L6i néi dau Gido tinh "Céng nghé xt! If nub thai” nay dugc bién sogn theo a ‘cuong mén hee chinh thie cing tén cia nganh Cong nghé Méi trudng, Trudng Dgi hc Bach Khoa Ha NOi. nhéim cung eéip cho sinh vién nhing kién thiic co ban v8 méi trudng nuéc va cng nghé xt If nude thai, cng cc tip cGn béo v8 méi trudng Trong tam ca gido tinh Id co sé cla cée phuong phép sti dung trong cong nghé xt IY nude thé va ed tinh toan céng nghé. Sido trinh cng dénh mét phiin thich déng gidi thigu tiép cfin gidi quyét vin d& nude thai céng nghiép va xt ly nuéc thai cla mot sé ngdnh céng nghiép. ido trinh nay cling c6 thé lam tai ligu tham khdéo cho hee vién cao. hee nganh Céng nghé Mdi frudng va ee c&n b} nghién ciu trong finh vue xtif nuée thé Do bién sogn lan d&u, gido tinh khéng tranh khdi thiéu sét. Chang 461 rt mong nhgn duge nhiing ¥ kién déng gép cla bon dec va dong nghigp dé gide tinh duge sda chau, bé sung cho fan Ii bén sau. Ha N6I, mia Xuan 1999 Cc tac giduc LyC Loi néi dw . Chueong 1. SO NHIEM MOI TRUONG NUGC 1.1. Hg thing nude vat m6i trang 1.1.1. Nuée trong tr ahien 1.12. Sx ahiém nube 1.2. Phan loai vi efe dic inh eba nue thai 1.2.1 Phan Logi nue thi 1.2.2. Cée tinh cha de rng cba née thi 1.3, MOL 36 thong s6 quan tong ca nue thi 1.3.1. Ham hugng et rin 1.3.2. Ham Iugng oxy hoa tan 133, Nhu eau vay sinks hda 13.4, Nhu edu ory héa hoe 1.3.5. Cc cht dink dutmg 1.3.6. Chi hj cht lugng v8 vi sinh eba nude 1.3.7. Ce tenn de hai va ede hop cht lién quan v8 mat sinh thé 1.4, Nuée thi sinh hoat 1.5. Nuge hii cong nghiep 1.6. Nuée thi d6 thi 1:7. Anh hung cia aude thai 46 v4 ede ngubn tip niga nude 17.1. 86 nbiém muée sbog 1.7.2. Anh husing cia © nhigm dn nde hd 1.73, Anh hong, ea sy 0 nhiém doi voI nude bién 4.8. Quin I chat luong nude 1.9. Kiém sodt 6 nhiém moi trang nude Bai tap ‘Tai ligu tham khio Cincang It. CAC PHUONG PHAP XU LY NUOC THAI 2.1, Me dau 2.2. Phan loi ee qu trink va phitemg php xitf nutie thai 2.3. Kinh té it nude thai 2.4. Lam sach nue thai bang cdc phuxmg php co hoe 2.4.1, Loe qua song chin hose huéi chan 61 a or B ™ "42.4.2. Didu hda ls long, 2.43. Qué tinh King 2.4.3.1, Phan tfeh qué tinh Hing eta cae hat rin trong nude thai 9 ras. wéttnget 2.4,3:3. Cie loan be Hing 2.4.3.4. Téch oe tp chit nb 244. Loe 2.4.5. Tich cc hat rf le img du6i te dung eda ie ly tam va lye nén 2.4.5.1, Xyelon thy lye 2.45.2. Méy ly tim 2.5. Cée phemg phip hea If 25.1. Dong tm vA keo ty 2.5.2. Tuyén nd 2.5.3. Hap pha 254, Trao di ion 2.5.5. Céc qué tinh téch bang mang 2.8.1. Thm thu nguge 2.5.5.2, Siu loe 2.5.5.3. Tim tic va ign thé téch 2.5.6, Cée phuomg php dit héa 2.5.6.1.0xy ha cia anot vi Khir ca catot 2.5.6.2. Dong 1 dien 2.5.6.3. Tuyén n6i bing diéa 2.6, Ce phuomg phip hoa hoe 2.6.1. Phuimg php trung hda 2.6.1-L. Trung ha bing «rn In chit thi 2.6.1.2. Trung hoa bang bé sung e&e tée nha ha hoe 2.6.13. Trung hoa nue thi axit bing céch Ige qua vat ligu o6 tie dang trang ha 2.6.14. Trung hoa bang ki axit 2.62. Phuong php oxy hea va kit . 2:7. Xt muse thai bing ef Phuong php sinh hoe w al 81 95 98 100 104 14 14 7 118 118 roa 132 141 1s 152 159 161 163 162 167 168 169 169 169 189. 1m 174 175 1812.7.1. Nguyen If chung ela qué tri oxy hia sin héa 2.7.2. Su phat trién eat bdo VA dong hoe eta phin ng len men 2.7.3. Anh hutng cia cc yéu t5 khée nhaw len te dd oxy hda sinh héa 2.7.4, Cv tic cba ee cht 6 nim va ban host tinh 2.7.4.1. Qué tfinh oxy héa sinh héa va cf tnie cia mét s6 hop chat hit ed wong nuée thii cong nghiep 2.7.4.2, Cie dang va eu tie cia efe Jogi vi sinh vat tham gia xt IY nnuge tht 2.1.5. Cae phudng phi hig kht 2.7.5.1. Xirly mute thdl trong eae cong 2.7.5.2. Lam sach nude thai rong du kign ty nen 2.7.6. Phuong php ym khi 2.8. xirly hdn hp ause thi sinh hoat va nuée thi cong nghigp 29. Xirig bin ean 2.10. C4 vain de co bin trong phan ich va thet ke cong tinh xy nue thi Bai tap ‘Tai ligu tham khio han tg0 Chuong 11. XU LY NUSC THA CUA MOT SO NGANH CONG NGHIEP- 3.1. Sit dung nue trong sin xudt va nude thi cong nghiep 3.2, Phuong phép tip can gi quyét vin d® née thai cong nghigp 3.3, Nghin eu tinh kh th ve xf nude thi 3.3.1, Xée din hm lugng nue thai 3.32, Lay mu va phan tch miu 7 3.33. Bilo quin mia 3.4, Nu thi rong cng nghigp phn bin hoa hoe 3.4.1. Cong ngh¢ sin xoit phn dam va nguion g6e nude thi 3.4.2. Cong nghe sin xust phan phophat (phan lan) va. ngxion phat sinh ‘nuge thal 3.4.3, Cong nghé sin xudt phan kali 3.44, Dac tinh niu6e thai clia nginh cong nghigp phan bn - Tée dong, cca ching 161 moi tnrtmg, 181 182 186 sp 189 191 191 2u 214 221 222 24 229 230 235 235 2as 248 248 253 251 258 258 261 263 2643.48. Xirly nude thai nginh phan bén héa hoe 267 3.5. Nuée thai trong cong nghigp thuge da om 3.5.1. Cong nghé thuge da 2 3.5.2. Ngudn phat sinh nude thai, de tinh mube thai ela cong nghe thuge da va 273 tée dong cia chiing t6i moi ming. 3.5.3. Cie phuong php gidm thiéu 6 nhiém va xirly nude thdi nginh thude da 275 3.6. Nude thii trong cong nghigp dt nhugm 280 3.6.1. Cong nghe sin xust va ngub phat sinh nue thai 280 3.6.2. Ce ngun gay 6 nhiém, dic tinh nude thi nginh det nhuom va cfc wie 285 dong 16i moi tratme 3.6.3, Cie phuomg phép ngan ngira, rganh det ahugen im thiéu 6 nbiém va xt IY muse tii 298 3.63.1. Cée phuong phip ngan netta, gdm thigu 288 3.6.3.2. Cée phucng phép xi If mde thai det ahugm 21 3.7, Nuc thai cia cong nghigp giiy 296 3.7.1, Cong nghe sin xudt gidy 296 3.7.2. Cae nguidn phét sinh nuGe thai dae tinh nude th trong nganh gify 304, 3.7.3. Che bign php gid thiéu nude thii trong céng nghiep gidy 305 3.7.4. Cac bign phip xirIV nude thai trong cong nghigp gidy 306 3.8, Nude thi cia cong nghé sin xudt bia 310 3.8.1. Téng quan 310 3.8.2. Cong nghe sin xust bia 310 3.8.3, Cic nguid phét sinh nude thli va Ofe tinh nude thi cong nehiep sin 319 xu bia 3.8.4, Cac bign phép ngain nga, giim thiéu va xi] nue thd 35 3.9, Nu6e thi cia nganh cong nghiép lnyén kim, gia cOng kim log 317 3.9.1. Cong nghé luyen gang va luyen thép a7 3.9.2, Cc mguidn nude thai va die tinh muée thai cia cong nghe Iuyén kimden 318 3.9.3. Cong nghé luyén kim mau va ee nguin tht 322 3.9.4. Cong nghé gia cong kim loai va eée nguidn nube tha 323 3.9.5. Phucmg phép it If nue thi cong nghé luyén kim vi yia LOug kins tat 395 ‘Tai Lieu tham Kho 330Chuong | sy 6 NHIEM MOI TRUGNG NUGC HE THONG NUGC VA MOI TRUONG 1.1.1. Nude trong ty nhién Nurée 181i sin chung ciia nhan Jogi, fa ngudn g6e cia sy sng, 18 moi ung trong 46 din ra ede qué trink sng. Nuée déng vai td quyét dinh tmng vige dim hia ende siing ofa ‘con nguii. So véi eae chat long thong thug khée, nuée c6 nbitng ‘day 1A. mot 6 tinh chit dae bigt quan trong cite mu. th chat Khée thutng. Sau Knot taong rieng Nine 1 chit ng duy nhit nora Khi ng bang, Thye i, Ki lung rigng eb nud: Jon nha 64°C. Diéu 46 06 nghia Ia & nhiét d6 Jén hon hode dudi nhiet do ny khdi wong riéng cia nude dBu nbe hon, vi vay bing n6i tren nue. Tinh ehdt ny cdg dn dé hign ‘wong phn ting nhit trong efe ho nse Nhiét dung rieng Nhiet dung rieng cia nude (~ 4186 J/kg."C) cao hon ede chat long Khe, 1 Do ifah chat nay nuée duge dun néng hoge im ngudi chigm hon hau het ede chét Long ktvie, Nhir d6 nue 66 te dyng lim On hoi khi hu eée vong gn nguon nude va €6 chic nang bio vé su s6ng khdi sy bién dong dot ngot ve niet. Nhiet bay hoi Nhiet bay hoi cia nude bling 2258 ki/kg, cao nit so véi tft ed ede chal ling khise. Ditu nay o6 nghia 18 hoi muGe t(ch Juf lnong mhigt Kin va duge gidi phng khi ngumg ty. Nha tinh chit ny cia nue mi t 08 thé nd nate Th yin W eho ah Bring tht haw cia ‘Trai Dat, Nude hoa tan nhitu chat hon bat kj mot dung moi no. Do 46 n6 I& moi trudng 66 higu qua cho vige van chuyén céc chat dinh dutmg hoa tan t6i ce mo va cde eo quan cbaca thé sting cing nhur logi tnt eée chat thi cia ching. Nude cing tham gia vio vie vin chuyén efe chit tan khdp sinh quyén, rn 7 oN sabe cay ah rang ent ce — Hol nuée thost at thyc vot bay hoi nuse lye dia (Cp nuse bing nuge met Sy boy hol ca nube tt dol duong Thél bang pha loang thet Téist dung gin Hinh 1.1. Vang tun hodn ctla nuée v6i tée déng cle nhén sinh (Qué tinh vin dng cia mide trong te nin dye nd 8 boi vg wn hod eta NUE nh & hinh 1.1. Nuée béc hoi tir dai duong duye khong khi bién mang vao dat litn, cing ‘Gi hoi nade be hot nue trong dt li va thodt rat thye vat im ting &6 &m trong Kh Sera ane ve niiém moi Puce ie, ‘ruong nage | Ay béng phuong phép cép ba | Saidyng Ipinude Hinh 1.3, 50.8 quan hé cla cd tinh vyc khoa hoc co ban véi cong nghe xi Hf nuéc va. nude thd B1.2. PHAN LOAI VA CAC BAC TINH CUA NUGC THAI 1.2.1, Phén logi nuéc thal [Neubi ta dinh nghia nue thi [8 chat Long duye thai ra sau qué trinh si dung eta eon ‘ngudi va da bi thay d6i tinh chit ban dad cila ching. Thong thutmg nude thai due phan Jogi theo nguion ac phat sinh ra ching. D6 cfing 18 ca sé cho vigc lua chon ede bién phip hod edng nghe xi. Theo ech phan logi nay, c6 ef loai nude thi dus day. [Nucée tha sinh hoat [Nude thai sinh hoat fa mute thai tir ede khu dan cu, khu vu hoat dng thuong mai, cong si, trudng hoe va ede ea si tuo ne kh. [Nui that cong nhigp (hay cn goi Ia nu6e thai sin xu) [Nu6e thai cng nhigp [a nude thai tt efe nnd my dang hoat Ong, €6 c& nude thi sinh hoat nhumg trong d6 nuséc thai cong nghiep Ia chi yeu ‘Nuée thai qua ‘Day Fa nude mua thm vao he thong e6ng bang nhitu eéch Khée nhau qua ede khop ni, ec 6ng c6 khuyét tat hoge thin cha ho ga hay h6 neu Nucbe thet nie Nude mua duge xem nhu nude thai tw nhién. 6 nbtmg thinh pho hign dai, muse thai ne ‘ign duge thu gom theo mot he thong thostrigng. Nucbe tha do thé ‘Nue thai dO th Ia thuat ngit chung chi chat King trong he thong cng thost cia mgt thn pho, Be hn hop ota ef loai nue thd ké tren, Cée tinh chét da trung cia nuée thai sinh hoat va nude thai cong nghigp sé duoe tinh bay érese muc ring. ‘Theo quan diém quin If moi trxdng, ede ngudn gly O nhiEm nude cdn duye phan thnh hai losi: nguon xéc dinh va nguion khong xéc dinh, (Cfe nguién xéc dinh bao gm muée thai d6 thi va nude thii cOng nghiep, céc cits c6ng x4 nude mua Va tit c& ede ngudn thai vao ngudn tigp nin nude 6 16 chic qua he thong ‘ing va keri tha ic nguon khong xae dinh bao gm uve chy troi tren be mat Gat, nue mua va eae rnguion nue phan tin khéc. Sy phan loai ndy rit c6 fch khi 48 c§p t6i ede vin d® itu chinh kiém sodit 6 nhiém.‘Cée ngua xée dinh thung e6 thé dinh Lugng va kiém sodt truge khi thi, nguoe lai ce nguion khong xée dinh thudng rat ks quan Ij. Ce ngudn 6 nhiém khong xic dinh gay ra cfc vain sau «= X6i mon dit va vin chuyén sa ling din dén hau qua la thay di ché & va gay anh Inuéing xdu dé cdc Lodi thiy sinh, lip day ese dong song, vue chia, gay kh6 khan, ting chi pli cho vige xi If nase vA giim chat lugmg nude cho mye dich sr dung. - Cie chit dinh dudmg nhu nite va photpho sii phong tx phn bén va chit tht dong vt kich thfeh sw phéttrign cia thye vat va vi khudn trong nuéec din dén hién tug phi ung, = Tich ty ede kim loai nang nhur kém, Ong, thay ngdn... tk ede chat due sit dung trong bito ve thye v8, som, han chi va nhieu qué tinh Khe = Céc hos ch! Ade hai: chi yéu 18 cdc ha chat bio ve thye vat. Ngodi ra, nude chiy. w0i wen B® mat dat qua ee khu vue chin nudi gis sie 66 the cea luge Ion chat thi dong vat s® d6ng gop mot lugug quan trong cf chit si¢ dung oxy ‘a chit in Io king, gay 6 nhigm moi trudmg nude. ‘Bing 1.1 cho nbng do tuomg di cia cée chat gAy 6 nbim trong eée ngun khong xe din. Bang 1.1. Nong 66 tuong 41 ede chét gay 6 nhiém trong coc ngubn khong xa dinh (8) gun onniém | $s chat | kin | chat 80 kong xée ann | can }800} ann | togi | bao ve | Nau | man | Axt | niet iéng auong | ade | thyc vat | 86h | tos Nuée mua than phe uc [a ful nn koyeng “wet n {win fw aime - nw | a [oN sinwuateay iongcs] UL |tu-M| H [Nal wen | on [aw | N- tude (Chen nud “a [TM Cw wtp Pon honoring nf nl Cope wn nus hog : cm| nf on [ws [ww | nw weafoal w [ou Pu pw fw N NeM (Gin hd: N=Whong ding KE; L= hp; M= trang Dn; B= no1.2.2. Ce tinh chat dé trung cia nude thai ‘pé quan If chit luong moi uadng mabe dug tt, eng nur tit Ke, Ion chon etm ghé v8 tht bi xr hop If, etn higo bn cht cha me thi, Tin ct vat 9, tha pit hod hoe va sinh hge cing agin g6e pst sinh racing duge gt ke rong bing 12 tee thi pita quan rong cia nade thi ia quen cl Ong nghe xi ly duge tinh bay wong bing 13 6 cy chi xin gi thigw mot vai thong s6 chinh cia nude thai c6 ien quan nhieu 1 sy fo nhiém ofa efe nguidn chia nuée vA eng nghe xit If nuse thi. CAc thong 50 Kise €6 thé tham Kho trong c&e 14 Ligu v8 ho hoe moi trutmg hode cée phuong phép chun ding trong phan tich mute va née thi do APHA, AWWA va WPCP cia MY xust bin 1.3. MOTSO THONG $6 QUAN TRONG CUA NUGC THA 1.3.1. H&m lugng chat rén ‘Téng chat edn 1A thin phian vat I de trang quan trong nlbét ea nude thi. N6 bao sgbm efec chit rn nd, 1 Ting, Keo vA tan. Do 46 Kbi phan tich, t6ng chit rin duce xée Ginh 14 phan cdn Iai sau khi cho bay hoi mfu nue hoe nue thi tén bép eich thu), tiép 445 sy Kho & nhiet 49 103°C cho t6i Khi trong lucmg khong d6i. Ham luong efe ehst rén lang duce la nhiing hat rn sé King xucing dy binh hinh e6n (got Ia phéu Imhop) trong 60 pint, duge tinh bling ml, Chi tga nay a mae phép do gk dling huang bin sé duce Khir ‘rong ling 50 ep. ‘Theo kich thude cia hat rén, ng chit rin duge phan thinh ed log : chit rén to limg, chat rén keo vi htt rn tan nr tin bay trén hin 1.4, Bé xée dinh ham haem chat rn lo ling thug ding gity loc Whatman GHC, e0 kieh thude 16 Khoiing 1,2 ym. a= ondeeintan so ot iron ona Lng euge > Hinh 1.4, Phan logi chat rén trong nude théi 16Baing 1.2. Céc tinh chét vat ly, hoé hoe vai sinh hoc dg tung cia nude tha va ngudn gc cla ching (7) - Céc kim ogi ngng Nito pk Photon Luu huynh - Coe chét age 30 Khe Hs CH O “Thanh phiin sinh hoe cae wong vol Taye vet ‘Snh vot nguyén sinh Viut Tinh cha [Ngun phat sinh + CSc toh chét vary -Meu = Chét thd sith hoot va cong nghiép. sy phon 1 ty nhien chéthou co = Mo Sy th6irUa chat théi va. cc chdt thd cong nghiGo = Chat en += Cp nude cho sinh hogt. cd chat thal sinh hot va sn xu, x61 mbn dG, dong thd, chay veo he théng céng, -Nnigt 6 - Cée chat thé sinh hogt va san xu6t ‘Thénh phn hod hoc: Ngutn gée hu co: ‘Cactonhiydrat - Cc chét thal sinh hoot, thuong moi var sn xust = MO, du, du nhén = Cée chdt thal sinh hoat. thuong mei va sén ust Thue tucou Chet thai néng nghige Phenol - Chét thai céng nghiep Protein Géc chét thé sith hogt v8 thuong rol = Cée chat hogt dong b8 mat | - Cac chét thé sinh hoat ve san uct - Ce chet kh = Phén tunhién cbc chét hou co Ngudn gée v6 co 6 ibm = Nude thél sinh hogt, 6p nude sith hog. qué tinh thém eda nuée ng’ Clorua ~ Cp nuse sinh hogt. c&c chélt thal sinh hoot, qua {tinh thém ea nude ngim, céc chét lam msm nus Cc chét thé céng nghigp = Cc chét thai sinh host va néng nghiep = Cac chat thai cng nghige - C6 chai thdi shih hoot va cong nahiep + Cp nuée sith hog. nude thal sinh: hogt va c&ng ghee = Ce chéit thai cong nghiap -Phon huy cdc chdtthél sinh heat = Phgn huy cc ch6tthél sinh heat = Cp nude sinh hogt, sy thé ede nude BE met = Ode dng nuse hive nine may x0 1% = C6 déng nud hd va nha ry xi = Cc chet théi sinh hogt és nna ry i 7 = Cc chét théisinh hoot 7Bang 1.3. C4e thanh phn quan trong trong nuéc thai én quan 481 céng net xu) Thanh pian Gh ena (Céc chet dn io ing ‘Céc chat rn to ling ©6 thé dn dén tang khé nang Kang bon vai du kien ky Kn kh thi nude thal khéng qua ai yao m6 fudng nude Geo Chat hou co phan | Gm proton, cacbonnydat v6 chét bBo. Céc cht hau co huy sith noc: phen hu sinh hoe duge do being chi tiv BOD ve: COD. Néu hdl chang frye tiép vo méi tung : qué trinh én fh sinh hoe alla ening ©6 thé dn dén giérn lugng oxy trong nude ‘unbign ve aén en nguyen non gby mov Cae nhon 16 gey Benn | R6t nhibu bénh cé thé lan tuyBn qua cdc vi hudn gOy bbenh trong nube thd. “Cac chat inn dueng | Canta va photpno cing véi cacbon 18 nhong cha dinh ‘duong chin cho sy pt frién cua sinh vai. Kh thai ching \vao mai ruang nyse, cée chat dinh duong néy 66 th adn én sy phat fn ce cAc sinh vet ngodl muén trong m6 frudng nude, Cn kl thal ching vel metiugng du wao det 28 fam &nhiém nude ng ‘Cee nhGt hou eo ney Khang 6) phan hus él ef phuong php xf nue thal théng thuéng. Vi du didn inh 1a chit hhogt dng b8 mét, phenol ve mot s6 hoa chat bao ve “tengnéng ngniep. Kim logingng Cae kim 1991 ngng fhuang nhiém vao nguBn nude do coe: hogt déng eéng nghiép. ching cin duge knit ra kndt nude nak ‘Céc chéit én v6 co hoa | Cac thanh phin v6 co ny cnx, nati, sunfat ¢6 mét nude tan thal sinh hogt trong qué trinh si dyng nude. NEU nuée thal 6% muéin si dung llth phd hd 66 chang, Ai loi chat rén tren du e6 thé duige phn loa tip tren ec 8 tinh bay ho cia ching & mhiét do 550 + 50"C. Phin hau co s8 bi oxy hod thanh khf 6 nhigt do nay, phan v6 eg cin Joi 2 phtin tro, Nw vay thugt ng "chat rn lo kimg bay hot 18 hm luomg chat how eo, cdn "chit rn lo King ¢6 dinh twong img véi him long, vO co ca chét rn Io lig. 1.3.2. Ham lugng oxy hod tan DO (Dissolved oxygen) Mt wong nbfing chi teu quan trong nh cis ause 18 ham luong oxy ho’ tan, vi oxy khong thé thigu duge d6i vit cd ede sinh vat s6ng trén can fing niu duct mute. Oxy duy ‘fi qué trinh trao déi chat, sinh ra ning lugng cho sy sinh trudng, sinh sin va 1éi sin xu,Nong 0 oxy ho’ tan 61 thiéu di v6i ee loa e& host dong manh nb eé hd 18 58 mg/l, con A6i véi Jodi c& 6 nhu Cau oxy thip nhu eé chép 1a 3 mg/l. Oxy 18 chit kh kh6 hol tan trong nude, khong tée dung véi nuée V8 mat hod hge. DO hhc tan cika né phu thuge vao eéc yéu 1 nhu dp suit, nhiet 46 va céc die tinh chia nude (cic thanh phitn hog hoe, vi sinh, thu sinh sng trong nub... Nong do bio hoa cia oxy trong ude 6 ult do cho WuGe U6 Une Kilt iow dul lust Hemy. Nong dQ dy uhudag nim «rong Khong 8 +15 mg/l nhiet 49 binh thudng. ‘Cée nguion nude mat do ¢6 bE mat thosing tip xtc tre tiép voi khong khi nén thubng 66 ham lugng oxy hod tan cao. Qué trinh quarig hop vi ho hap cde cfc Lodi thuy sinh eting lim thay 46i ham luong oxy hod tan trong nue mat. Cée nguidn nude ng’im thuémg e6 ham Jung oxy hoa tan thap do cdc phin tng oxy hod khit xdy ra trong long dat tiéu thy nhieu oxy. Ki thi cfc chit thi si dung oxy vao ede ngubn nude, qua tinh oxy hod ching s& lim giém nding 49 oxy hoa tan trong 4c nun nuée nay, thim chi 6 thé de doa sur song cia fe Joti ef elng nh sinh vit s6ng trong muse Dé xée dinh nidng 49 oxy hod tan trong nude nguidn cing nbus trong nude thd, neudi ta thudmg ding phuong phép iot (hay con goi fa phuemg php Winkler). Phuong php phan tich nay dya vio qué trinh oxy hod Mn™ thanh Mn‘* trong mdi trutng kim va Mn" tai ob Khdnang oxy aT thanh I ty do wong mdi tring axit. Nov vay luyag J duoe gi phn twong duong Gi luong oxy hod tan 6 trong nude. Ligng i6t ny duce xée dinh bing ‘phuong php chun do wéi dung dich nati thiosunfat (Na, $:0:). (Cée phn tng hod hoe xy ra nbu sau ~ Neu khong 6 oxy trong miu nue: Mni*+ 20H" > Mn(OH), 4 an (ing) ~ Néu 6 oxy trong mau nue: 1 Mni* 4 20H + 5:0; > MnO; 4 + 0 (2) (om) sau d6 hod tan et tha ten bling axit HSO, dam dae = MnO, +20 +4H" > Ma?*+ 1b +21,0 as) - Déng kin niit Kée ft nhat trong 10 giay dé phan tng xy ra hodn todn, fi My 200 ml ‘dung dich nay dem chun 9 vi dung dich 0,025N NayS:O hit Tp +2Na S05 > NaySyO, + 2Nal (a) Hind BOE noo mu 19Kt qua 1 ml dung dich chudn twomg dong 1 mg/l oxy hod tan, {DE dim bao do chinh x4e cao cia két qua phan tich, ean che § mgt s6 diém sau: a Trin ip thy thém khong kh trong qué tinh Iy miu b. Cin 66 din miu ngay uén hign tung 48 trénh mit oxy trong qué tinh van chuyén do khuéch tin va si thay 48i nbigt 40 eting nhur ede host dong cia vi Khun higu Ki, bing efch ci 300 ml mu them vio 0,7 ml H,SO, dim dic va 1 mi dung dich 2 g NaN; trong 100 mi nude eft, gi miu trong dieu kien khong o6 énh sing va nhiet 40 osc, . Nir miu trade ki phn ich 48 lol tr nh hung cba mot s6 tée nhan oxy hod ins NO¥ va Fe 66 khi nang oxy hos T' thin Ty lam cho ket qué cao hon gi tr the hode ede tée nan khit nhu Fe™, SiOy, S*... ¢6 thé Khir I thanh T fam cho két qua thi thon git thu. Hien nay ngudi dX sin xutt duge ee may do DO (Oxygen meter) 06 49 chinh xée cao phyc vy nghién ctu va quan tric moi trudng. Viee x4c dinh thong s6 vé him luong oxy hod tan e6 ¥ nghia quan trong wrong vige duy Ui dieu kigu hiéw Khi cia nude ty nhien vd qué tvinh phan hug higu khé trong qué tinh xit If nude thdi, Mat Khéc him luoug oxy ho’ tan con 1 cu sé cba phép phan tich xe djnh nhu cBu oxy sinh hod. Do 1a thong s6 quan trong 6 dan gid mic dd 6 nhiém cba nude thai. Ngoai ra oxy con Ia y8ia w quan trong tong skiém sost an mon sit thép, de bigt 18 he thong diting Ging phan phd nude 1.3.3. Nhu cu oxy sinh hoa BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) ‘Nhu elu oxy sinh hod Ih chi tiéu thong dung nht dé xe dink mite 49 6 ni ‘nude thai do thi va chat thai trong nude thai cia cOng nghigp. BOD tage dinh nghit ft Lugng oxy vi sinh vat d& sic ng trong qua tanh oxy hos exe cht hau co. Phuong tinh téng qual ela phn ting nay nh sau : vikhuss Chat hau co+0, ">" CO;-+H40 + t# bdo méi + sin phim o6 dinh as ‘Trong moi truémg nuéc, khi qué tinh oxy hoé sinh hoc _xay ra thi cfc vi sinh vat sir ‘dung oxy ho’ tan, Vi vay xe dinh téng lugng oxy hod tan cin thiét cho qué winh phan huy sinh hoc 1a cong vige quan trong dé dénh gid anh hung cia mot dong thii di voi nguion ruée. BOD biéu thi lugng céc chat hdu co trong nude e6 thé bi phan hu) bing cdc vi sinh vat ‘Trong ky thugt moi trudng chi teu BOD duve ding rong r8i d8 : 1. Xée dinh gan ding luong oxy ean thiét dé én din sinh hoe ede chit hi co e6 trong anuge thi 2. Xe dinh kich thu6e thit bi ity. 203, Xife dinh higu suat xiry cia mot s6 qué tinh, 4, Ne dinh su chdp thugn tan theo nbing quy dinh cho phép thai cht thai, ‘Trong thyc t8 ngudi ta khong thé xée dinh hugng oxy cin thi dé phn hu hodn toin chat hu co vi nur the tn gus nhitu thi gian ma chi xée dinh luong oxy can tht trong 5 ngiy du & nhiet d0 ti 20°C, kg higu BODs. Chi tieu nay dl duge chudn hog va sir dung & itu khdp céc nue trén thé gi6i. Thi nghi¢m xéc dinh BODs tign hanh nhur sau : CCho mot luong nh dinh miu nude thii vio chai phan th oxy hod tan c6 thé teh ‘bing 300 ml, pha loting ti thé tich tr bing dung dich pha long (nuge eft 6 bé sung mot s6 nguyén 16 dinh dugng nhur N,P, K,Fe.va bio hod oxy) theo 1) 6 nh hung dn trong {ai Tigu "Ce phuong phép chun 48 phan tich nuse va nuse thi" Va déng not kin. U chai miu trong ti hoae phdng t6i 6 20°C. Xéc dinh ning 49 oxy hod tan trong méu ban daw va sau ngay thi 5. Higu s6 gita hai ndng d9 oxy hod tan ndy 1a BODs. Vi BODs cia ede chat thii dign hinh thudng bing vai tram mg/l va d9 bao hod oxy trong nude & 20°C bing 9,1 gl do 46 thudng etn pha losing miu dé sao cho ridng 9 oxy hod tan cus cdng & ngdy thir lon hom 0. Khi ket qua th nghiém méi c6 nga. Gi ti BOD duve tinh theo cong the sau Ds BOD; mefl 1.6) trong d: Dy -ndng d9 oxy hod tan ea mu nude thi phe long trude khi 8, mess Dz ning 49 oxy ho’ tan cia mu nuée thi pha long sau S nga 6 & 20°C, maf; P= s6 pha long va duge tin nur sau: thd ffch mu nude thi dom phan fich 18ng thé Tich nude thal dem phan fich va nuéc phe loang “Trong mot vii trvimg hop can bd sung thém vi sinh vat vio mide pha lodng 48 dim ‘bio chde chén dit mat d6 vi sinh vat cho qué trinh phan huy. Trong trutmg hyp dé, BODs dduge inh theo edng the sau: BOD, = (21 =D2)~(B, ~ B)-F mea (7) trong 6 ong 49 oxy hoa tan cna miu nde tl pha loang co ey vi khan ngay sa ka ‘chudin bi miu xong dé 0, mg/l; D, - nidng 49 oxy hoa tan cia miu nude thai pha lofing 06 ey vi khuidn sau 5 ngay d & 20°C, mest 24ox dng dO oxy hod tan cia nude pha losing ¢6 cy vi Khun true khi dem i, mgs By- ridng 49 oxy hod tan eta nude pha long e6 ety vi Khu sau kid, me FF 1) 86 gita thé tich chit long 68 sung vi khudn trong miu va trong di ching, ghia 8 bing: Shay mi chét léng bé sung vi khuén trong Dy Shay mi chat Tong BS sung vi hun trong 8) Hien nay ngudi w dX sin xust duge may do BOD 6é phan tich nhanh, Do qué inh oxy hod sinh hoe xiy ra rit cham vi kéo di, trong khong thoi gian 20 ngay, Khoing 95-99% cfc chit hu ea cacbon bj oxy hod va trong 5 ngay dau tien xée dinh BOD 6 -evodng 60470% cdc cht ht ec may bj oxy hos. Nhigt do 20°C a niet 49 tung Binh trong nnd & efe nde o6 Kh hqu On hod vA n6 cling d& duge ti din tai trong ti, NE vin dh ai mu & ede niet d0 khée nhan 88 cho Ket qui BODs Khe nhau vi t6e 49 phdn tng sinh hoe ph thie vio nhigt d9. Dovay, mot s6 nude & khu vue ahiet d6i d& ding thong s6 [BOD (ngbia fa mu phan tich duge 6 30°C trong 3 ngiy).. [Nehign edu dong hge eta phin tng BOD 4 ching minh duoc ring, Hitu het ching Id dc phin ng bg mt, Digu d6 o6 nga Ia te d0 ca phn dng tf 1¢ voi long chit ha co 6 trong nite, Néx gid thiet Ly 14 ham lugng BOD sing thd gian t va k li hing s5 we dg phan tng, Khi 666 thé vist ‘abe, a ‘Tich phan (1.8) due: It suf it as Lt (8) (toy trong 46 : L, 18 him luong BOD sng véi thai digm t = 0 (nghia 18 ng BOD hay BOD cui ccang cia phe cacbon). ‘MG6i quan he gia k (co 6 c) v8 K (eo s6 10) nhu sau + k K= — qa) 2,303, ‘Lazong BOD ba Iai & thd dim & bang = L=lee™ (tz) con lueng BOD df bj vi Khun st dyng dn th idm at ky st bing: BOD, = Y= Lo-L)= Lo (-e%) 13) 2‘Ce mi quan he ph thude cba bigu thie (110) va (1.13) duge minh ho tren hinh 1.5. Hing s6 t6e 49 k cia phin img BOD Ia thong s6 biéu thi r6e dp phan buy sinh hoe ‘ce chit itu co trong nude thi, vi khi k tang, t6e d9 sit dung oxy tang, mae dd ng BOD cui cing khong thay déi, Tée 49 phén img phy thude vio nhitu yéa t6 nhur bin chat cia chit thai, kh nang phan hu chat thi cha vi sinh vat va nhigt 6. u i" 800 én la a) Thal gion, nay BOD, p= BOD cu6i cing pha cacbon BODs Ory da sis dyn naa arcing BOD, =1(1-6% » . ‘ Théi gion, ngdy Hinh 1.5. Dudng cong I tudng nhu cau oxy sinh héa pha cacbon a - BOD cén igi: b- Luong oxy da tieu thy. ‘Tee d6 phan tnup sinh hoe ehét thi ting khi nbigt do tang. Bé biéu thi moi quan he sia nhigt 40 vi hing 36 te do phan img k ngudi ta thudng sit dung cOng thie sau 2Bk= ky 07? aay trong d6 = ‘kyo ~ hing s6 t6e dd phan ing & niet do chuiin 20° C; k ~ ng s6 t6e do & nhigt d9 Tc; 0 ~ he s6 nbigt do (thug lay bang 1,047). Oxy da st dung B00 cudl cing NBOD - Nhu edu oxy sinh pha cocbon| hea phe.nite BOD, (C800 - Nhu cdu ory sinh héa pha cacbon a 5 10 5 20 Thai gion. ngy Hinh 1.6. Dudng cong nhu cau oxy sinh héa pha cacbon va pha nito © tren ta da gid thiét chi e6 qué trinh oxy ho4 sinh hge phn cacbon cia chit thi, hung efing ¢6 kha nang tng them nhu c&u oxy sinh hod do qué trinh oxy hod cée hop chit nito. Nhu vay thye t€ dung cong BOD sé o6 hai pha: pha cacbon va pha nite nh tren hinh 1.6, Bigu cin cho ¥ fa nhu cAu oxy sinh hos pha nit (NBOD) bét dau trong khodng ngiy thi 5 déa 8, vi vay qué trinh nitrat hoa khong anh hung toi két qua cia thf nghiem phan tich BODs. Khi phan tich phuting trinh phan ting oxy hod ofc hop chit chifa nito cho phép ta xée dinh Ingg oxy ti t6n cho qua trinh nitrat ho. Bang 1.4, Mot s6 gié tr dién hinh cia ken Meu nee Nubec céng 036+ 0.70 Nube cing dani tt a.10 +025 Nude song bj nig. 010 +025 4‘Trong thue té phuomg php phan tch BOD o6 ntng han che’ sau + 1. You cau mat do vi sinh vQt rong mu phan tich can di én va ede vi sinh vat b6 sung ‘vio miu cn duge thich nghi wai mai ring. 2. i chit thai 6 chia cde cht dge‘hai cn xir IY sob trade ki phan ich, dng tho cin chi gidm anh bung oa cc vi sinh wat nitrat hod. 3, Phép phan eh BOD chi do auge ham huong ec eh how ex e6 thé bi phan hay bing con dug sinh hoe. 44, Tainghiém Khong c6 gif tr can bing sau ki eée eft him co hod tan trong dung dich ‘sii sit dung, 5, ‘Tha gian phan tch qué dai, phi sau 5 ngay mai c6 Ket qua. 1.3.4, Nhu cu oxy hod hec COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) hi s6 nay duge ding rong ri dé bie thi hod him Iugmg cht how eo rong nue thi ‘va mic dO 0 nbiém nude wy nhién, COD duge inh ngbiia JA Luong oxy cn thiét cho qué inh oxy ha hod gc ede chat tu ea trong miu nude thanh CO: v8 nude. Lit oxy my twong dirong véi ham lugng chit hitu eo 6 thé bj oxy hod duge xéc dinh khi sir dung mot tge nhn oxy hod hod hoe manh trong moi tng axit, Phuong phép phé bign nhs dé xc inh COD 1a phuong phdp bicromat va co: ch€ cia né theo phuong trinh phan (mg sau: e804 x Che chti him co+ C07 +H" ————> CO + HO +20" (as) fai Luong C07? der duge chun 49 bang dung dich FAS (Fe(NH)(SO)) v2 si dung dung dich ferroin lam chat chi thi. ‘Dim ket thie chudn dé Ja diém khi dung dich chuyén tir sn xan am sang mau na nhgtdheo phn ting sau: 6Fe + C0? + 4H" ———> Fe" + 20r"+ THO 6) ‘Ham lugng COD dupe tinh theo eong thife (A-ByeN8000__ ang coD= ml mda (1.17) wong 6: ‘Ac thé tich dung dich FAS téu tn cho chun d9 dung dich tréng, ml; BB. thé tch dung dich FAS eu 16n cho chuén 49 dung dich mu, mal, [N-ng d9/duong luong ci dung dich FAS: 8000 1a s6 chuygn d6i ket qua sang mg Oni Ct e6 COD bide thi cd lugng ofc chst hu co Khong thé bj oxy hoa bing vi sinh vat, do 6 né c6 gif te cao hon BOD. Phép phn tich COD 6 ww diém la cho ket qué nhanh {hét Khong 3 git) nén di khée phe duxe nhuye diém elie phép do BOD. Dei vat nhieu 25loai chit tii, gita chi s6 COD va BOD 06 mi tweng quan nhit din véi nhan. Vi vay Khi thigt lap dge m6i quan he tuong quan may o6 thé sir dung phép do COD dé van hanh va kgm sodt hoat dong cia cée nha may xt ly muée chil. Hien nay tén thi trudmg a8 c6 bin ce may phan tich COD ahanh (COD Reactor) Ngoai eéc chi s6 COD va BOD nguti ta cin ding mot vai chi s6 khée d€ do ham Jung ede chit hu ea trong nutée nhir Wing eachon hn en TOC CTotal Organic Cachon) vi ru clu oy theo IY thuyét ThOD (Theoretical Oxygen Demand). TOC chi duge ding khi him lugng cfc chit hitu eo trong nuée rat nhd, cdn ThOD chinh la lfgng oxy edn tht dé oxy hod hoan toan phiin hit co trong chét thi thnh CO, va nude va chi 6 thé tinh duge kkhi bit c6rig the hod hge cia ede chat hit eo. Vi thanh phitn cia nude tha rit phate tap nnén Khong thé tinh duge nu Chu oxy theo fy thuyét. Trong thy t6 chi s6 my 66 thé tinh ‘Bin diing tn 0 6 chi s6 COD. Tir cae phan tich trén cho ta thay tub 06 diy: ‘TROD > COD > BOD cya > BODs 1.3.5. Cac chétt dinh dung 1.3.5.1. Ham lcgng nito ito va photpho la ning nguyén t6 chi y6u en tht cho cfc sn vat nguyen sinh v8 the vat phat irén va ching duge bit iti nur I nhng chil dink dung hofe kich thich sinh hoe. Nita 6 thé tn ti ee dang chi ya sau Nitg hu eo (N-HC), nit amoniae (N-NHs), nito nitrit (N-NO;), nite nitrat (N-NO3) VA Nz nedo . Vinitc IA nguyen 16 chinh xay dung i bio tng hgp protein nén s6 ligu ve chi teu nito $@ rat cin thiet dé xée dinh khi mang 06 thé xir If mot loai nude thai mao a6 bing cfc qué trinh sinh higc. Trong truimg hop khong dil nito, 6 thé bé sung them dé chat thai d6 trésnén o6 kha nang xiry bing phuong phép sinh hoc, Chi tigu him lugng nite trong mate eting duoe xem nhu 18 chét chi thi tinh trang 6 nhiém cia nude vi NH; ty do I2 sin phim phan huy cfc chét chia protein, nghia la 6 ditu ‘kign higu kn xy ra qué tinh oxy hos theo tinh ur sau: Oxy hoo: (18) Protein —_| vy nitoromonee yo, nirebscter | No, ‘Téng nite 1 téng cdc ham lugng nito hu co, N-NHs, N-NO, va N-NOs. Him Luong nito ht ed duge xéc dinh bing phuong phip Kindal (Kjldah. Téng nito Kindal Ia téng cia nite hou e0 ¥8 nit amonise. Chi teu N-NHS thung duge xée dinh bing phuong php 26so mau hode chudn do, cdn ede chi tieu N-NO; va N-NO; duge xéc dinh bing cde phyong php so mau. ito khong nhiing chi o6 thé gay ra efe vii 4 phi dung, ma Khi chi tieu N-NOs trong nude edp cho sinh oat vugt qus 45 mg NOvl eting 06 thé gay ra mei de doa nghiem trong d6i vai se Khde com ngubi. Mae dd bin thin nirat khong phii I chat nguy hiém, Thy nien, trong dutmg ruotté nbd thutme tim thy loa vi Khun o6 thé chuyén hos nitrat than niet. iit nay 06 &i lye 6i Dag chu trong mau manh hom oxy, Kh n6 thay the oxy 8 go thin methemoglobin, hop chat nay khong thé nhn oxy va gay ra bgnh xan xa0 & tré hd (methemoglobinemia), tham cht c6 thé gay tr vong. 1.35.2. Ham laong photpho Nedy nay ngudi ta quan tam nhibu hom dén viee kiém sodt him Iuang cdc hyp chit ‘photpho trong nie mit, rong née thi sinh hoat va nu thi cng nghigp tht vo nguiin rude. Vi nguyen 16 ndy 1a mot ong nhtug nguyen nhin chinh gay ra su phét trién "bang 16” cba tio & mot s6 ngudn nude mat. Photpho trong nue vA née thi hung tn tai dec dang orthophotphat (PO,”, HPO,” HaPO,, HsPO,) hay polyphotphrat [Nas(POs)6] v8 plotphat hu co. Orthophotphat e6 thé xée dinh bing phuong php so miu véi thu. thi NHLdMoO, ‘v8 SoC, cin polyphotphat va photphat hou co cin chuyén hod thinh orthophotphat qua phan dng wi axit sau 46 xée djnh bang phuomg php so mau néi tren. Chi tigu photpho 6 ¥ nghia quan trong trong ciip nude dé kiém sodt sy hinh thanh cin ri, an mgn va xitly nude hii bing céc phuong phép sinh hoc. 1.3.5.3. Haim luong sunfat Jon sunfat thuémg ¢6 trong nuée cp sinh hoat cting nbu trong nuge thai, Law huh cing 1a mot nguyéa t6 ein thiét cho qué tinh tng hop protein va duce gidi phéng ra trong «qua ttinh phan huy chiing. Sunfat bi khisinh he & diéu kien ky kif theo phn mg sau : vixtudn Chit hitu ca + $0," ———> _ S* + 1,0 + CO, 19) yt S428" ——> Hst (1.20) Khi HLS duge gidi phéng vo khong khf tren b? mat nude thai trong be théng din. Mot phan kh nay «feh ty tai cfc he be mat aham cba dng din va e6 thé bi oxy hod sinh hoc thinh 1,S0,, lim an mbn ede Ong din. Mat kc, kh HS phat sinh moi khé chiu va doe lagi cho con ngudi é noi ait Iy nude thi [Nude uéng c6 chita sunfat & him luyng cao 88 o6 téc doug tay nhe d6i vdi nguth ‘Nhung nidng 49 gidi hgn cita SO,” trong nutéc edip cho sinh hoat khong duce vuot qué 250 ”mg/l, viné cing 1A nguyen nhan gay déng can cing trong cdc nibi hoi va thiét bi tra0 ai hie. 1.3.6, Chih] chét lugng v8 vi sinh ca nuée Nude 1a mot phuong tign lan truyén cée nguon bgnh va trong thy tcc bénb lay tan {qua moi mime mide Ia nguyen nhan chinh ey ra hen tt vA tt vong, nha 1 ee medic dang pit trién. G céc mud nay, bénh tet da lam tén thét t6i 359 tiem nang sic lao dng. Cée téc nhian gay bénh thuémg duge bai titra trong phan cba ngubi bénh, bao gdm ede ‘nhém chinh sau: cfc vi Khun, virut, dong vat don bao (protozoan - proto7oa) giun ky sink (parasitic worms). Ba bénh do ede vi khudn cba nguon nu6c thudng gp nhit IA s6t thug han (typhoid fever) do salmonella typhosa gAy ra; benh ti Chat A (Asiatic cholera) do vibro ‘comma gay ra va-ly khudn que (Bacilary dysentery) do shigella dysenteriae gay ra. Cie benh nay thudng thay énhimg Khu vue ¢6 thai phan ngudi mot céch thy tien. Qué tinh lan ‘trayn benh c6 thé true tip tir ngudi ben, hay gin tigp qua cOn trig trung gian, hode qua the phém va qua sir dung nue bi nhiém bin, ‘Chat Iuong ve mat vi sinh cla nude dhutmg duye biéu thi bang nng do cla vi khudn chi thi - 618 nhitng vi Khun Khong gay benh va ve nguyen ue 6 Ta nh irge Khun (coliform). Thong s6 dye si dung rong ri hat I chi s6 cot Cée vi kuin dang tye khuin dic tring gbm escherichia coli va fecal streptococci (enterococci). Chiing sGng tong dudng rudt cia nguti va duge thdi ra véi sO luong én ‘rong phan ngui vi cdc dong vat mau néng khée (trung binh khodng 50 trigu coliforms ‘rong 100 ml), Nuc thai sinh hoat chs qua xirlythung chia tren 3 trieu eoti/100 ml. Cac 1igu chudn nude uéng thudng dinh #6 siran toln vé sinh bang mot phuong phip xét nghiém xée dinh ma khong phét hign ra 6 ane trung binh Ia Khong vuot qua 1 califormy/ 100 ml “Trong Kho sét chit lugmg nue, ditu cBn thigt Ia phi x4 dinh sé vi Khun coliform dé xem ligu cd dat tigu chudn hay khong. O day thutmg sir dung ky thugt 1én men dé ém oan chimg, xéc nbn nbiing ket qué ducmg va céc x61 nghiém fecal coliform. Két qué cia phép phan tich niy duge bidu th hula s6 xe suit cao nhét MPN (Most Probale Number) Vi vige dém céc ket qua duomg dia ten phan tich theing ke cia cc bo Sng nghiém trong ‘mot loat ede diy pha long. Theo dinh nghiia MPN c6 lién quan ti mot thé tich mau bing 100 mi. Ditu d6 66 nghia fa khi MPN = 10 te 1.66 10 coliforms trong 100 tl nude, ‘Tuy tng 36 coliform thutmg duge sir dung nhu mOt chi 6 chit luong cila nude ve mat ‘6 sinh, nhung & diéu kin kh hdu nhigt d6i, tham s6 nay chua 06 dy di § nghia ve mat ve sinh do nhng nguyen nhan sau Thi nhdt la 66 rit nhitulogi vi khuén coliform tn tg ty nin trong dst, v1 vay mst 49 cao eée vi khuén coliform cia nude ty nhién gitu dinh dung e6 thé Khong c6 9 nabiia ve mit ve sinh, 28Thit hai la eée vi kin coliform c6 xu huténg phat trién trong nude ty nhign va ham. ch trong ci cde cOng doan xt IY nuée thai (te khi Khir tring) trong dieu kign nhiet d6i ‘Vinbigu vi khudn cha ty nhin c6 thé sinh trutmg & nhiet do cao, do 46 chiing thueng gay nhiéu ket qua phan tich tng s6 coliform - a x6t nghigm tién hinh 6 35°C. Chin vt vay 3 dieu kien kf hau nhigt d6i, dua vio s6 ligu vé tng 86 coliform 48 din dén nhong két luan sai, Dé khe phuc ditu ny, ngubi ta di st dung c4 chi s6 fecal coliform Tam mdt chi s6 cht ung cia nude ve mat vé sinh. KY thug x4e dinh s6 fecal coliform cting twong ty nh 446i véi xée dinh tng s6 coliform, chi khiéc 6 chS qué trinh & duoc tin hinh & nhiet do exo hom 44.5°C. . [Neodi vi khudn fecal coliform, fecal streptococci (dién hn fa streptococcus faecalis) clostridia (4ién hinh I clostridium perfringens), pseudomonas aeruginosa vi mt 6 Lodi cia lactobacilli thutmg xuyén ¢6 mat trong dung rust cia ngubi. Vi vay, doi khi ching cling duge str dung lam cfc vi khudn chi thi. Béng ti (a tt e& cfc vi khudn chi thi ren ceding tn tai trong phan dong vat va dieu nay 46 tgo nen su Fam Lin v8 nguidn g6e nhiém bain do phan cia ngubi hay dong vat. DE gidi quyét vin dé nay, ngu ta thudng xé1 nghigm fecal siroptococei (FS) cing «di s6 fecal entiform (FC). Vi ty sO FCIFS trong phan neue tuving bing 4,4 trong Kh dé trong phan dong vat 1) 96 nay nko hon 1, Do d6, e6 thé cén cif vao ty s6 FCVFS dé xdc dinh nguin géc sy nhiém ban 1a do phan ngudi hay dong vat ‘Nhung néu tj s6 dé nm trong khodng 1 dé 2 thi khong thé Ket lugn mot ech chat chin dhuge. Biét dupe nguibn gd cia sy nhiém ban Ia bude eo bn trong qua tinh du ra ede bien php gui If chat Iuong nude 1.3.7. Cae tae nhén dgc hai va cdc hgp chat lién quan v8 mét sinh thal 13.7.1. Trihalogenmetan (THM) ‘Trihalogenmetan duce tao thinh khi cde nguyen 16 hod hoe trong nhém halogen (clo, brom, iod) té¢ dung véi eéc hop chat hu co. Trong xir | nude va née thai, éiéu quan tam chi yéu déi v6i THM [a cloroform (CHCk), bromodiclometan, clorodibromometan. va bromoform (CHBr). Neuéi ta nghi ng@ ring ede THM [i nguyén nan gay ung thy. Clo si dung dé Khir ting nude vA nude thii 6 thé téc dung véi mot s6 hop chit bbw eo 190 thinh ede hydrocachon hod, nhiing hgp chit nay cing c6 thé gay ung thu, Chinh vi lf do nay mi nih strlya chon eéc chit khée nau lam chat khirtring thay thé clo dl due nghien ctu ty imi va dp dng (Drinking Water Research Division, 1981). 1.3.7.2. Cée hop chit hitu co Qué trinh cong nghigp héa va phit wida cong nghg 43 din én s6 luong ede hap chit hitu co thi vao moi trudmg nghy cing tang, Trong hau het ee hop cht d6, ching ta con bit rt ve tic dong ela ching d6i v6i con nau. Vi du, ede hop cht da dupe xe dink & vong Hi lon 1a nguidn cung efp nude cho khosing 2/3 dan s6 Canada va hing trigu dan My. 29Noto céc hop chit nay dugebigt a gty/ung thu cho dng vat. itn nay hos cht duoe bet Ij hon ed cé I6 Id dioxin. 6 Canada, ngubi ta e6 thé phat hign ra ehting trong nude cp trong vai phd. Gan day dioxin di phat hign duge trong sta me & tinh Quebec, Canaéa. ‘Tuy nhien, cing cin thay ring tong thap kj vita qua, eée phuong phép phin tich nnhanh, tien tign da ha thép gidi han khém phé ti thiéu cia nhieu hop chat. 1.3.73. Cée kim logi nang Tau hét céc kim loai néng tOn tai trong nude & dang ion, ching e6 ngun ge phit sinh do céc hgat dong ciia con ngudi. Chiing 06 méi lién quan do tinh dge hai cia ching 446i voi cée vi sinh vat, vA cui cing Ia con ngw, Céc chit nay gdm asen, bari, cadmi, ctom, dng, chi, thu ngdn, niken, selen, bgc va kém. Chiing phat sinh tir nhieu nguion g6e khée nhau, chi yeu 1a do cée hoat dong cong nghiép. Vi du, kém do cée nh may son, mye in; thu ngan va kin do thue tt sau.v.v.. Do ehing khong phan rf nén eéc kim Tosi nang tich ty trong ede chudi the an cia he sinh thai. Qua trin ny bat dtu véi ndng dd tha cia 4c kim loai nang tn tai trong nude hod cn lng, i sau 46 duge tfch ty nhanh trong, ce Ange vat va dong vat song du6i nud. Thep den cc sinh vat khde s¥ dng eae thye, dong vat nny im thie an trong chudi thie an din dé ndng 40 cc kim loai nang duce tich ty trong co thé sinh v9t tr nén cao hon. Cui cing dén sinh vat be cao nha trong chu thite an, ring d kim logi nang dis lon dé gay ra dge hai. Trung hyp nhiém de hang loat dau tien trong lich si bien dgi la benh Minamata xy ra nm 1950 6 Nhat, do ngu din & ving vinh Minamata da an phi e6 cha ham luemg thu ngdn cao do mot nha méy nhya that vao Vinh. 1.3.7.4. Cle hoa chat bdo vé thue vét (Pesticides) Cic hoa chit bao ve thye vat bao gdm: thude irr stu (insecticides), thude tit ném fungicides), thude digt ©& (herbicides) va thade diet tho (algicides). Mge dau vay, wong, the 1 thuat ngtthéa chat bio ve thue vat vn thuimg durge higu va goi 1A thucc tr su, ‘Thue tnt sau gOm 6 ce hydrocacbon clo hod nhu eldrin, clordane, hp chat DDT, dieldrin, heptaclo, metoxyclo, toxaphene, hexachlorobenzen (BCH). Cac photphat hu ec ‘hu diazinon, malathion, parathion .. Thue diet cd gdm cacbamat (Carbyl); cée Ihydrocacbon clo ho: 2,4 - D, 1,3,5 -T, Silvex. Thuse diet nim gom dong sunfat, ferbam, iam. Thuse digt tio chit yéu I cée hyp cht dong. Rail nhitu loai thude tnt sdu trade day nhw DDT, toxaphene va dieldrin Ia thude eéc hop chat hydrocacbon clo hos, Ching Ia nhing hop chét ben trong moi truéng ty nhién va tung ty nhur ede kim loai nang chiing teh tu trong ede chu6i thie An eda he sinh thi. Ce nhuyén thé an bang edch loc mot lugng nude: 1én da cho théy ching chita mot him luong DDT cao hon trong moi truéng nude xung quanh hing triéu fan. Sin lugng DDT ti nhing nan 60 khong 100 000 tn / nim. Do thé gian bén phan cia DDT c6 thé t6i 20 nam, vi ‘vay me db trén thye t€ thus DDT di bi cdim si dung 6 nhitu nue nhumg mot luong lén 30tude nty s€ Vln cdn trong moi tutmg nhieu nam ve sau. Trong Iie 46 €6 ede dau hieu cho tly cfc he sinh thai doe phue hoi khi Khong sir dyng them thuGe DDT na vao cdc he sinh thai d6. Vi du, 86 lugng ec loai chim & My 48 tang len dang ké tir khi & day nguis ta ingitng sit dung thu6e tre sau DDT. Céc thuse tr stu photphat iu co phan r@ nhanh hom rét nhieu nung gi thinb Iai at bun, “Tied shang nam 50, 43 c6 nhing nghitn edu bat fou xéc dinh ban chft cla ee vain 2 chat luomg nude do céc thude bio ve thue vat gay ra. Nude ir cf ving dit can te rong nghiep da 1a mot ngudn chinh gAy ra su nhiém bin thude tnt stu & mie thi doi voi ute mat. 1.4. NUGC THAI SINH HOAT Livong nuée thai sinh hoat dao dong trong pham vi rt ldn, taj thuge vo mic sng va cfc thoi quen ca ngudi din, o6 thé ude tinh bling 80% Ivang muse duge cp. OMY va ‘Canada la not eo nhu cau ep nude In ueu lung nude thai thudng t6i 200 - 400 Vnguéi.ngay (s6 ligu 1979), Gita luomg nude thai va ti trong chat th eba ching bigu thi bing ce chit ling hod BODs c6 mgt méi twong quan nh din. Tai trong chat thi ung binh tinh theo dia ngudi & dtu kign cia Dite v6i nhu chu efp nude 150 Vngubi.ngiy, duce ‘inh bay trong bang 1.5. Dic trung ciia nu6e thai sinh hoat Id thutmg chia nhigu tap chit khée nhau, trong 46 khong 52% IA cde chat hitu co, 48% Ia 4c chat vO co va mot sO Ién vi sinh vat. Phin lon. cfc vi sinh vat trong nude thai thutng & dang cfc virut va vi khudn gay bénh nh 8, ly, thuong han.... Dong thai trong nue thai cling chifa cdc vi khudn khong e6 hai 6 téc dung phan huj cde chét thai, Bing 1.6 phan logi_ mide d9 6 nhiém theo thanh phi hos hoe ign hhinh cia nude thai sinh hoat. Bang 1.5. Tai trong chét thai rung binh mot ngdy tinh theo dau ngudi () Téng chét thai, ‘Chat thal hau 6, ‘Chéit thai v6 co, eee gingudl.ne’y | gingudi.ngdy aingual. nay Téng bong chat hai 190 no © Cec eh ten 100 %0 %0 C8 chét knéng ton 0 © 20 chat lina @ “ » Chat wheng King ” 20 10 31Bang 1.6. Thanh phén nuéc thai sinh hogt phan tich theo cée phucng php cio APHA (3) (Ce chat Mae d@ 6 nism: nang frung binh than Téng chat ran. mai i) ‘00 an = Chét rén hea ton, maf 70 350 120 = ChSt én khong ton. mart 300 160 8 “T6ng chéitrén lo tina. mat “00 350 10 Cchét rénténg mit 2 8 4 800s. man 300 200 100 Oxy hao ton. mast 0 ° ° ‘ng nto, mail 8 so on Ito hou 60, mg/l 8 20 10 Nita amoniae 60 % 18 Nite NOp. mat o1 0.08 ° Ito NOs, mart oa 020 01 Clorua. mo 75 10 15 BO K’Bm. mg CaCOah 200 100 cy hot b6o, mart 4 2 ° 1609 phoipho (theo P). mat 2 8 rs [Nutée thai sinh hoatc6 thinh phian v6i ee gid tr dign hinh nh sau: COD = 500 mgd; 150 mg/l; $$. = 220 mgf; photpho = 8 mgf; nito NHL va nite how og = 40 mp/; 20 mai. [Nhu vay mute thai sinh hoat e6 bam Ivong cc chat dinh dugg Kh cao, dt khi vugt ch yéu clu cho qua trinh xirly sinh hoe. Thong thuiimg céc qua trinh xit]¥ sinh hoe en e& chit dinh dong theo 19 18 sau: BOD, : N: P= 100: 5 1 (nghia Ia 100 mg/l BODs, § mg/l Nv mel P). Mot tinh chai dj tung nda cia mut thi sinh hoat la khong phai tt cf ede chat hw ca dbu 6 thé bj phn hug boi eéc vi sinh vat va khoding 20 dén 40% BOD thodt ra kkhdi ede qué tinh xiF1y sinh hgc cing véi ban.1.5. NUGC THAI CONG NGHIEP ‘Trong cOng nghiep, nue duge sit dung nua mgt logi nguyén ligu tho, hoe phuong tign sin xust (ase cho eée qué tinh) va phuc vy cho cée myc dich truyn nhiét. Nude cp cho sin xual o6 thé lay tit mang ep nude sinh hot chung hose Igy try tigp tir ngudn mute ngim hay nue mat néu xi nghigp 06 he thong xitIy nuGe rigng. Nhu chu V8 cp muée vA leon nude thii trong sin xudi phu thuge vito nhibu yu 8, Law lugng nitic thii cha cée xi nghigp cong nghiép Auce xée dinh chi yea boi dlc tinh sin phim duge sin xust Bang 1.7. Nhu cdu cp nude va luu lugng nuée thai trong mét sé nganh cong nghigp (3) Nncts | tamer | Neicbvedenute ee lb {inh én mot cong ene ewe nhén, m®/ngmn Nganh cong nghig | Tih cho iibia 2alh irevca | 10-20" | San xuGi x6 hong ve chat iyo Sn nud! nude khoang yanuéechonh 'Nna may d® hop rou Giay trang “Sy sheng ng Gidy téy trang Hoo chat Xiang, 33i ‘Neodi ra, inh do céng nghe sin xuft (ae haw hay hign dai) va kh lugng sin xu (nang suit) cia xi nghiep cong ¢6 ¥ nghia quan tong. Lum Iugng tinh cho mot dom vi sin phim o6 thé eat khée nha. La Iugng nue thé sin xuit lai dao dong rt Jn. Bai vay ce 6 igu neu trong cfc ti liu thutmg khong Gn dinh va 6 nhieu xi nghiep lai o6 Khit nang Ut kigm lugng muée ep do sit dung he thong wan hola nude tong sin xudt. Trong sing ruby lnp cu thé, ch 6 chi toh todn va kite sft hong nude thi. O nhs nha my ikhong si dung tufin hodn nude thai thi Leong nude thai ude tinh bang 85=95% nude duce cap. Bing 1.7 eung ep mot ss Tigu sc b6 cho thy mite dao dong én ve lu lug dom vi nude thai tén mot don v sin phd. ‘Thanh phiin nude thai sin xuat ett da dang, thm chf ngay teong mot nginh cong nehigp,s6 ligu efing o6 thé thay di ding ké do mete 49 hon thign cia cong ngbe sin xuat hoae dit kign moi truing. Trong ting trang hgp cy thé, c&n sit dung ee nguion tai liga {hfch hop. Cin ed vao than phn va ki Iuong nue thai ma Iya chon cOng nghé va efe KY tuat xt fy, Bing 1.8 cung cdp mot s6 s6 Hew ve than pin nude thai eda mot 86 nginh cong nghip. Bang 1.8, Tinh chGt dac trung cla nuéc théi mot ss nganh cong nghiép (6) ‘én xudt Det én xudt Cae chitigu chébién sta | ht nep séng hop | clorophenol Bobs fied COD. mast Phenol. mail Lt r [Noi chung muGe that tt ede mh may che ign the phim e6 him lugng nit va photpho dicho qué trinh xir If sinh gc, trong Khi 46 him hugng cfc chit dinh dong nay trong nude thii cia ede nganh sin xuat khée Tai qué tip so vGi niu cau phat trién cba vi sin vat, Ngoai a nue thai 6 of nh mudy lis chét cdn thuémg cha mot 96 chit dbe cin duce xi IY 50160 48 Khir cc de tS 4S true Ki thi vo he hing me thai khu vue. ‘Trong truting hop xtt IY chung, ede chit thai cong nghi¢p biéu thi lms luong vi kh Iugng BOD qua s6 dn twong duong, Bing |.9 cho mgt s0 vi dy vé su qui ddi ny. 34Bang 1.9. Tuong quan chét thai san xuGt véi chdt thai sinh hogt do s6 dan fuong dugng thai ra Ng@nh sn xd Tinh cho sén xuét | $6 dén tuong duong Nhéi méy sda (khOng s6n xut phomat) 1001 saa 30-80 ams 168 =2510n 70200 1000 kg tht 150-480 Naé méy bia 1000 1 bia 150-400 ING may sn suet tinh bot VT ng6 ‘500 - 1000) INné may da Vde {000 - 4000 Nhé may ché bién lon Vien 2000 - 5000 hon xuéng ty Tsén phém 1000 - 4000 Nhé may nhudm ¢6 thug nhugm chda TIVO ge ‘2000 - $000) uu hun Nha méy ot Trai gigt 370-1000 Sy rOridBu khogna Vey 2000) 1.6. NUGC THAI BO TH] Tinh gn diing, nude thai do thi thutng gm khong 50 % Ia nue thai sinh hogl, 14% 18 cf logi nue thaim va 36 % 18 nube thai sin xuét. Cling cin lim ¥ ring, nhu clu eiip nuGe va nude thai dO thj 6 cc mutt cOng nghiép phat trign cao hon rat nhitu so véi e&e auée «dang phat trign (bang 1.10). [Lam luong nue thai d6 th phy thode rat niéu vo diéu kign khi gu va cdc tinh chit tye trmg cia thinh pho. Khong 65 dén 85 % lugng nue cp cho mot ngudi tri tanh nude théi. Lam Iugng va him luong cée chat thii cla muse thit 46 thi thudmg dao dong trong pham vi eft 16n nh minh hoa trén hinh 1.7. Lau hngng nude thai cba cée thanh pho hd bin dong tr gid tri nhd nh bing 20% Qrn dén gi tr Kim nit bing 250% Qn. cn <46i v6i cc than ph 1m su dao dng 4 ti 50 % Qra den 200 % Qn, Lam hagmg nude tht len ahit trong ngay vio lic 10 - 12 gi trum va thip nht vio khodng 5 git séng. Him Iugng BOD va chat rn lo ling e6 dang dug cong gin ging nhu dutmg cong lin long Q Ws) 35Sool ao daw tging 1 T al {4 | 1 | — Et L O28 $ 6 8 OSC Thol gian thong gdy , git g 4 Sal = gat 4 < 3 aL 4 8 parc, S20 f —~\ a > § 16|— Leon trung bith 17 gfs S12 \aeag 28 800 t echo aN 4 iL 18 hegag 800 ‘ ede) ) Se le OP (are Tal ee Teo Thei gian trong nady 1 gid Hinh 1.7. Sy bién d6ng theo thdl gian trong ngay cla nude tha d6 thiLins luong va tinh chat nue thai d6 thi cdn thay di theo mba, gita ngay lim vige va gi nghi trong twin cOng can duge tinh dén khi dénh gid sy bign dong law lngng va rong 49 chat gay 6 nhiém. Béing 1.10. Mite sti dung nuée 6 mét 6 d6 thi trén thé gi6i (3) NuGe ia danh Nam Me tiu diag Tagadingay Prin Lan_[Hensinki 1963 _[ Trang binh x0 Prop |Khuwyenéng then | 1963. | Trung binh | 126 Henn ps 205 Naw [Oso 1968. | Téng Heu ding tung Bin 80 Rigng sén xu6t cong NONEP 220 fo Vien’ 1969, | Téng fu ding rung binh 318 Lon nheit 416 Thuy Bién [stockholm 1961 | Tiéu dng lon nbd 2 Trung binh 37 rong inh hogt 198 Congnehisp 02 (cho eée nu edu Khe 37 Basel 1968 | Trung binh 720 Thuysi [Zurich 1961 | Trungioinh 220 My Los Angeles 1960. | Trungi6ink 630 [Chicago 1960_| Trung bioh 875 1.7. ANH HUONG CUA NUGC THAI B61 V1 CAC NGUON TEP NHAN NUGC 1.7.1, Sy nhiém nude song [Nowbi ta thug sit dung ee démg stng 48 pha long mute thii. Tay thude vio Kh ining ty Lam sach cia dng song, nga fa Kh nang dong hos cfc chit thai ma dng song e6 thé ph Hi Ii chit lugng ban du cla n6. Khé ndng nay duge x4e din bOi ede th chat dc tung cba dong song, ké c& dieu kign khi gu, (Qua twink tu Tam sach ce chit thi hod hoe hodn todn phy thude vao Inu te cba dng song. Trong qué tinh di chuyén xuGng ha Iuu, ring do céc chat nay gidm rat nhanh do Iuong nude trong lu vue chy vio song tang Jen, C6 nhitu hod chi phn dng va teu tén do hip thy hoc phn 18 sinh hoe. Cée vi Khuén trong nude thi sinh hoat bj gidm ve sé 37tugng do pha long, rade hét do ditu kien moi rude khong thuan Joi cho su phéttign cia ‘ching nu thitu dinh dutmg, tée dong cia nit d9 va quan he cha ee sinh vat tong chudi the an. ‘Vig tron nude thi voi nude song IA ving khong thé trénh khdi bj © nim. Vi ving ny o6 thé tgo nén mot ving ngan cha sy di chuyén cia cf va ofc sinh vat s6ing dudi muse then ean dige gigi han & mic «i thigu, Néu nb te cing mot dong song 69 ro! 80 digs thai gin nhau thi vOng tron nay cin duge bé tef nim dge theo cing mgt phia tao cho ese sinh vat sng durdi nude mot dong di chuyén lién tae & phia ba déi dign. Nong do ctia chat gay 6 nhiém sau khi tron nude thai véi nude song €6 thé tinh theo ‘cong thie (1.21): 6.0, +64.) c ay Q+Q, wong d6: CC -mbng do chit 6 nhiém trong dng song tai diém this Q, - liu Luong dong song; ) -nidng do ita chat gay 0 nhiém trong dong Qh; (Qy- lum long cita nude thai xi vo song; z= riong do chat 6 nhiém tong déng nue L7.Lt. Se¢6 nhitém do ede chit hitu eo iQ Rét niu chat thai trong nue thii sinh hogt va cong nghigp chita ede chat hou co Kh by vi sinh vet phan hu lam gidm sag d9 oxy hod tan cia mute song, Khi dng 49 oxy ho’ tan giim xudng dui 4 hod 5 mg, céc Lodi thiy sinh bt du gidm. Vi vay ehi sSnong do ‘ony hod tan 1 mot chi s6 quan rong nl dé dn gi6 chat huong nude 20mg, “Tee do qué tinh Gn dinh sinh hoe 1a him s6 cia thoi gian va nhigt 9. T6e 40 loai oxy sé ting khi nhigt do ting. Nude song duoe bé sung oxy trade hét 18 do qué tinh hp thy coxy tir khong kh. Nhu vay oe y6u16 chi phdi qué tinh us Tam sach ia mot dong song é ‘v6i cfc chit thi hitu co sé la law lug dng chit, thd gian chiy xuoi, nhigt 49 nude, qui trinh i sinh oxy big hp thu. ‘Mot ddng song bi nhiém bin do oée chat hit co dude chia thin bn ving theo dong chiy nhu ten hinh 1.8. Vong ngay sau diém thai 1a ving phan 13. O dy rng 40 oxy hod tan giim rétnhanh do céc vi khuén 44 sir dung d8 phan huy ec hp chat hit co trong chat thas 1iep deh 18 ving phan hu nu c&e chat hau eg, ong do oxy hod tan gidm ti me thp nha Trong vong ny thudng xéy raed qué trinh phan hup ky kh bin & iy song, pit sil mii hoi thi Day la méi trang khong thudn oi cho ede dng vat 8c cao nh sinh sng, Neuve Iai, vi Khuda v8 nin phat trén manh nbd si phan huj ef hop cht how eg Tim giim BOD va ting him lugng amoniac. 6 vang ti sinh, Be dd hp thy oxy Kin hot te 384 sir dung oxy nén ning 49 oxy ho’ tan tang dan. G day amoniac duge cée vi sinh vat nitrat hod. Cac loti gidp xée va ee Jodi cé o6 kh nang chiu dumg.v.v.. i xutthien va tio phat trién manh do ham lugng céc chit dinh dung vo co tr qia tinh phan hu cfc cht hw eo ting len. Vang cudi cing Ia ving mute sach. Nong d6 oxy ho’ tan dupe phe Hoi ts Iai bing mie ban dau, cdn chat hit co hau nhur d3 bi phan huy het. Moi inxomg nue & day «im bio cho suts6ng binh thutmg cia céc Lodi thue vat va dong vat, xe cnétthai | Vong |, Vang phen Vong nau co BRN hoy manh Gain ube 9ch po stu ‘tong con Sylogl oxy ” ii ning 38 oy ene hoa ton, 36 cebsana|_ SS song oxy oe N. 00 abu Thai glan hoge khéong ech —> Hinh 1.8. Anh hudng ca 6 nhiém do cdc chét huu co 61 chét luang déng song1.7.1.2. Biéu thide duimg cong ndng dp oxy hod fan (G6 rit ahita yéu 16 anh huémg (Gi ndng dO oxy hod tan trong nue song nw lung fe ch hai sir dung oxy, qué tinh quang hop cia thye vat, qué tinh ho hp eb ee Lodi thy sinh s60g trong 46, sit bé sung oxy do eée nhénh song hod nhap vao va qua winh bap dry ‘ony ti khi quyéns.v.. Tht lp mot m6 inh chinh xe mo 14 dh hudng cia tft ed ee yo 16 trén va moi tuong téc gia ching la mot vige v6 cing khé khan, vi vay ef¢ mo hin du chi mang tinh gin ding, ‘Mo hiinh don gidn nhat ve ede nguidn oxy wong nuvi sOng tp trung vio hai qua trinh cchinh: Khir oxy bdi ede vi sinh vat trong qué tinh phan huj sinh hoc va bé sung oxy vao rnuée thong qua qué trinh hap thy tir khong kh. Trong m® hinh may ngusi ta gid thist ring, 1. Nutde thai dige thi Hien tye vio song tai mot dia diém cho trude. 2. Nude song va nude thdi cing chy xu0i dong. vd duge tron deu tai tat 4 mat eat ngang cia dong song. 3. Khéng o4 sy khuiéch tén chat thai theo huéne dong chiy, nghfa fa ding chay [a dong diy. Gia thigt te 40 loai ony tai bit kj vj tr no tn séng du ty 18 v6i BOD edn Iai tai diém d6, 6 nghiia Ia: "Tie do Lowi oxy =~ K's 4.22) trong d6 hing s6 ted loai oxy (U/ngay), ph thuge vo logi chit thai phin hiy, T’.. L,- BOD edn Iai sau tnghy tinh tr tho digm chat thai d6 thai vao song, mes. ‘Dit iu thie (1.12) vio (1.22) ta 06: ‘Tée d9 loai oxy = Kilo © 23) trong dé Ly fa BOD t6ng eta pha cacbon, msi Gid thiet te 40 b6 sung oxy ty 1g v6i hieu 56 gita ndng dd bio hod oxy hoa tan (DO) va ring do thye cba oxy hod tan tai vi tf cho (DO), c6 nga la: “Tee dg bé sung oxy = KD (124) trong 66: ky - hing s6 te 49 bé sung oxy, Lingys D ~nidng d@ oxy thw Iyt ta dnb inv at kp D= (DO*-DO) Hing s6 k' ph thudc rat nhieu vao ditu kign cy thé cia ding song. Mot ding song (hode Ii nuée) nong, chiy nhanh sé e6 hing s6 t6e do bé sung oxy cao hon mot dong sng (bode hd nurée) chiy cham. Gié tri k’ duge xéc dinh qua nghien cu dong chiy cia song 40bang phuong php dénh dt, Trong ttm hp khong thé nghién ctu khio st dupe eb he tinh theo cong thie téng quét sau: _29.u10, 03°71 1.25) we ky suong 46 ky - hang s6 te 46 bé sung oxy, Ungiy; U- vn 18e trung Binh eba dng song, mss H - chi stu trung bin cia song, m; T - nhigt do cia nutée, “C. Mot s6 gid tri didn tinh cia k’» duce cho trong bing 1.11. Hing s6 t6c do bé sung oxy ce nhigt Ab Khe e6 thé un theo cong the (1.14) v6i he s6nhiet do © = 1,024. Bang 1.11. Mét 6 gid ti dign hinh ca k’2 6 20°C cho mot s6 ngudn nub (Veslind P.A, Peitce J.J, Weiner RF, 1988) Ngubn nue Khoding git eta ks 620° TEER RISE ANS C6 ROBY UGE 0110-028 Déng sang chéy cham va cfc hd nude kin 023-05 sBng lan 28 tSe 69 chéy thé 085-046 Song ln €6 te 46 chéy binh thudng, 046-045 (Ce stg chy nhanh 046-116 Song chéy xoSy 21s (Cie qui trinh lai oxy vA hé sung oxy La fe qué ttn xéy ra dong thoi ten mot ddng song, Vi vy khi két hop hai bigu the (1.23) va (1.24) cho ta iu thie biéw thi te do tang ridng d0 oxy thie hut: aD 7 2D (1.26) Gili phucnig tinh (1.26) ta nhan dye: ky Ly pa Kibo can #21) 4 Dye" (27) Dy ning a9 oxy thigh nyt ban dau tai di ‘ugu nude thai va0 nude séng. Bigu thie (1.27) duge goi Id bidw thie nbng 4 oxy hod tan cia Sireter - Phelp (1925). Trong bigu thie niy ta khong thbi alan dng hin hop chit thi va nue song di chuyén th dim thai 8 x = 0, t= 0 ti vi tf Kho st. 4aTr (1.28) [Néu dong song e6 tit dign mat eét ngang khong ddi, 16e do dong chiy U va khoing ‘ch tr dim thd ti digi Kido tax = Ut. Rh 6 bid thie (1.27) 6 thé viet nh sau: (4.29) Higu s6 gita ning do oxy bao hod DO* vi ndng 9 oxy thi hut tn theo cong thie (1.27) hose (1.29) lng d0 oxy boa tan tai e&e dim khdo sit, ham 56 cis thot gin va Khodng céch xuoi dong, DY thi cia him s6 nay duge trink bay trén hinh 1.9. Vj uf (howe {hd dim) ti 66 dng do oxy od tan dat git nhd nha goi Ta. iém ti han, Tei digm nay t6e & loai oxy bang t6e do bé sung oxy va sau dig d6 luong oxy bé sung vurgt qué lung oxy di bi si dyng, dan dan dng song ti sinh va dat dng dQ oxy hod tan ban dau cia né xechatindtharees Von te. ————> Nong d6 oxy da tan (00) | roston tieutwtbu00 Digm t6i han | whoo tn erry Tha gian hedge knodng cach nui dong Hinh 1.9. Budng cong ning dO oxy hoe tan theo streeter- Pep ‘Vj rfda digo ti nan €6 tm quan trong trong sid sét chit highs nude song, Va vif 6 dng song trang th xu nt. Biém ti han doe tin theo cing the sa 2geet nfs) Dollies) a0) Ki-k2 [ky Ky Lo trong 46 te 18 thoi gian t61 han, 8 khodng thd gian di chuyén cia dong chat thai ti diém nigng 4 oxy hod tan & mie thap nhét tinh theo ngay. ‘An htm ci niet do 1 dudug, come widmy d ny bs au 18. de Diet quan trong VL ki nhigt do tang, 18 49 logi oxy sting trong khi d6 do hod tan oxy lal gdm, din dn dat t6i diém gigi han som hon. Ngodi nig y&u t6 chinh nbu da xét khi mo ta mat ct cha mot dng song cn tinh dén tét cd nhOng yéu 16 dS neu & trén, Sau khi xée dinh kha ning tng hop cia mot dong song bang kide tra Iai c&c yEu U6 ty [am sach, ta e6 thé dy dodn ti trong chit thi 6 nhimg dieu kign thu hoe Khe nheu mi dng song o6 thé chiu dung, 1.7.2. Anh huéng cia 6 nhiém dén nude hd ~ Anh hung cia sy 6 niém 461 v6i nude fo khde v6i doh hung cha 6 ahiém doi véi nude sOng Vé m6t s6 khia can. YEn 16 quan trong nh cin duge d cap trong, dam bd hoe (Limnology) Ian sing va nhugt 46. - Anh séng chinh Ia nguidn nang lugng trong eéc phan tng quang hop. Vi vay sy xuyen tha cia én sing vio nude bd 6 vai td VO cing quan trong. Sur xuyen tha cia dnh séng nny theo ham s6 logarit. Vi dy, & do stu 0,3048 m, nh sing 6 cumg 80 1, = 10000 footcandles, 6 0,6096 m chi cin Iz = 1000 footcandles, & 0,914 m thi y= 100 footeandles vA. d9 su 1,2192 m chi edn I, = 10 footcandles. Nhu vay phin img quang hop chi dign ra lp nude nt inh gan mat thong. niet do €6 anh huring ri kin d6i v6i di song cia mot Hd, Do nbidng tinh chat dac biet cia ‘née nhur p, C, nén tgo ra si phan fang va dn nit kém nhumg git niet rt t6t, Nhigt do cia nude to dao dong rit manh theo ma niu mo ta 0 tink 1.10 va diéus usa eda dudag cong goi I didm thay di dot ngotnhiet do nude. hi thoi tet tant, Lop nue phia ten bét dtu tanh tr nén nang hon va chim xuding dui tg0 thanh su di lim trong hd 1a su roi nghich do (fall tamover). Hign tuyng nghich dio cing thutmg xy ra trong mia xuan (spring tumover). Cf phin tng sinh héa trong hd ty nhign e6 thé minh hoa nb tren hinh 1.10b. Déng ‘vio hd tir sting sé cung cap cho Hid ngudn C, P, N ode sinh vat nang luong cao va cée hop ‘cht nang lugng thgp. Tio - thye vat tri n6i (phytoplankton) sir dang ngudn ning lugng ~ Snh séng mat ti va ede chit dinh dung C,N, P téng hop nén céc hop chat néng lugng cao - Bay 1a mat xich dt tien trong chub thie an trong moi tratmg nude bo. “Trong io khong bi 6 ahiém, vie bé sung C, PN twong di nh sé han ché ning sut tio va nang sual totn bo he sinh thai. Nhung khi C, P, N ep vio bio voi luong lén va die thita so voi nhu edu s& din dén sir phat trign bing n6 khong kiém sodt duye cla ching va 4Bgui ta goi la su “nds hoa iia nuée", Hign yng 6 nhiém nay cia bd do dur thira eéc cht dinh duong gay ra goi Ia hign tuong phi dudng. moa dene moaxven Mot hoo Wi beyhe 4 4 pmigt as. 96 : miche moa tha T 7 ero nar ( shernoe rang mide oa oa rhieta6,°C Hinh 1.10. Mi quan hé phy thuge dién hinh | gio chibu sau va nhiét dé trong hd (a) va s0 d hé sinh thai hb (D>) 44Nhu vay qué tinh phi duéng ¢6 lién quan true tip dén chudi thie an trong moi trving nude. Chia si tich ty bun Hing va cae chit haw co trong be 1& nguyen nhan gay re qué tinh ny. Qué tinh phi dung o6 thé minh hoa tom tit nhu ten inh LLL. Mot Bo te tung dc tnmg boi him lugng chit din dudng trong nude v8 nang suit thue vat dp (oligotrophic). Do ede ding cha khéc nhau Ve hid mang theo cfc chat dinh dung dan din lam cho ho o me dinh dung trung binh (mezoirophic). Binh thudng twang thue vt pht tvién can bing v6i lugmg dong vat trong chudi thit An v8 bi gidi han boi him Iuong ofc chit dinh dung. Trai qua mot thdi gian, su tich tw cde mAnh hu og va bn d& dy nbanh sg phat trign cdc sinh vat du6i nue, bo tré nén git dinh dug. Do ede chat rn, bun Hing ‘xuting day ho va su phét trién manh cia eéc loi thy vat 06 ré 6 ven bs Lim cho io muse nly cing tr nén ndng hon va mat thodng bi thu hep dn, Cif nur thé, 1 nude dan din chuyn thanh cli Lay ri thanh dat ho, Qua trinh phi dung 1a mot qué tinh tw nen, e6 thé xy ra trong hang nghin nim, ‘Tuy nhién, te do cia qué trinh ndy 6 thé tang nhanh chi trong vai thap kj do Anh hung cde hoat dong cia con nguti. [Nic tii do thi, nude thi sin xudt va nude tr ef ving, dt can Use dr tha phan bn da lam tng them cée chit dinh duGng, Kich thich sit phét wign cia to va gdm chat Iugng nude. Sy "phét trién bing né” cia tio lim cho nude tré wén dye, To du this chet ‘ket thin koi tr6i néi tren mat nue, khi phan hy phat sinh mdi va fam gidm ang 40 oxy boa tan trong nude hd, anh ugg tru tigp t6i dBi sting cia mot $6 lod cl (C6 mhibu yéu 16 kiém sot qué tein sinh tring cba tio, bao gon én sing, ce chat din dung .. Long nh sing tao ¢6 thé nan duge sé lién quan t8 inh trong sust eta rue ma dO trong dé Iai 1a him s6 ela mite dinh dung. Tuy énh sing 1d mot yéu 16 han che sinh tung cia tdo, song that kh 06 th6 nghi dupe ech kiém sodt d& han che qué inh phi dugg, Cac endt din ditong dol vol tdo bao gom C, N, P, 8, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Te, Mn, Za, Co ‘vv. Theo dinh lugt 161 thigu ofa Liebig, eich kiém soét qué tinh phi dung mhanh ht nda dgng dinh dugng gi¢i han sinh trang cba tio va giim ning d9 cia chat dinh during «i. Phuong phdp thue tin duy nb d8 kim sodt qué trinh phi dung I wap trung kiém sost rong 4 photpho trong nude. ‘é minh hoa dig may, ¢6 thé xem xét phuong tinh quang gp cis tio do Stumm va Morgan (1981) dua ra: 106CO; + 16NOy + HPO," + 122H,0-+ 18Ht > ChogHosOruNieP + 13803 (1.31) ‘Tircan bing phuome tinh ten mgd tant rat 6 N_ 16x14 _ P ixai 72 45hw vay, dé sin xudt mot lugng tio tren cin tugng nito e6p 7,2 Fin Ione photpho. “Tuy ohien 0 le NIP trong nude néi chung 18 tren 20, Bitu dé chi re ring, photpho la chat dinh dutmg git han. Newoc lai, Khi tj 1@ N/P bing hose nhé hom 5 phan anh mor he bj gigi ‘han bai dinh dung nito (Thomann va Mueller, 1987). Sawyer (1947) cho rng, sng do photpho tn 0,015 mest va ridng 49 nits tren 0:3 mgf fh di gay ra "su phat trign bung né’eta to. Cong iren eu wi ds, gin day Vollenweider (1975) cho ring, ndng dO photpho bing 0,010 mg/l I chip nhan duge di v6i nude HO va 0,020 mgyls& gay ra du this photpho. ‘Mie dt kigmn soét nidng do cdc chit dinh dung 18 bien phap dé phing hign twos phi ung higu qia ahi nhung trong the 1€ bign php ny rt khé tue hién. Dé han che nnhimg anh hug xaiu cia ede ho nude giau dinh dung, ngubi ta dsr dung mot s6 bign php tam thoi nhur khudy tra nba tao, hu hogch to, ding ha ehét (CuSO,) va tao dng chiy xi, Tuy nin, khi ding hda chat d@ kiém soat su phat tri cia tio ean chi § 164 gis hhan CuSO. c6 thé pay ngd de cho ef. Ne taanageita wm TI, Hinh 1.11. 80 d qué tinh phi duong 1.7.3. Anh huéng cia sy 6 nhiém déi véi nuéc bién ‘Trude day ngudi ta nghi ring, bién va dai duomg rong IGn bao la sé chang bao gid’ bi 6 nhiém, Nhung ngiy nay nguti ta da nbn thife duge cing itu dé khong phai nhu vay. Bién ‘vA dai duong cfing 4 thé bi 6 nhiém va c6 thé dn si ning én hung e6 hai do ning ‘dong cia con ngubi gay ra, Nude trong dai duong 18 mot dung dich rat phic tap va &6 nhing bing ching cho thay thinh pita eda ching thay d6i rt t trong hang ti¢u nam qua. Do sy én din ny ma 46ce sinh vat bién duge thutn héa cao va khong chiu duge str thay Ai cia moi trudmg. Nhu ‘vay dai duong cing [he sinh thdi dé hong va d& bi 6 ahiém, Bin do dia hinh cia dai duog cho théy, ¢6 hai phitn riéng bigt Khi ching ta nghien cau Ve bidn va dai dung : them Iue dja va ede dai duomg sau. Them luc dia, dic bigt ef kina vue gin ede cira song chioh 18 ngudn cung ep thie an, Khai the thiy sin, Khu vue py dang tip nha ti trong 6 nhiém Ién nhfi. Nhitu cia sOng chinh gin new thuong 4 bi 6 nhiém dn mit tite. Mot s6 ving bin lin nhur Bantic, Dia Trung Hai cOng dang bi de dga tr nén hn hai vinh vien. Mac di 6 Mg va niu qué gia khée d han ché mot céch nghiem ngat vige thai nude thai va bin, nhung trén thé gidi vn con niu thanh ph6 cdn thai nue thai chu qua xit 1y vio moi traémg nay. Nude thai thuimg duge dn trong mot hé théng dng ra xa ba va thé qua céc du khuéch tin 48 dat mc pha loing t6i da. Tuy vay, cfc cuge ranh Ivan vin con Ligp tye néu sit dung bién fim noi thi nue tha thi MhOng hau qua lau dai gi o6 thé xay ra? 1.8. QUAN LY CHAT LUONG NUGC ‘Dé quin ly moi tnsdng muse, cée ude gia trén thé gidi da xay dung nhfing dgo lugt ridng cho vain d& nay. Nam 1965, Quée hoi MY d& thong qua dgo Tuat ve chit luomg nude (Water Quality Act). Quin ly chit luong nude chit yée 1a nm tai sir dung nude db I rye tip hay gidm tigp. Ning nghign cou khu vue dai han (50 nim) e6 thé cung eép cho ta mot -khuon Ki 16 chife xay dung cfc hé thong t6ng hgp cia nuée va nude thi. Mye tieu chioh cia ké hoach tng thé 1a dénh gid cc nha may xir bf nude vA nude thi, tea hin ning nighién ei v8 cde vn & bat thutmg va duy th, hoan thign ee tigu chusin chit ugng nude. ‘Trong quin ly moi trutmg nue, nguii ta thug sit dung cfc he thong tieu chudn sau: 1. Tieu chudn nude cho ce mye dich sr dung Khe nhaw. 2,"Tigu chudin dong thai (Efiuent Standard), 3. Tigu chun ding song (Stream Standard). Minh 1.12 gidi thigu ede tidu chulin && duge thet lap lién quan toi str dung va xt IY ibe ‘Tien chun chit tuong nude cho e&e mye dich sit dung khéc nhau 8 MY dupe tom 16 trong bing 1.12, Tieu chuda nude using, va nu6e cfp cho mét sO nginh Ong nghiep duce {6m luge trong bing 1.13 va 1.14. Cée bang ti 1.15 16i 1.21 gidi thign mot s6 tiew chun dong song vi dong thai cia Vigt Nam va mot 96 nude. (Quin If theo tieu chun déng thé nga fa kiém sot dé dim bio sa0 cho cée chit gay 6 nhiém tony doug tii 14 tr cfc nha may thép hom tieu chudn quy inh, Nhuoe diém phuong phép tiép cin nay fa khong kiém sodt dive tng Igng chat gay 0 nhiém xi vao dng song, Néu mot nha may 1én va mot ahh my nbd cing chju mic Can xif If nude thai ‘hur hau th lugug chat gay 6 nim do nha my Ken thai ra vain Ion hom bee, ang aghifp Truarg mai Boner ay Thai wo adh Mba A: fn coy) ghee 7 a 0 50.43) Sing Tarai oad ng HP TOG Po Tah a dong = srengehngnghite Tika saga maidermgr as ho Ih 08a robe Soh heer Tbs chuah cing Tad ae de didn ne Wr LSD opel an ig ghee ae ies 8 wa Thi True he” hdl bong TiBachadr nage sinh Poet ong , ini Ging nghiép~” ‘Wang pin phd nute Hinh 1.12. So 3 minh hea céc tigu chudn chGtluong nube dng a quan If mot 6 th6ng téng hop nuéc va nude thai hing tigu chudin dong thai duge xay dung dya trén co sé ¥ nghia kinh t¢, tinh hién thue cila vic xirly nhigu hon 1a bao ve wyét ddi an toan d6i voi mbt dong song. ‘Tuy niga, phuong phép nay e6 au diém R06 thé kiém sodt mot cach d& ding he {ong eée teu chutin dong thai, ‘Quan Iy theo tiéu chun dong sOng 18 cin cf wn su thiét lap hé thong phan logi hoac tiéu chudin chit luong cia ding séng ma ngudi ta dieu wet vige xa nude thdi vao dong song, sa0 cho duy tf doe cht luong cia ddng song nhurd& quy dinh trong tieu chun bode tong phan loai, Nhu vay, ec quan diew tit vige xd nude thi vio song cin nghe 9 kien cls dan ching cfing nbur eéc ea quan dai dign cao nhit c6 quyén loi trong vie sit dung, mu. Ui diém chinh cia phuong phip tigp c8n nay 1a phong nga dite sy 6 nhiém qué mic, Khong can dé ¥ dé loai cong nghiep ndo da thai ra. Dong thoi né cng cho phép cong ‘ching xay dyng mye tiu cho hign tai v8 taong Ia, 48wet af hs ore wok goy Ao} 2o 00 cb ON Sob td ee | 2 | go 92. 840191 leo ees 5 =a 69 EE DEF al OOF. 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NuGe dmg cho ndng nghigp va nub tng thy sin 6 quy dint rio. saBang 1.16. Nuéc thé cong nghiép. Gid ti gi6i han cdc thang s6 va nng do chat 6:nhiém theo TCVN 5945 - 1995 | Teng #8 on vi G6 t gi6t han A 8 c 1 | nna ap sc 0 6 2 [pa o9 5-9 | 5-9 3_ | B00, a0°o) mg/l 2 0 100 4 [coo mast 2 109 200 3 | chatrén toting maf 2 109 200 6 | Aron maf 008 oy 05 7_ | Com malt ont one 05 8 [or ma 04 05 1 2 | Goau mah 1 2 2 10 | Gromiv mast 0.05 2a os. 11 | Grom ay mort 02 1 2 12 | Baume khoéna mort KeHO 1 5 13 | Dau dong thue var mgil 8 10 0 14 | Bing moll 02 1 5 15 | Kem moi 1 2 5 16 | Mangan mal 02 1 5 17 | Niken molt 02 1 2 18 | Photpho hou.co malt 02 08 1 19 | Photoho téng s6 mail 4 6 8 20 | sar mall H 8 10 21 | Tetractosivien meal one on oa 2 | thie mall 02 1 5 23 | Thiy ngén mol 0.005 ee 24 | Téng nto malt 0 o © 25 | Tacloetyien mall 0.08 08 03, 26 | Ameniae (inh theo ND malt 01 1 10 5527 [ Rewa mat 7 2 3 2a | Phenol most 0.001 0.05 1 29 [sutua mast 02 05 1 30 | Xyenue mall 0.05 oA 02 31 | Cotton MPN/icom [6000 0000) : 82 | Téng hogt d6 phona xo Bal on on - 38 [ Téng hoot do phéng x9 Bal 10. 10. = Ghi cht PHD : khong pht hign duge [Nude tii cong nghigp 06 gist efe thong 96 vi dng d9 ce chat: < gi tr] qui dinh ea cot Acs the d6 vio nude duge ding lim nguibn exp nuse sinh host, S gi tr qui inh trong cot B chi duoc 4 vio muse ding cho giao thong tiv, tus i, be loi. thiy sin, Fong eo BSX5C-46-vio noi qu dinh > C- khong. duge phép a8 vio no qui inh Bang 1.17, Tiéu chudn dong thai xa vao ngudn nube mat Thy SD Thing «6 NBng 66 eye doi cho phép tong dng xe 30D soja0" Chat én to ting 65) 08) ie Wi pemnonganat q Cac chat cee sae oy 01 crt 01 Hy 01 ca 10 as 10 Pb 10 Sunfut tinh theo 8) on Gio host déng os De, me 20 Krotng chet 0 Preno! ons nero ac C&e dung menu co ve Ghi cht Tat cd fc gi tt pH va nhig dd Bu do & mg; $5 cu I gis te oh, 6 tha [i te rung binh 24 id 56Bang 1.18. Cac tléu chudn chung cul ede song trong quén Iv méi tubng nude & Anh ‘Cée théng 58 'Wng dé eve dal cho phép trong dng x8 (Chat rénio king 30mef 200 20maft Pvage 2omon Xyanua din theo HCN Xyanua née tan dn thudin oui ment Hop chdt xdanua b8 sung oman suntua 0. mat Cloty do Loman Dau e 50maf ‘Teng kim togi de oS mai Phenol 05mef niet 0 ac pH 6-8 Béng 1.19. Céc tiéu chuén déng thai huang mal cho phép do be Céng nehiee chat én io ting Ccnétrén nda ton pH is ti permangonat suntua (tinh bing HS) Xyanuo din ng HEN) Hécin Fomendehit Phenol vé cresol Clo ty do Thai Lon quy dinh Thongs caitiau 80D; 20°C) T6i.da.20 ppm hode khdng vugt qué 60 ppm ty thude vo0 ‘Bu ken olay eo iden aden the Téida.20 ppm hode nhu bang dual day 61d 2000 ppm e05-9 1610.60 ppm Téldo1 ppm 1614002 ppm khong Y6ida1 ppm 181da1 ppm T8ido.1 ppm. 37Kom 101da 5 ppm rom 16ida05 ppm ‘son 76140.025 pm 09 16.da 1.0 ppm Thuy noon 161.0006 50m oct 16.40.0103 ppm Coban T6ida 1.0 pe Selon 161 da.0,02 ppm on 1616902 ppm Nikon. 1616002 ppm Thuse digtetn ting krona Céc chet phong xa, kong nist Tid du var ong bi phan d6t kh tn vai ngubn tgp nin nude Bang 1.20. Nguyén tac chi dgo cho vide dnh gié céc dong thai nud théi de cue nghé cé cilc Kelanton ban hanh 1. Ce ehét én (9/ Cac chat rén trong dng thai cdn 66 Kich thude khdng vust qué mm by T8ng ce chai rn o ing cfn khOng vugt qué 400 ppm 6/ Ce eh 1d nde lan = Cn kong UR! QUE 1500 PEM ) Téng cae chai rén - Cdn khong uot qua 1960 ppm 2.06 due (Cdn truyén 10% anh séng qua mgt mau 80.5 cm (12 inches) - trong mot cot nube 7.6 em. 3.800 9/ BOD (Sngdy, 20°C) edn khdng vue qué 109 pM. 'b/ Nong @ oxy héa ton trong ngubn nude tiép nhgn nuéc thi clin khOng bi Kibt dust SOR rndng dé bdo héa bin huang. 58bang 1.21. Céc tidy chudn dng théi cong nghigp da Guge phé chun vo thc ign 6 An 86 . isingn eho .Gi6i hon cho phép x8 dng thé phép cho nutc Cae thong 56 Ceased mat trong dt an Voonuée mat | Vaootng | Lenb’ men | Nude dina cho jrong dat mn cong ong | dét dé ast cOp nude cong eng. ve sinh ]BODs, mas! wo ‘500 600 3 lonyhee tan, 0 , - : 4 bo pH 55-99 55-90 55-90 60290 réng chat én oting oe quaiu6i 850 pm. mon 100 on _ _ Tang chét én vo co hdc tan. mat 2100 2100 et: INnigt dO unéng vugt qua] ac 40°C tol tet ign] dt Ky oda dng [song trang phom vi TS moach eva ha au, rma 0 100 0 Icéc neo end phonct inh too CaAhOH. ma 1 - 0.00) xyerua. th feo CN. math 02 20 = 001 suntuc tn theo S. mall 20 a - Florua thn theo Fre 20 - - 1s Téng cl du. mal 10 - = 59a Bang 1.21 allée) finde Wa sou khong = ~ - [Asn tinh theo As) - = =) 02 Bari inn theo Bo) - = = [Coc tinh theo Co) Imai - - = [Crom (inn theo] | khéng qual may} 2 = 0.06 }Dng (inh theo Cu) - 3 - [Chi ¢tnh theo Po) = ’ 1 or Thuy nga cnn theo Ho = ie = - Nikon finn theo ND 7 2 2 Selen tinh theo Se) ss = Boe tinh thee Ag) i = = Kem (tinh theo zn) - ® - Bo (inh theo B), ‘mast = 20? 2 Sunfat tinh theo $0.) = mail = 1000) 1000) . Ghi chi (1) i thé cho php t6i 10 ppm tong ning truing hep nt dn 6 shng IY do chiah dng Khong thé at de it han ny (2) Ng yeu chu may shi Sp dung sav kiwi) made etng dug thin Be mst dt wa ti, Hien tai 6 My cing vin ton tai hai tudng phai quin If moi trutmg nude: ~ Quai Iy chit lugng dong sOng theo nguyen tie emg nhée theo cée lust dinh ve tinh cht dong tii, ding sOng. = Quin If linh dong e6t sao dim bio chit hung dng song. Cée ed thé tx quyét dinh mie do cin xity d6i véi cae dng thi, 1.9. KIEM SOAT © NHIEM MOI TRUONG NUOC ‘Trong phan nay ching t6i chi trinh bay khéi quét vé céc gidi phép Iya chon khde nhau cho thu gom, xi If vA thi nue thi dé kiém sot su nhiém nue, Bg hiéu stu va chi tet hom ve cfe cong nghé xitIy thOng thutmg e6 thé tham Kho tong tii liu "Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf & Eddy" (1991). Bang 1,22 trinh bay mét s6 gidi phap lua chon dé im sot 6 mbm ne. 60Bang 1.22. Cac gidl phap kim sot 6 nhiém nude (Keese & Bower, 1968) Nowyen 7 Phuong phap view ‘A. Giémn suphet sinh chét thd 1.TuBn hotn nude trong nhé oy 2T6ch ibn dong ob Nong 136 chat gay 6 nhiém coo 8. Logi fe chat net 4, They dBi logh nguyén leu tno.6.dbu vao 5. Thay 46! qua tinh eéng, gh@ sn xudt emay dé hege cai bien sin phd du ro Thu gom nude lem ngudi dé fan hod v8 tt dng Khi ce chét nai rén bing ofe iphuang tien thi c6ng hay eo kh ve ‘thal rng bi6t mot cach dB dang. Sir dng bd thd cla cong nahiee nding sn dé nub gla sde (ey v6 oer Jam thie én che lon) Co thé avd ab kno (06/10 chist subt bang 6p lye sang bang dung mdi tong cBng nahiep ‘abu thyc vot dé dat duse higu sust chit dau coo ve giam ta! wong ve Bu trong dong thal Cée chét tdy mo vol ham luong pPhotpho thdp hon. thay di vét leu 'b00 bi, ti logl thi bd sang co thd thu hdl fun hog trong cAng nghigp «dng boo va déng chat B, Gidmn chat thé ‘sau phat sinh 7. Thu ROE vot GU. £2, San aust san phiém phy. 9, XBW chat thd 10, T6180 dyng cng thai Thu gom x9 qua co trong o&ng rnghi@p du co, phot ke Kam nin Hau aét hol két hep chan nu6i trong trot than thé théng nbét nhu he chén nugk gia ‘cB, gia sc. san auat thuc vet they sinh vai cay trong. Muang oxy héa, hd ony héa 66 se ves n3 &n alph chat thal, a ly Bang 8, 38 ngOP. [Nu6i fing thye vat thay sinh 0, U6 feu wa fern meu rnd lt, sn xu Kv sinh hes. C. Ci ign kh’ nang dng hoo cbc quan tiép nhgn nude 11. B6 sung nube pha loang 12, M8 nhiBu du rd cho hd chao a13. Khudy tin nu6e trong HB chao 14. Tai théng Kh ete dang cchay | 15, Phan biol dang tna .Nnang bien phép ding ain va sinh thal 16. XW héa hoe trong BER chta’ 17..Giérn nding 6 sinh kn Dang cdc héa chat nhu AxiSOns a két tio photpho ua eée dong vat én 68 vdo tn 6d nuéc hey phun thude det od a6 idm sodit 180 va 68. ‘Dé vi ce nude dang phét tri, nguyen tic gidm su phét sinh chat thii va nang cao hieu qua, thu hoi chat thai la phuwong hung thich hgp va Kha thi nhét. Tiong itu hét cfc Kho sét cho thy, efe chat gay 6 nhi&m duge thai ra nhieu hom theo tinh todn dinh mit Néa tign hanh kiém sodt 0 nhiém nude theo phutmg phép 1-3 cla nguyen If A, tdi luong ‘chit gay 0 nhim duge giim mOt cfch ding ké va ty $6 chi phi -Igi ich trong trong hop ny 06 tiga vong rt wt dep. NEu dau tw nhitu theo phueng php 5-6 thi tinh trang 6 nhiém S8 thay di, thim chi rt dot got. aBAI TAP. 1L-Dé dain i ct Iugng nue tii au vao cia met nha may xi nude thi, ngubi ta da fy mot mu dé phn ich va c6 duge ket qua phan ich nur sau: - Khoi iuong bi cia fa nung 62,006 - Kh long dia nung va man sau kh bay hot 6 105°C 48 nguo dn niet «49 trong phong, 62.039 g Kasi Luong fa vat mu sau hi 6 8 550°C 62,036 8 ~ Kh luong cia gidy loe Whatman GF/C 1.5408 - Pin mau edn Ini ren gi Ige va sau khi sly kho & 105°C 15528 = Phin mu com lai te gy Lo» pau Kh dot & S501C Hi tinh cde dae tinh V2 ehat in ea nude thai ten: 15499 1, Nong dé téng chat rén (TS) b. Nong do tng chit rn bay hoi (TVS) . Téng chit rn Jo hing (TSS) 44. Nong 9 téng ehét rén Io himg bay hoi (VSS) «. Téng chat rin hda tan (TDS) Diet ing luong tg mu dem phan tich bling 50 ml 2. Trong xée dinh chi s6 BOD, ngubi ta da tron 6 ml nude thai v6i 294 ml nude pha lodng cc ming 9 oxy hoa tan bing 8.6 mg/l. Sau $ ngay & 6 20°C, ham tugng oxy hda tan cis hin hop ds ta $.4 mg. Gid thiet ring him luong oxy hoa tan ban dtu cia nue thai Bang 0. ‘Tinh BOD cia nude thai, 3. Gif tr BOD; cia mot miu nude thai duge xée dinh bling 40 mg/l. Nong dd oxy hoa tan cca nie dé pha loing ding tong phan ich BOD bing 9,0 mg/, cba eta hn hap nude a6 ‘au chi & bing 2,74 mg/l. Trong phép phan tich ngudi ta da six dung Iuemg méu nude thai bing 40 mi va pha losing trong chai chuyén ding phan tich BOD c6 thé ch bing 300 ml. Hay ude tinh ning 9 oxy hoa tan ban du trong miu nude thai. 4, Gi tj BOD; & 20°C cita mot miu nuée thai bing 210 mg/l. Hoi gid tr] BOD cubi cing cia mf ds bing bao ni? Néa dem miu nude thai 6 30°C th gi tr} BODs Bang ba0 niu, bigt kay = 0.23 ngay". 5, Gif tri BOD, 8 20°C cia ba miu nuse thai khiéc nhau bling 250 mg/l nhumg gié 1 kip cia ‘ching bing 0,12; 0,16 va 0.20 ngay '. Hay xae dinh BOD toan prin (cud! chng) cha ving mu. 68