Being a Street Vendor with No Street and Nothing to Vend

In Partial Fulfillment
For the Requirements in PSYC 110
For the Degree:
Bachelor of Science in Psychology
College of Pre-Medicine
Southwestern University PHINMA
Villa Aznar, Urgello St. Cebu City

Researchers:
Malou A. Solis
Ian John Mangadlao
Erilyn Debalucos

Mr. Paul Sherwin Belcina, MA Pysch

(Adviser)

Mr. Jufil Flores Boquecosa, RPm, MA

(Research Facilitator)
(May 2021)
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

A street vendor is broadly defined as a person who offers goods

for sale to the public at large without having a permanent built up
structure from which to sell its either stationary in the sense that they
occupy space on the pavements or other public/private spaces or, they
may be mobile in the sense that move from place to place by carrying
their wares on push carts or in baskets on their heads and these
vendors provides essential services in cities across the globe, where
residents rely on them for basic needs (NASVI, 2019).The studies
state that they are part of a vast informal food system that keeps
much of the world from going hungry. At every corner on the streets
of Cebu City, you will come across a tempura vendor, a ballot vendor
or a freshly sliced mango cart. Street vendors represent the diversity
of our neighborhoods and communities. They are selling souvenirs and
others are cooking and selling the best cuisines to everyday customers
and passersby.

Kiran and Babu (2019) defined street vendors as those who solve
livelihood problems through meager financial resources since they
have low levels of education and skills; therefore, are unable to get
regular jobs in the formal sector. Nonetheless, street vendors are an
integral part of urban economies around the world, offering easy
access to a wide range of goods and services in public spaces (Roever
& Skinner, 2016). They sell everything from fresh vegetables to
prepared foods, from building materials to garments and crafts, from
consumer electronics to auto repairs to haircuts. Many generate
revenue for cities through payments for licenses and permits, fees and
fines, and certain kinds of taxes (Chen, Vanek, Lund, Heintz, Jhabvala,
& Bonner, 2005). And they also benefit the larger community in
different ways. Some of their contributions include bringing the basic
goods closer to the society, payment of taxes/rates, market tools,
development levy and contribution to communal labour (Kusakabe,
2006). But the pandemic has devastated the livelihoods of street
vendors, disrupting their ability to do their jobs and leaving many in a
fight for survival.
 In the Philippines street vendors is one of the prevalent MSMEs
(Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises). Street vendors, market
traders and market porters earn their incomes in public, often crowded
spaces. Recent research shows that many have inadequate access to
water, sanitation and hygiene, so telling them to wash their hands is
futile unless municipal authorities provide the means to it (Carr,
2019). During the past year where following the minimum health
protocols (such as wearing masks, washing hands and physical
distancing) has become mandatory in public areas and establishments,
there have been difficulties for street vendors considering their work
environment.

A study by the Asian Development Bank (2020) found that Micro,

Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the
national economy but remain vulnerable to external shocks, such as
financial crises, disasters, and forced changes in the business
environment—like the COVID-19 pandemic response. In the
Philippines, MSMEs drive the national economy since they accounted
for 99.5% of all labor force as of the end of 2018 (Shinozaki & Rao,
2021).

Since Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) make up the

majority of the Philippine economy, it is important to be informed of
their experiences during the pandemic. Previous studies conducted on
street vendors have not focused on their thoughts and feelings in
particular. It is through this paper that the researchers are hopeful to
provide scholarly outputs regarding the matter.

Purposely, this paper aims to study the lived experiences of people

involved in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), specifically
the Cebuano street vendors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Likewise, there is insufficient literature focusing on Cebuano street

vendors which necessitates the need to conduct this study.

Rationale Comments:
Review of Related Literature and Studies

So, who are these street vendors?

Street vendors are people who are unable to get regular jobs in
the formal sector and, therefore, have to support themselves
financially through meager resources (Kiran & Babu, 2019). In his
study of Cebuano street vendors, Destombes (2010) stated that street
vendors have desired goals. These goals surprisingly are not situated
in the realm of entering the formal sector. Rather they want to expand
their business and carry on within the same framework they are acting
in. Generally speaking it can be concluded that the micro-business of
street vending is more than a sponge for less fortunate dwellers, it can
be a career for people coming from poor backgrounds, and ultimately
it can be a life achievement and desired goal as well (Destombes,
2010).

Situation of Street vendors in other countries

In Bangladesh, at the Cox’s Bazar District, government-enforced

market restrictions may have led to reduced market functionality in
traditional markets. A study by the humanitarian organization REACH
found that some vendors reported new informal behaviours, such as
increase in informal vendors and repurposing of public areas as
makeshift market spaces (e.g. playgrounds and beaches). In this
study Vendor Perspective (2020), respondents suggested that most
new vendors are recently unemployed or day laborers who had
recently lost their income. Moreover, the study states that vendors
reported concerns related to practices of stockpiling, both by
customers who seemed to stockpile items in anticipation of COVID-19
lockdown (e.g. grains, hygiene items, baby products), as well as
wholesalers or middle men, who were reported to be stockpiling goods
(Vendor Perspective, 2020).

The COVID-19 situation has taken into grasp every single aspect
of an economy. A study by Deka (2020) showed that many street
vendors had to shut down their business for which their financial
stability was severely hampered and faced losses in income which
subsequently increased their debts just to meet their basic needs.
The study also revealed that the street vendors had to rely on aid from
their government organizations, non-government donations, or from
individuals providing food and other basic necessities. The state of
lockdown, reportedly, created a troublesome situation for street
vendors since their daily expenses are based on daily earnings.
Although lockdown restrictions have been eased, many street vendors
are unable to revive their business due to the following: lack capital;
maintenance of self-health and hygiene conditions; complying with the
rules and regulations; and purchasing goods for self-consumption and
business.

Furthermore, in a study by Balbuena & Skinner (2020) showed

that COVID-19 preventive measures have devastating effects on the
livelihood of street vendors. Some cities and countries have allowed
trading to go on, but vendors have had to make serious adjustments
to their work and homelife. Meanwhile, some countries have
implemented bans on vending altogether, making the situation dire.
For vendors who are allowed to conduct their business, they still face
other problems such as evictions, shutdowns, fines or street clearing
operations (Balbuena & Skinner, 2020). Street vendors and informal
workers have been raising their voices for their immediate needs and
have achieved a few wins. Stories of solidarity and innovation have
also emerged. In Spain, street vendors worked to help deliver food
and medical supplies (Benaides, 2020). And in Barcelona, street
vendors joined forces with a local clothing company to sew masks and
aprons for health workers (Raj, 2020). In Malaysia, street vendors
came up with ways to work during lockdown with a drive-through,
pack and pick, e-hailing service (“Coronavirus: Malaysia”, 2020). In
Washington D.C., in the U.S., street vendors worked with the city by
becoming public health ambassadors to help with the work of curbing
the spread of coronavirus (Lang, 2020). The study concluded that
there is an opportunity to address long-called for infrastructural
disparities—in housing, water and sanitation— and to provide vendors'
shelters, water points, and storage.

Unfortunately for some street vendors, they have no other source

of income and are unprepared for the effects of lockdowns. Shafi, Liu
and Ren (2020) collected data from 184 Pakistani MSMEs by
administering an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. The results indicate that most of the participating
enterprises have been severely affected and they are facing several
issues such as financial, supply chain disruption, decrease in demand,
reduction in sales and profit, among others. Furthermore, they stated
that over 83% of enterprises were neither prepared nor have any plan
to handle such a situation. In their survey, two-thirds of participating
enterprises reported that they could not survive if the lockdown lasts
more than two months. Based on the results of their research,
different policy recommendations were proposed to ease the adverse
effects of the outbreak on MSMEs. With the same preventive measures
imposed in the Philippines, low-income Filipinos (i.e. street vendors)
are possibly facing similar difficulties brought by business restrictions.

Filipino street vendors during the COVID-19 pandemic

In the Philippines street vendors is one of the prevalent MSMEs

(Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises). Street vendors, market
traders and market porters earn their incomes in public, often crowded
spaces. Recent research shows that many have inadequate access to
water, sanitation and hygiene, so telling them to wash their hands is
futile unless municipal authorities provide the means to it (Carr,
2019). During the past year where following the minimum health
protocols (such as wearing masks, washing hands and physical
distancing) has become mandatory in public areas and establishments,
there have been difficulties for street vendors considering their work
environment.

Among those who are affected by lockdowns and community

quarantine measures are daily wage earners and people who are
working in the informal sector. The Philippine Alliance of Human Rights
(PAHRA) and In Defense of Human Rights and Dignity Movement
(IDEFEND) organized an online discussion; wherein the impacts of
COVID-19 on both formal and informal workers were shed light by key
leaders from the workers movement (Purugganan, 2020). Wilson
Fortaleza of Partido Manggagawa (Workers Party) puts it in context:

“Workers in the informal sector, which includes transport

workers, street vendors but also farmers and fishers, have
always been vulnerable. They have low pay and they work in
poor conditions. But now it seems like both formal and informal
workers now suffer the same fate, both feeling the impacts of
the crisis.”

Fearing that the world might be facing not only a global health crisis
but a “major labor market and economic crisis”, the International
Labor Organization (2020) expressed concern over the plight of some
“94 percent of the world’s workers” affected by workplace closure.
Here in the Philippines, research group think tank IBON (2020)
estimated that the “real unemployment” and “underemployed” rate will
reach 20.4 million which is the worst crisis of mass unemployment in
the country’s history.
Philippine government’s support

Back in March 2020, congress passed Republic Act 11469,

otherwise known as “Bayanihan to Heal as One Act” (Bayanihan to
Heal as One Act, 2020). The law mandated the executive branch,
among others to: (1) provide an emergency subsidy between ₽5,000
and ₽8,000 per month to around 18 million low income households for
2 months; (2) implement an expanded and enhanced Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P)s responsive to the need by the crisis,
the provision of cash assistance program, through the local
government units (LGUs) to directly identify households including
those working in the informal economy (Summary of Emergency
Subsidy, 2020). Among the target beneficiary groups are micro-
entrepreneurs like street vendors. In addition, a Joint Memorandum
Circular No. 1 of the Interagency Task Force of Emerging Infectious

Disease and the DSWD Memorandum Circular No. 4, Series of 2020,

identified informal economy workers (helpers, sub contractual workers,
drivers and public utility operators, micro–entrepreneurs, farmers ,
daily wage earners, stranded workers) as target beneficiary groups
among others.

In Manila, partnerships with non-government organizations

(NGOs) and local state offices have been playing a critical role in crisis
management (Recio, Thai, & Nguyen, 2020). The Quezon City
government came up with Market on Wheels which formed 10 teams
with specific schedules to visit different barangays using jeepneys. The
vendors who earned money shared relief to other street workers who
were out of work since mid-March of 2020.

On March 17, 2020 the Cebu City Government received P8 million

in cash aid from the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
(SunStar Philippines, 2020). The report stated that the cash aid was
distributed to the 400 street vendors affected by road clearing
operations in the later part of 2019. Meanwhile, the Cebu Provincial
Government and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
partnered to launch the “Sugbo Negosyo” Program. Dubbed
“Pinangabuhing Sugbuanon para sa Hayag nga Kaugmaon”, the joint
program is meant to assist micro and small business amid the
pandemic (Dagooc, 2021).

The ₽2.5 million payout for the Cash-For-Work program of Kapit-

Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of
Social Services-Kapangyarihan at Kaunlaran sa Barangay (KALAHI-
CIDSS-KKB) by DSWD Region 7 has started in municipalities of
Medellin, Daanbantayan, and Samboan, Cebu on May 19, 20, and 25,
2021, respectively (Sunstar Philippines, 2021). Cleaning the streets
and shorelines, disinfecting public areas, and backyard gardening are
the works included in the program. They rendered work for 5 to 10
days.

The study

To summarize, the COVID-19 pandemic has not only posed a

health crisis on street vendors, but also an economic crisis. The studies
above mention the devastating impact of the pandemic on people,
economically. Whether we are aware of it or not, street vendors are
part of our daily lives as Cebuanos. As people who are working hard to
provide for themselves and their families, their experiences could shed
light on the impact brought by the pandemic on one of the Philippine
economy’s vulnerable sectors. The study aims to provide input
regarding what the thoughts and feelings of Cebuano street vendors
are, in their struggle to survive in the midst of the COVID-19
pandemic.
 The Problem

Statement of the problem

This study aimed to describe the living experience of being a

street vendor amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically it answers the
following questions:

1. What are the activities of the street vendors during the

Enhanced Community quarantine? (behavior)
2. What are the challenges they encountered during the enhanced
community quarantine and how they cope up? (process)
3. Who is a street vendor (thoughts and feelings that would lead to the
concept)
a. Before the COVID-19 Pandemic?
b. in times of COVID-19 Pandemic? (Health Crisis)
4. What conceptual framework/description can be drawn out from
the responses?
The Significance of the study

This study will be a great benefit for the readers themselves,

specifically to the respondents, local government units, and
future researchers.

Respondents
Being one of the marginalized sectors in the economy, street
vendors are in a precarious situation. And with the threat of
COVID-19, street vendors are at risk of losing their source of
income. The study could help street vendors share their insights
about life during this difficult time.

Local Government Units

The study could give LGUs knowledge about the situation of
street vendors. LGUs can make initiatives to aid street vendors
in conducting their business, in accordance with their health and
safety measures.

Future Researchers
Through this study, the future researchers will be able to get
some ideas that they can apply to their study.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study is a Qualitative research and will use Narrative Research

Design to explore being a Cebuano street vendor during the COVID-19
pandemic. Narrative research aims to explore and conceptualize human
experience as it is represented in textual form (Salkind, 2010). The
emphasis is on storied experience. Generally, this takes the form of
interviewing people around the topic of interest. By using Narrative research,
the respondents will get to tell the experience of being a Cebuano street
vendor from their perspective. Thus, allowing the researchers to obtain
appropriate data for the study.

Research Environment

The researchers will conduct the study in Guadalupe Public Market

specifically at 151 M. Velez St. Guadalupe, Cebu City. It is chosen as one of
the research environments because it is the center of economic activity and
it is also where the subjects (street vendors) are located within Guadalupe
municipality.

Research Respondents

The target respondents of the study will be Cebuano street vendors. A

Purposive sampling method will be used in identifying the respondents.
Purposive sampling (Judgement sampling) technique is the deliberate choice
of a participant due to the qualities the participant possesses (Etikan, Musa,
& Alkassim, 2016). The researchers decide what needs to be known and set
out to find people who can and are willing to provide the information by
virtue of knowledge or experience (Bernard, 2002). The researchers will
select Cebuano street vendors who are still conducting their business to,
hopefully, describe their experiences during the pandemic

Criteria:

● The respondent’s current livelihood is street vending

● Either male or female
● Resident of Guadalupe, Cebu City
● Years in vending?
 ● Background? Street vendors who are living on the streets?
Street vendors who have homes?

Research Instruments –
The researchers will be using some tools in gathering the data and these
instruments are:

Narrative Interviews. Narrative Interview is a technique not

imposing strict discourse guidelines on the subjects, encouraging them
to be the ones who decide what and how to recount (Miller, 2000).
Domnisoru (2013) added that, in this context, narrative interviews
turn into life-story bibliographical interviews about experienced
moments, about individual practices (for instance: choice of conjugal
partner, death of a beloved, illness, leisure, first job, university days
etc.).

Guide Questions:

Part I- INTRODUCTION

a) Introduction of oneself
b) Presentation of the Purpose
c) Presentation of the beneficiary of the said study
d) Presentation of the rights of the participants and ethics
e) Do you have any questions or clarification?

Part II- Building Rapport

How are you? / Kumusta man ka?
a) What are you feeling right now? / Unsa man imong gibati karon?
b) What are your hobbies? Unsa man imong gikahiligan?

Part III- Interview Proper

a) Can you describe your Father/ Mother/ Sibling? / Kumusta man ang
imong relasyon sa imong papa, mama, ug igsuon?
 b) Can you identify specific instances/ situation? Pwede ka makahatag
ug mga panhitabo nga bati ug nindot?
c) How did it start? Unsa man siya pagkahitaboa?
d) What was in your mind during that incident? Unsa man ang naa sa
imong utok atong mga panahona?

Part IV- Closing and Debriefing

1) What are you feeling right now after reminiscing those past
experiences you had? / Unsa man imong gibati ron nga nahisgutan
nato ang kaniadto?
2) For you, what are the good sides or contributions you’ve got from
those experiences that lead you to a person you are now? Para nimo
unsa may maayong contribution sa katong mga panhitaboa?
3) What are the improvements you see in yourself now compared to the
person you were before? / unsa may mga kausaban nga imong nakita
sa imong kaugalingon?
4) Give encouraging comments
5) Close the Interview
6) Giving Gratitude

Laptop. The researchers will use a laptop in order to find some

sources online and to write outputs.

Mobile Phone. The researchers used mobile phone in order to capture

and record the voices of the participants for documentation purposes.
Research Procedure

Gathering of Data

Purposive sampling technique will be used in identifying the

respondents. To capture the essence of the phenomenon under
investigation, the researchers will address a letter of approval to the
barangay captain of Barangay Guadalupe, informing him/her the
nature of the research, the topic to be studied, and the extent of the
participation of the residents. Once the letter is approved, the
researchers will look for street vendors in Brgy. Guadalupe who will be
willing to share their experiences during this pandemic. The
researchers will discuss the objectives of the study to the respondents
for them to have an idea of why they will be interviewed. They will be
interviewed using the guide questions of the research. The researchers
will allow the respondents to freely answer the questions as they arise.
However, the researchers must keep the interview focused on their
experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The researchers will also
inform the respondents that the interview will be recorded for data
gathering and analysis. If the street vendor consents, then an
interview will be conducted. To ensure ethical research, all of the data
gathered throughout the interview will be kept confidential in order to
protect their privacy and experiences shared in this study.

Treatment of Data
Thematic Analysis will be used for the data treatment. The
researchers will use thematic analysis as a means to gain insights and
knowledge from the data gathered. Themes will be identified,
analyzed, and testified. This enables the researchers to develop a
deeper appreciation for what defines the experience of being a street
vendor that has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Other comments
 Definition of Terms

Street Vendor- Someone who is part of the informal business sector. They
sometimes travel from one place to another in order to sell their products.

COVID 19 pandemic - An infectious disease that has disrupted the

livelihood of street vendors.

Lockdown - A preventive health measure that inhibits people from

conducting their businesses.

Lived experiences - Life stories of the street vendors about what they went
through during the COVID 19 pandemic.

MSMEs - Stands for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises that refers to any
business activity or enterprise engaged in industry, agribusiness and/or
services, whether single proprietorship that plays a very important role in
developing our economy.
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