growth and development- Growth and development can be expressed in three steps.
1. Irreversible increase in size of the cell
2. Increase in number of cells by cell division
3. Cell differentiation

A thread is connected to the shoot apex of a potted plant

and it is sent through a pulley and a weight is hung onto
it. observe how the indicator moves.
In the above activity the plant grows very slowly, but the
indicator shows it in a greater scale.

Explain the importance of classification.

1.
1.State that there are natural and artificial methods of classification.
2.State the domains as Archaea, bacteria and Eukarya.
3.Classify the living organisms as major groups – bacteria, protista, fungi,
plantae and animalia based on their specific features.
4.Identify monocots from dicots using their distinct features.
5.Classify non flowering plants as seed bearing and non seed bearing with
examples.
6.Classify invertebrates as Coelenterate, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda and
Echinodermata.
7.Classify vertebrates as Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
SCIENCE-SHORT NOTES MERVIN SIRIWARDANA GRADE10-1ST TERM
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8.Write scientific names using binomial nomenclature.

1.Female gametes (ovum) produce –Ovary

2.Ovum produce by – Primary follicle to Graffian follicle
3.Fertilization take place in – prior part of the fallopian tube.
4. How zygote produce- Fusion of the sperm cell and ovum
5.After day 5- Morulla
6.Day 7- Blastula
7.Implantation take place in – Uterus wall

Activities of female reproductive system

1. Developing ova which are the female reproductive cells

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2. Facilitate the developing of foetus

3. Production of hormones Oestrogen and Progesterone

Menstrual cycle
The cyclic process associated with the reproductive systems of sexually
matured females as known as menstrual cycle.

1.Day per one menstrual cycle – 28 days

2.Menstrual cycle takes place associated with two locations.
1. Changes that take place in the ovary
2. Changes that take place in the uterus

Changes that occur in the ovary can be divided into two stages.
1. Follicular phase 2. Luteal phase
3.Initial stage – Follicular phase
4.In follicular stage - Under the influence of Follicle Stimulating Hormone
(FSH), secreted by pituitary, a primary follicle in the ovary develops to form a
graafian follicle, which is ready to release an ovum.
5.Hormone secrete in follicular stage- Oestrogen
6.Final stage – Luteal stage (In 14 days)
7.What happen -When graafian follicle is matured, it bursts and the ovum inside
it is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube.
8.Influence of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), secreted by pituitary gland and ovary
produce progesterone.
9. If fertilization does not occur, when the ovum is passing forward through
fallopian tube.

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10.What happens to the remaining part- The remaining part of graafian folicle
changes to form corpus luteum and finally to corpus albicans and fades off.

SCIENCE-SHORT NOTES MERVIN SIRIWARDANA GRADE10-1ST TERM